Description
Book SynopsisThis book introduces some fundamentals of information and communication technology (ICT) and other current and future technologies that are relevant to the field of cybersecurity. In a digitally connected world, cybersecurity is one of the most important issues today. We have witnessed tremendous advancements over the last two decades in various fields of networking, connectivity, electronics, and the technologies that make use of those platforms and devices. Many emerging technologies are also showing promise for future use in the cybersecurity area. Hence, it is important to understand some basics of the technologies and concepts that are making their impacts today and those which may show stronger influence in the near future. The book begins with an introduction to ICT and its advancements, then talks about Artificial Intelligence (AI), Machine Learning (ML), and Blockchain Technologies. It then goes on to cover wireless technology, Internet of Things (IoT), Distributed Cloud Computing, Quantum Computing, Virtual Reality, and other futuristic technologies that would be directly related to Cyberspace and Cybersecurity.
This textbook is written in a step-by-step manner, with easily accessible information for both general readers and experts in the field. It is suitable to be used as a textbook for undergraduate and graduate courses like Computer Networks and Security, Information Security, etc.
Table of ContentsChapter 01 – An Overview of ICT Technology Advancement ..................................................................... 16
Introduction ............................................................................................................................................ 17
An Overview of ICT Advanced Technologies ........................................................................................... 18
Main Areas of ICT Technologies .............................................................................................................. 19
Hardware Technologies .......................................................................................................................... 20
Data Processing Hardware .................................................................................................................. 20
Data Input Hardware .......................................................................................................................... 22
Data Output Hardware ....................................................................................................................... 23
Data Transmission Hardware .............................................................................................................. 23
Data storage hardware ....................................................................................................................... 24
Software Technologies ............................................................................................................................ 25
Firmware 25
Operating Systems (OSs) ..................................................................................................................... 26
IT Protocols ......................................................................................................................................... 28
Programming Languages ..................................................................................................................... 29
Software Development Methodologies .............................................................................................. 30
Evolution of Information Technology ..................................................................................................... 31
Computer Generations ........................................................................................................................... 32
Zero Generation (1642 – 1945) ........................................................................................................... 32
First Generation (1945 – 1954) ........................................................................................................... 33
Second Generation (1954 – 1963) ...................................................................................................... 33
Third Generation (1963 – 1973) .......................................................................................................... 33
Fourth Generation (1973 – 1985) ....................................................................................................... 33
Fifth Generation (1985 – Present) ...................................................................................................... 33
Operating System Generations ............................................................................................................... 34
First Generation (1940 – 1950) ........................................................................................................... 34
Second Generation (1955 – 1965) ...................................................................................................... 34
Third Generation (1965 – 1980) .......................................................................................................... 35
Fourth Generation (1980 – Present) ................................................................................................... 35
Application Software Generations .......................................................................................................... 35
First Generation .................................................................................................................................. 36
Second Generation ............................................................................................................................. 36
Third Generation ................................................................................................................................. 36
Fourth Generation .............................................................................................................................. 37
Fifth Generation .................................................................................................................................. 37
Programming Language Generations ..................................................................................................... 37
First Generation .................................................................................................................................. 38
Second Generation ............................................................................................................................. 38
Third Generation ................................................................................................................................. 38
Fourth Generation .............................................................................................................................. 39
Fifth Generation .................................................................................................................................. 39
Wireless/Cellular Technology Generations............................................................................................. 39
Zero Generation .................................................................................................................................. 40
First Generation .................................................................................................................................. 40
Second Generation ............................................................................................................................. 40
Third Generation ................................................................................................................................. 41
Fourth Generation .............................................................................................................................. 41
Fifth Generation .................................................................................................................................. 41
WWW Generations ................................................................................................................................. 42
Web 1.0 42
Web 2.0 42
Web 3.0 43
Web 4.0 43
Evolution of Storage Technologies ......................................................................................................... 44
Initial Storage Technologies ................................................................................................................ 44
Magnetic Tape-Based Technologies ................................................................................................... 44
Magnetic Disk-Based Technologies ..................................................................................................... 45
Semiconductor-Based Storage Technologies ...................................................................................... 46
Optical-Based Storage Technologies ................................................................................................... 48
Advanced Storage Technologies ............................................................................................................. 48
Direct Attached Storage (DAS) ............................................................................................................ 48
Network Attached Storage (NAS) ....................................................................................................... 49
Storage Area Network (SAN) ............................................................................................................... 49
Futuristic Storage Technologies .............................................................................................................. 49
Software Defined Storage (SDS) ......................................................................................................... 50
Storage Virtualization ......................................................................................................................... 50
Software Development Generations ...................................................................................................... 50
Conventional Era – (1960-1970) ......................................................................................................... 51
Transition Era – (1980 – 1990) ............................................................................................................ 51
Modern Era – (2000 – Present) ........................................................................................................... 51
Types of ICT Services ............................................................................................................................... 52
Software Development ....................................................................................................................... 52
Computer Networking ........................................................................................................................ 52
IT Infrastructure Management ........................................................................................................... 52
Telecommunication ............................................................................................................................ 53
Data Storage Service ........................................................................................................................... 53
Storage Transfer Service (STS) ............................................................................................................ 53
Database Management ....................................................................................................................... 53
Process Automation & Monitoring ..................................................................................................... 54
Data Analytics ..................................................................................................................................... 54
Cloud Computing Service .................................................................................................................... 55
Application Programming Interface (API) Service ............................................................................... 55
Cybersecurity Service .......................................................................................................................... 56
Digital Entertainment Services ............................................................................................................ 56
Content Delivery Network (CDN) ........................................................................................................ 57
A Peep into Next Generation Technologies ............................................................................................ 58
Chapter 02 – Artificial Intelligence Technology .......................................................................................... 61
Introduction ............................................................................................................................................ 62
What Is Artificial Intelligence (AI)?.......................................................................................................... 62
What Is Neural Network?........................................................................................................................ 63
Major Approaches Used in Artificial Intelligence Research .................................................................... 64
Symbolic Approach ............................................................................................................................. 64
Connectionist Approach ...................................................................................................................... 65
Objectives of Artificial Intelligence ......................................................................................................... 66
Reasoning ............................................................................................................................................ 67
Problem Solving .................................................................................................................................. 67
Natural Language Processing .............................................................................................................. 68
Learning 68
Planning 69
Knowledge Representation ................................................................................................................. 69
Motion and Manipulation ................................................................................................................... 69
Artificial General Intelligence .............................................................................................................. 70
Social Intelligence ............................................................................................................................... 70
Business Intelligence ........................................................................................................................... 70
Machine Perception ............................................................................................................................ 70
An Overview of the History of AI ............................................................................................................ 71
Main Areas of AI Application .................................................................................................................. 72
Natural Language Processing .............................................................................................................. 73
Computer Vision ................................................................................................................................. 76
Expert Systems .................................................................................................................................... 77
Speech Recognition ............................................................................................................................. 78
Robotics 79
Text Recognition ................................................................................................................................. 80
Voice Recognition ............................................................................................................................... 80
Voice-to-Text & Text-to-Voice Conversion ......................................................................................... 81
Chatbot 82
Types of Artificial Intelligence ................................................................................................................. 83
Reactive Machines .............................................................................................................................. 84
Limited Memory .................................................................................................................................. 84
Theory of Mind.................................................................................................................................... 85
Self-Awareness .................................................................................................................................... 85
Artificial Narrow Intelligence (ANI) ..................................................................................................... 86
Artificial General Intelligence (AGI) .................................................................................................... 86
Artificial Super Intelligence (ASI)......................................................................................................... 87
Intelligent Agent and Environment ......................................................................................................... 87
Intelligent (or, Intelligence) Agent (IA) ............................................................................................... 88
Artificial Intelligence Environments .................................................................................................... 90
Future of Artificial Intelligence ............................................................................................................... 92
Chapter 03 – Machine Learning Technology .............................................................................................. 98
Introduction to Machine Learning .......................................................................................................... 99
Importance of Machine Learning in Modern World ............................................................................. 100
How Does Machine Learning Work? ..................................................................................................... 102
Types of Machine Learning ................................................................................................................... 103
Supervised Machine Learning ............................................................................................................... 103
Unsupervised Machine Learning........................................................................................................... 104
Semi-Supervised Machine Learning ...................................................................................................... 106
Reinforcement Machine Learning ........................................................................................................ 107
What Is Deep Machine Learning? ......................................................................................................... 110
Artificial Neural Network .................................................................................................................. 110
Major Methods/Techniques of Machine Learning ............................................................................... 110
Regression Model ............................................................................................................................. 111
Decision Trees ................................................................................................................................... 111
Clustering .......................................................................................................................................... 111
Classification ..................................................................................................................................... 111
Anomaly Detection ........................................................................................................................... 111
Neural Network Method ................................................................................................................... 112
Dimensionality Reduction ................................................................................................................. 112
Ensemble Methods ........................................................................................................................... 113
Transfer Learning .............................................................................................................................. 113
Natural Language Processing (NLP) ...................................................................................................... 113
Word Embedding .............................................................................................................................. 115
What Is a Machine Learning Algorithm? ............................................................................................... 116
Common Categories of Machine Learning Algorithms ......................................................................... 116
Classification Algorithms ....................................................................................................................... 117
Naïve Bayes ....................................................................................................................................... 117
Decision Tree ..................................................................................................................................... 118
Random Forest .................................................................................................................................. 119
Support Vector Machines ................................................................................................................. 119
K Nearest Neighbors ......................................................................................................................... 121
Clustering Algorithms ............................................................................................................................ 123
K-Means Clustering ........................................................................................................................... 124
Expectation Maximization (EM) Algorithm ....................................................................................... 124
Agglomerative Hierarchical Clustering .............................................................................................. 124
Fuzzy C-Means Algorithm ................................................................................................................. 124
Regression Algorithms .......................................................................................................................... 125
Linear Regression .............................................................................................................................. 125
Multiple linear Regression ................................................................................................................ 126
Multivariate Regression .................................................................................................................... 126
Logistic Regression ............................................................................................................................ 127
Lasso Regression ............................................................................................................................... 127
Other Regression algorithms ............................................................................................................ 127
What Is AI Training Data? ..................................................................................................................... 128
Types of Training Data .......................................................................................................................... 129
Text Training Data ............................................................................................................................. 129
Audio Training Data .......................................................................................................................... 129
Video Training Data ........................................................................................................................... 129
Image Training Data .......................................................................................................................... 130
Sensory Training Data ....................................................................................................................... 130
What Is AI Training Dataset? ................................................................................................................. 130
Major Processes Used in Building Training Datasets for AI Training .................................................... 130
Data Collection .................................................................................................................................. 131
Data Cleaning .................................................................................................................................... 131
Data Classification ............................................................................................................................. 131
Data Categorization .......................................................................................................................... 131
Data Annotation & Labeling .............................................................................................................. 131
What are the Major Categories of Data Annotation? ........................................................................... 132
Image Data Annotation ......................................................................................................................... 132
Bounding Box Annotation ................................................................................................................. 132
3D Cuboids Annotation ..................................................................................................................... 133
Polygon Annotation .......................................................................................................................... 133
Lines & Splines .................................................................................................................................. 134
Semantic Segmentation .................................................................................................................... 134
Text Data Annotation ............................................................................................................................ 134
Entity Annotation .............................................................................................................................. 134
Entity Linking ..................................................................................................................................... 134
Sentiment Annotation....................................................................................................................... 135
Text Classification ............................................................................................................................. 135
Audio Data Annotation ......................................................................................................................... 135
Sound Labeling .................................................................................................................................. 135
Event Tracking ................................................................................................................................... 135
Speech to Text Transcription ............................................................................................................ 135
Audio Classification ........................................................................................................................... 136
Multi-labeling .................................................................................................................................... 136
Video Data Annotation ......................................................................................................................... 136
Key Points Annotation/Landmarks ................................................................................................... 137
Object localization............................................................................................................................. 137
Object Tracking ................................................................................................................................. 137
Gradient Boosting ............................................................................................................................. 137
Top Uses of Machine Learning in Today’s World.................................................................................. 138
Big Data 139
Data Analytics ................................................................................................................................... 139
Cybersecurity .................................................................................................................................... 139
Digital Marketing............................................................................................................................... 140
Business Intelligence ......................................................................................................................... 140
Process Automation .......................................................................................................................... 141
Automobiles ...................................................................................................................................... 141
e-Commerce ...................................................................................................................................... 142
Impact of Machine Learning on Cybersecurity ..................................................................................... 142
Positive Impact .................................................................................................................................. 142
Negative Impact ................................................................................................................................ 143
Chapter 04 – Blockchain Technology ........................................................................................................ 145
Introduction to Blockchain Technology ................................................................................................ 146
Top Features of Blockchain Technology ........................................................................................... 147
History of Blockchain Technology ......................................................................................................... 149
Major Terms Used in Blockchain Technology ....................................................................................... 150
Cryptographic Hash ........................................................................................................................... 150
Transaction ........................................................................................................................................ 151
Proof of Work .................................................................................................................................... 151
Block 152
Mining 152
Timestamp ........................................................................................................................................ 153
Stack of Technologies Forming Blockchain ........................................................................................... 153
Cryptographic Keys ........................................................................................................................... 153
Peer-to-Peer Network with Shared Ledger ....................................................................................... 154
Computing Resources to Store Transactions & Network Records.................................................... 155
How Does Blockchain Technology Work? ............................................................................................. 155
Node 155
Block 155
What Is Distributed Ledger Technology (DLT)? .................................................................................... 156
Types of Blockchain Technology ........................................................................................................... 156
Public Blockchain .............................................................................................................................. 158
Private Blockchain ............................................................................................................................. 159
Consortium Blockchain ..................................................................................................................... 159
Hybrid Blockchains ............................................................................................................................ 159
Typical Uses of Blockchain Technology ................................................................................................. 160
Cryptocurrency.................................................................................................................................. 160
Non-Fungible Token (NFT) ................................................................................................................ 161
Smart Contracts ................................................................................................................................ 161
Financial Markets .............................................................................................................................. 162
Electronic Voting ............................................................................................................................... 162
Record Maintenance ......................................................................................................................... 163
Supply Chain ...................................................................................................................................... 163
Government ...................................................................................................................................... 163
Impact of Blockchain Technology on Cybersecurity ............................................................................. 164
Chapter 05 – 5th Generation Wireless Technology ................................................................................... 168
An Introduction to 5G Technology ........................................................................................................ 169
Importance of 5G Technology .............................................................................................................. 170
Evolution of Cellular Networks ............................................................................................................. 172
First Generation (1G) ........................................................................................................................ 172
Second Generation (2G) .................................................................................................................... 172
Third Generation (3G) ....................................................................................................................... 173
Fourth Generation (4G) ..................................................................................................................... 173
Fifth Generation (5G) ........................................................................................................................ 174
Sixth Generation (6G)........................................................................................................................ 174
Key Features and Capabilities of 5G Technology .................................................................................. 174
Architecture of 5G Network .................................................................................................................. 176
Top Protocols Used in 5G Networks ..................................................................................................... 179
3GPP 179
New Radio (NR) ................................................................................................................................. 180
NextGen Core .................................................................................................................................... 181
LTE Advanced Pro .............................................................................................................................. 182
EPC Evolution .................................................................................................................................... 183
Impact of 5G Technology on Cybersecurity .......................................................................................... 183
Chapter 06 – Internet of Things (IoT) ........................................................................................................ 188
Introduction to Internet of Things (IoT) ................................................................................................ 189
Importance of IoT.............................................................................................................................. 189
Main Features of Internet of Things ................................................................................................. 190
History of Internet of Things ................................................................................................................. 190
What Is Ambient Intelligence in IoT? .................................................................................................... 191
Autonomous Control in IoT ................................................................................................................... 191
Range of Enabling Technologies Behind Internet of Things ................................................................. 191
Low Power Sensors ........................................................................................................................... 192
Cloud Computing .............................................................................................................................. 192
Artificial Intelligence (AI) ................................................................................................................... 192
Machine Learning .............................................................................................................................. 192
Data Analytics ................................................................................................................................... 192
Big Data 193
Short Range Wireless Technologies .................................................................................................. 193
Medium & Long-Range Wireless Technologies ................................................................................ 193
Effective Communication Protocols .................................................................................................. 193
Internet Protocol V6 ......................................................................................................................... 194
Architecture of Internet of Things Ecosystem ...................................................................................... 194
Three Layer Architecture .................................................................................................................. 194
Four Layer Architecture .................................................................................................................... 194
Five Layer Architecture ..................................................................................................................... 195
What Is Decentralized Internet of Things Concept? ............................................................................. 195
What Is Industrial Internet of Things? .................................................................................................. 196
Industrial Internet of Things Standard Bodies ...................................................................................... 196
Important Industrial Internet of Things IIoT Platforms......................................................................... 197
Azure IoT 197
Oracle IoT Cloud ................................................................................................................................ 198
IBM Watson IoT................................................................................................................................. 198
AWS IoT 198
Siemens Mind Sphere ....................................................................................................................... 198
Flutura Cerebra ................................................................................................................................. 198
Thing Worx ........................................................................................................................................ 199
GE Predix 199
IIoT Use Cases in Different Industries ................................................................................................... 199
Smart Cities ....................................................................................................................................... 200
Smart Home ...................................................................................................................................... 200
Manufacturing .................................................................................................................................. 200
Process Automation .......................................................................................................................... 200
Energy Management ......................................................................................................................... 200
Supply Chain ...................................................................................................................................... 201
Healthcare ......................................................................................................................................... 201
Agriculture ........................................................................................................................................ 201
Military 201
Transportation .................................................................................................................................. 201
Challenges Posed by Internet of Things ................................................................................................ 202
Cybersecurity .................................................................................................................................... 202
Privacy 202
Complex Operations & Management ............................................................................................... 202
Environment Impact ......................................................................................................................... 203
Bulky Data ......................................................................................................................................... 203
Impact of IoT on Cybersecurity ............................................................................................................. 203
Chapter 07 – Distributed Cloud Computing .............................................................................................. 206
An Introduction to Distributed Cloud Computing ................................................................................. 207
What Is Edge Computing? ..................................................................................................................... 208
Advantages of Distributed Cloud .......................................................................................................... 209
Working Principle of Distributed Cloud ................................................................................................ 210
Distributed Cloud Architecture ............................................................................................................. 210
Top Use Cases of Distributed Cloud in Industries ................................................................................. 211
Content Delivery Network (CDN) ...................................................................................................... 212
Internet of Things (IoT) & Edge ......................................................................................................... 214
Software Defined Infrastructure (SDI) .............................................................................................. 214
Big Data Processing ........................................................................................................................... 215
Multi-Cloud Unification ..................................................................................................................... 215
Centralized Management ................................................................................................................. 216
Challenges of Distributed Cloud Computing ......................................................................................... 216
Impact of Distributed Cloud Computing on Cybersecurity ................................................................... 217
Chapter 08 – Quantum Computing ........................................................................................................... 220
An Introduction to Quantum Computing.............................................................................................. 221
Salient Features of Quantum Computing ............................................................................................. 222
Short History of Quantum Computing .................................................................................................. 223
What Is Quantum Physics? ................................................................................................................... 224
Theory of Quantum Computing ........................................................................................................ 224
Working Principle of Quantum Computing........................................................................................... 225
How Many States Are Used in Quantum Computing? .......................................................................... 225
What Are Superimposition and Entanglement in Quantum Computing? ............................................ 225
Difference Between Traditional Computing & Quantum Computing .................................................. 226
Real-World Quantum Applications ....................................................................................................... 227
Major Projects on Quantum Computing ............................................................................................... 229
IBM 230
Honeywell ......................................................................................................................................... 230
Google 230
Microsoft 231
Main Terminologies Used in Quantum Computing .............................................................................. 232
Superconductors ............................................................................................................................... 232
Superfluid .......................................................................................................................................... 233
Quantum Mechanics ......................................................................................................................... 234
Qubits 234
Quantum Logic Gate ......................................................................................................................... 235
Quantum Counting ............................................................................................................................ 236
Grover’s Algorithm ............................................................................................................................ 236
Shor’s Algorithm ............................................................................................................................... 236
Josephson Junction ........................................................................................................................... 237
Chapter 09 – Tactile Virtual Reality .......................................................................................................... 240
An Introduction to Tactile Virtual Reality ............................................................................................. 241
Augmented Reality and Virtual Reality ................................................................................................. 242
History & Evolution of Tactile Virtual Reality ........................................................................................ 242
Types of Virtual Reality ......................................................................................................................... 244
Non-Immersive VR ............................................................................................................................ 244
Fully-Immersive VR ........................................................................................................................... 244
Semi-Immersive VR ........................................................................................................................... 245
Neurophysiological Tactile Measurement Techniques ......................................................................... 245
Electroencephalography (EEG) ......................................................................................................... 246
Magnetoencephalography (MEG)..................................................................................................... 246
Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI) .............................................................................. 246
Somatosensation and Its Types ............................................................................................................ 246
Active Somatosensation.................................................................................................................... 247
Passive Somatosensation .................................................................................................................. 247
Major VR Terms with Definitions .......................................................................................................... 247
Head Mounted Display (HMD) .......................................................................................................... 247
Haptics 247
360 Videos ......................................................................................................................................... 247
Interactive VR .................................................................................................................................... 248
Stereoscopy ....................................................................................................................................... 248
4D Virtual Reality .............................................................................................................................. 248
Field of View (FOV) ............................................................................................................................ 248
Image/Video Stitching ....................................................................................................................... 248
Simulator Sickness ............................................................................................................................ 248
Cave Automatic Virtual Environment ............................................................................................... 249
Mixed Reality .................................................................................................................................... 249
Real-Word Applications of Tactile Virtual Reality ................................................................................. 249
Video Games ..................................................................................................................................... 250
Education & Training ......................................................................................................................... 251
Product Development ....................................................................................................................... 252
Chapter 10 – An Overview of Top Futuristic Technologies ....................................................................... 255
What Is Futuristic Technology? ............................................................................................................. 256
Top Futuristic Technologies .................................................................................................................. 258
3D Printing Technology ..................................................................................................................... 259
4D Printing ........................................................................................................................................ 263
6G Technology .................................................................................................................................. 263
Autonomous Robots ......................................................................................................................... 267
Artificial Neurons .............................................................................................................................. 271
Artificial General Intelligence (AGI) .................................................................................................. 273
Artificial Super Intelligence (ASI)....................................................................................................... 274
Mind Uploading................................................................................................................................. 276
Driverless Vehicles ............................................................................................................................ 278
Infrastructure Hacking ...................................................................................................................... 279
Regenerative Medicine ..................................................................................................................... 279
Digital Twin (DT) Technology ............................................................................................................ 280
Programmable Living Robots ............................................................................................................ 282
Human Augmentation ....................................................................................................................... 283
Intelligent Process Automation (IPA) ................................................................................................ 283
Space Elevator ................................................................................................................................... 284
Rotating Skyhook .............................................................................................................................. 285
Light Sail 285
Chapter 11 – Impact of Advanced & Futuristic Technologies on Cybersecurity ...................................... 288
Overview of Impact of Modern Technologies on Cybersecurity .......................................................... 288
Major Cybersecurity Challenges Due to Advanced Technologies ........................................................ 291
Risk to National Security ................................................................................................................... 292
Breach of Privacy ............................................................................................................................... 293
Increased Burden of Cybersecurity on Businesses ........................................................................... 294
Shortage of Cybersecurity Specialists ............................................................................................... 294
Risk of Extensive Data Exposure ....................................................................................................... 295
Society & Business Manipulation ...................................................................................................... 295
References ................................................................................................................................................ 298
