Description
Book SynopsisThe first book to offer a truly global perspective on the theory and practice of clinical psychology
While clinical psychology is practiced the world over, up to now there has been no text devoted to examining it within a global context. The first book of its kind, Clinical Psychology: A Global Perspective brings together contributions from clinicians and scholars around the world to share their insights and observations on the theory and practice of clinical psychology.
Due partly to language barriers and entrenched cultural biases, there is little cultural cross-pollination within the field of clinical psychology. In fact, most of the popular texts were written for English-speaking European and Anglo-American audiences and translated for other countries. As a result, most psychologists are unaware of how their profession is conceptualized and practiced in different regions, or how their own practices can be enriched by knowledge of the theories and moda
Table of Contents
Notes on Contributors xv
Preface xxiii
1 Research Methods 1
Julian A. Rubel and Wolfgang Lutz
Introduction 1
Research on the Frequency, Cause, and Prevention of Psychological Problems, and Disorders 1
Epidemiology 1
Etiology and Analytical Epidemiology 2
Prevention 3
Evaluating Clinical Interventions and Treatments 3
Does the Intervention Work? 4
External Validity 5
Quantifying the Effects of an Intervention 6
Integrating the Results from Multiple Studies—Meta-analyses 7
Is the Intervention Effective for this Specific Patient? 8
How, for Whom, and under which Conditions do Clinical Interventions Work? 10
Summary 12
2 Classification Systems across the Globe 15
Jan Christopher Cwik and Jürgen Margraf
Introduction 15
Classification Systems in Western Cultures 16
Atheoretical Classification Systems 16
The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM) 16
The International Classification of Diseases, Injuries and Causes of Death (ICD) 17
Theory-based Psychoanalytic and Psychodynamic Classification Systems 18
Classification Systems in Non-Western Cultures 19
The Chinese Classification of Mental Disorders (CCMD) 20
Specific Classification Systems 22
Specific categorical classification systems 22
Specific Noncategorical Classification Systems 23
3 Clinical Interviewing with Adults 29
Christopher C. Conway, Michelle L. Bourgeois, and Timothy A. Brown
Introduction 29
Goals of the Clinical Interview 29
Elements of the Clinical Interview 30
Diagnostic Criteria 30
Risk Assessment 32
Behavioral Observation 33
Psychosocial Assessment 34
Interviewing Techniques 35
Reliability and Validity of Interviews 36
Integrating Cultural Context in Interviews 38
Actuarial Judgment 38
Functional Analysis 39
Differential Diagnosis 40
Summary 40
4 Clinical Interviews with Children and Adolescents 43
Eva Charlotte Merten and Silvia Schneider
Introduction 43
Clinical Interviews with Children and Adolescents 45
Implementation of Clinical Interviews 51
Diagnostics with Children Needs Training! 51
Age, Age, Age . . . 52
Interviews with Preschool Children 52
Are Children Reliable Informants? 53
Difficulties in Daily Practice 56
Difficulties on the Patient’s Side 56
Difficulties regarding Taxonomy 57
Difficulties on the Diagnostician’s Side 57
Everything Perfect? How Often are Structured Interviews used in Clinical Practice? 58
Summary 59
5 Psychological Tests 65
Robert J. Craig
Introduction 65
Principles and Properties of Psychological Tests 66
Types of Psychological Tests 66
Objective Personality Tests 67
The Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI/MMPI-2) 67
Millon Clinical Multiaxial Inventory (MCMI-III) 69
The Personality Assessment Inventory 72
The NEO-PI-R 72
Conclusion 73
Projective Clinical Assessment Instruments 73
Rorschach Inkblot Test 73
Thematic Apperception Test (TAT) 73
Other Instruments 74
Computer Test Interpretation 74
Recent Challenges 75
6 A Global Perspective on Neuropsychological Assessment 81
Rachel N. Casas, Matthew Calamia, and Daniel Tranel
Introduction 81
Overlapping Histories: Neuropsychological Assessment 82
Purposes of Neuropsychological Assessment 83
Classification of Behavior and Cognition in Neuropsychological Assessment 85
Emotionality 86
Executive Functions 87
Neuropsychological Assessment: Approaches and Methods 87
Approaches Emphasizing Qualitative Methods 87
Approaches Emphasizing Quantitative Methods 88
Critical Considerations for Neuropsychological Assessment in a Global Society 89
Interpretation of Neuropsychological Assessment Results 91
Feedback and Recommendations 93
Future Directions for Neuropsychological Assessment: A Global Perspective 94
7 Culturally Informed Neuropsychological Assessment 99
Rosemary Toomey
Introduction 99
The Field of Clinical Neuropsychology 99
Clinical Neuropsychology Assessment 100
Intelligence 101
Achievement 103
Attention 103
Memory 103
Language 104
Executive Functioning 104
Visual Spatial 105
Motor Functioning 105
Crosscultural Considerations in Clinical Neuropsychology 105
Are Nonverbal Tests Culture Free? 106
Bilingualism 106
Translating Tests 107
Literacy 107
Norming by Race or Country 108
Acculturation 108
Interaction of Different Subject Characteristics 109
Child Neuropsychology 109
Reading Disorder: A Lens through which to View Crosscultural Issues 109
Research Study 110
Clinical Case Study 111
Background 111
Test Performance 111
Interpretation 112
Diagnosis and Recommendations 112
Summary 112
8 Evidence-Based Treatments: The Debate 119
Thomas H. Ollendick, Peter Muris, and Cecilia A. Essau
Introduction 119
Defining Evidence-Based Treatments 120
Evidence-Based Treatments: The Debate 121
Conclusions 128
9 Childhood and Adolescent Disorders 135
Amie E. Grills and Melissa K. Holt
Neurodevelopmental Disorders 136
Intellectual Disabilities 136
Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) 137
Specific Learning Disorder (SLD) 138
Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) 138
Communication Disorders 139
Motor Disorders 141
Disruptive, Impulse-Control, and Conduct Disorders 142
Oppositional Defiant Disorder (ODD) 143
Conduct Disorder (CD) 144
Intermittent Explosive Disorder (IED) 144
Summary 145
10 Mood Disorders 153
Ulrich Stangier and Elisabeth A. Arens
Symptomatology and Classification of Mood Disorders 153
Epidemiology 156
Depressive Disorders 156
Bipolar and Related Disorders 157
Assessment 157
Treatment 158
Basic Strategies 158
Behavioral Activation 160
Cognitive Therapy 161
Interpersonal Approaches 162
Psychological Treatments for Recurrent and Persistent Depression 163
Psychological Treatments for Bipolar Disorder 164
Empirical Evidence for the Efficacy of Psychological Treatments in Mood Disorders 165
Conclusions 166
11 Anxiety and Obsessive-Compulsive Related Disorders 173
Kirstyn L. Krause and Martin M. Antony
Treatment of Anxiety and Obsessive-Compulsive Related Disorders 173
Overview of Anxiety and OC-related Disorders 173
Diagnostic Features 173
Epidemiological Features 174
Treatment of Anxiety and OC-Related Disorders 177
Psychoeducation 177
Motivational Enhancement 177
Self-Monitoring 178
Cognitive Strategies 178
Exposure-Based Strategies 179
Relaxation-Based Strategies 180
Mindfulness and Acceptance-Based Strategies 181
Habit Reversal 181
Social-Skills Training 182
Problem-Solving Training 182
Pharmacotherapy 182
Psychological Treatments for Particular Disorders 183
Cultural Considerations in Treatment 184
Summary 185
12 Posttraumatic Stress Disorder 191
Richard A. Bryant
Definition 191
Prevalence of PTSD 193
The Course of PTSD 193
Comorbidity 194
Theoretical Models of PTSD 194
Risk Factors 195
Treating PTSD 197
Early Intervention for PTSD 198
Complex PTSD 199
Conclusions 200
13 Eating Disorders 209
Brunna Tuschen-Caffier and Jennifer Svaldi
Psychopathology of Eating Disorders 209
Classification of Eating Disorders 209
Epidemiology and Comorbidity 211
Physical Symptoms and Risks 212
Differential Diagnosis 212
Assessment 212
Development, First Onset and Maintenance Factors 213
Treatment 215
Cognitive-affective Preparation for Therapy 215
Nutritional Management 217
Improvement in Body Image Disturbances 218
Enhancement of Stress Management including Interpersonal Conflict Management 219
Cognitive Interventions 219
Maintenance of Therapeutic Gains and Prevention of Relapses 220
Efficacy of Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT) 220
14 Sexual Dysfunctions 225
Pedro J. Nobre
Introduction 225
Classification of Sexual Dysfunctions 225
Prevalence of Sexual Dysfunctions 226
Risk Factors for Sexual Dysfunction 227
Sociodemographic, Relationship and Health Risk Factors 227
Psychological Factors and Sexual Dysfunction 228
Trait Factors 228
Psychological Processing Factors 229
Psychological Models of Sexual Dysfunction 230
Masters and Johnson Psychophysiological Model 230
Barlow’s Cognitive-Affective Model 230
Nobre’s Cognitive-Emotional Model 231
Treatments for Sexual Dysfunction 231
Review of Treatment Outcome Studies for Sexual Dysfunction 233
Cognitive Behavioral Therapy for Sexual Dysfunction 234
Cognitive Restructuring 235
Brief Summary 235
15 Couple Distress 243
Mehmet Sungur
Introduction 243
What are the Processes that Differentiate Functional Couples from Dysfunctional Ones? 244
Assessment of the Couples 245
Goal Setting in Couple Therapy 246
Couple Therapy: Strategies and Techniques 247
Difficulties with Promoting Change: Difficulties Encountered during Couple Therapy Practice 247
Treatment Issues: Couple Therapy 249
Treatment Approaches for Intervention 249
Behavioral Approaches 250
Cognitive-Behavioral Couple Therapy (CBCT) Approaches 251
Integrative Behavioral Couple Therapy (IBCT) 253
Behavioral Systems Approach to Couple Problems 253
Emotionally Focused Couple Therapy (EFCT) 254
Strategic Approaches and Brief Strategic Couple Therapy (BSCT) 255
Solution-Focused Approaches and Brief Solution-Focused Therapy (BSFT) 255
Psychoanalytical Approaches 256
16 Somatic Symptom Disorders 261
Maria Kleinstäuber and Winfried Rief
Introduction 261
Classifying and Diagnosing SSRD 262
Diagnostic Categories According to DSM-5, DSM-IV, and ICD-10 262
Somatic Symptom Disorder (SSD) 262
Illness Anxiety Disorder 264
Other SSRD 264
Critical Reflection on Changes from DSM-IV, and ICD-10 to DSM-5 265
Classifying Specific Functional Somatic Syndromes 266
Specific Cultural Syndromes of Distress 267
Empirically Supported Psychological Interventions for SSRD 267
Cognitive Behavior Therapy (CBT) 267
Other Psychological Interventions for SSRD 273
Psychodynamic Interpersonal Therapy 273
General Practitioner (GP) and Reattribution Training 274
Empirical Evidence for Psychological Interventions in SSRD 274
Transcultural Aspects in Psychological Interventions for SSRD 276
Summary and Conclusion 276
17 Psychotic Disorders 283
Tania Lincoln
Introduction 283
Description of the Disorder 283
Symptoms 284
Diagnostic Criteria 285
Differential Diagnosis 285
Comorbid Disorders and Suicidality 286
Epidemiology, Course of the Disorder and Prognosis 286
Etiology 287
Genetic Risk Factors 287
Prenatal and Perinatal Risk Factors 287
Psychosocial Risk Factors 287
Psychological Models of Explanation: Interplay of Vulnerability, Stressors and Symptoms 288
Neurochemical Models of Explanation: Excess Dopamine 289
Integrative Models: Integrating Genes, Environment, Neurochemistry and Cognitive Schema 290
Assessment 291
Pharmacological Treatment 291
Psychological Interventions 293
Cognitive Behavioral Therapy for Psychosis (CBTp) 293
Empirical Evidence for CBTp in Schizophrenia 298
Family Behavioral Interventions 299
Effectiveness of Psychoeducational Behavioral Family Interventions 301
Other Psychological Approaches and their Effectiveness 301
Summary and Outlook 302
18 Neurobiology and Pharmacological Treatment of Mental Disorders 309
Borwin Bandelow
Introduction 309
Mood Disorders 312
Depression 312
Bipolar Disorders 314
Psychotic Disorders 314
Anxiety Disorders 316
Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (OCD) 317
Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) 317
Somatic Symptom Disorders 318
Substance-Related Disorders 318
Alcohol Addiction 318
Opioid Addiction 319
Dependence on Prescription Drugs 319
Eating Disorders 319
Personality Disorders 320
Borderline Personality Disorder 320
Antisocial Personality Disorder (ASPD) 320
Dementia 321
Sleep Disorders 321
Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) 321
Summary 322
19 Mindfulness-Based Interventions 327
Bram Van Bockstaele, Elske Salemink, Brian D. Ostafin, Anne Marie Meijer, and Susan M. Bögels
Popular Mindfulness-Based Interventions 327
Mindfulness-Based Stress Reduction 327
Mindfulness-Based Cognitive Therapy 328
Application of Mindfulness in Mental Health Care 328
Psychoeducation Example 329
Meditation Practice Example 329
Inquiry Example 330
Homework Example 330
Effects of Mindfulness-based Interventions on Psychological Disorders 330
Neurodevelopmental Disorders 330
Schizophrenia Spectrum and Other Psychotic Disorders 331
Bipolar and Related Disorders 332
Depressive Disorders 332
Anxiety Disorders 333
Obsessive-Compulsive and Related Disorders 334
Trauma- and Stressor-Related Disorders 334
Feeding and Eating Disorders 335
Sleep-Wake Disorders 336
Substance-Related and Addictive Disorders 336
Neurocognitive Disorders 337
Discussion 338
Acknowledgements 340
20 Internet-Based Treatments 347
Gerhard Andersson and Thomas Berger
Introduction 347
Are Internet Treatments Effective? 348
The “How” Question 349
A Research Agenda for the World? 350
Challenges for the Future 351
Summary 353
21 Virtual Reality 361
Cristina Botella, Rosa M. Baños, Azucena García-Palacios, and Soledad Quero
Introduction 361
Virtual Reality for the Treatment of Different Psychological Disorders and Health Problems 362
Virtual Reality as an Ecological Context for Assessing Human Behavior 363
Virtual Reality as a Realistic Laboratory Setting for Psychopathology 365
Mood-Induction Procedures 365
Study of Cognitive Biases 365
Study of Psychotic Phenomena 366
Study of the Self and Embodiment Processes 367
Virual Reality Developments for the Treatment of Different Mental and Health Conditions 367
Specific Phobias 368
Social Anxiety Disorder 369
Panic Disorder and Agoraphobia 369
Generalized Anxiety Disorder 370
Stress-Related Disorders 370
Virtual Reality in the Treatment of Health Conditions 372
Future Perspectives and Ethical Implications of VR 373
Summary 374
22 Working Alliance 383
Nicole Everitt, Brad Cini, and Nikolaos Kazantzis
Measurement 384
California Psychotherapy Alliance Scales (CALPAS; Marmar & Gaston, 1988) 384
Penn Helping Alliance Questionnaire (HAq; Luborsky, 1976) 384
Vanderbilt Therapeutic Alliance Scale (VTAS; Hartley & Strupp, 1983) 384
Working Alliance Inventory (WAI) 384
Evidence for Relations with Outcome 384
Temporal Precedence 386
Impact of Alliance Rater and Time of Assessment 386
Adapting Working Alliance Based on Patient Characteristics 387
Evidence for Patient Characteristics in Alliance Research 388
Further Critique 388
Patient Matching 389
The Therapeutic Relationship is More Than the Working Alliance: The Case of Cognitive Behavior Therapy 389
Collaboration 390
Conclusion 391
23 Culture in Clinical Psychology: Adapting Treatments 399
Anushka Patel and Devon E. Hinton
Culture in Clinical Psychology: Adapting Treatments 399
Why do we Need Culturally Adapted Treatments? 400
How to Adapt: Develop New Treatments or Modify what Works? 401
Evidence for Efficacy of Cultural Adaptation: What to Adapt 402
A Model of Anxiety Generation across Cultural Contexts 403
How to Culturally Adapt Treatment? 405
Key Treatment Targets 405
Psychoeducation and Treatment Engagement 406
Teaching Emotion Regulation in a Culturally Appropriate Way 408
Culturally Appropriate Exposure 409
Summary 411
Index 419
