Description
Book SynopsisAn authoritative, up-to-date guide for psychologists, psychiatrists, pediatricians and other professionals working with vulnerable and at-risk children
Child Psychology and Psychiatry, Third Edition is an indispensable resource for psychologists and psychiatrists in training, as well as experienced clinicians who want to stay abreast of important recent developments in the field. Comprehensive in coverage and much broader in scope than competing titles, its clear, concise entries and abundance of illustrations and visual aids make it easy for busy professionals and interns to quickly absorb and retain key information.
Written by expert clinicians and researchers in a wide range of disciplines within or relevant to the fields of normal and abnormal childhood development, Child Psychology and Psychiatry includes contributions from clinical psychologists, neuropsychologists, child psychiatrists, pediatricians, speech pathologists, and developmental ps
Table of Contents
Notes on Contributors xxiii
Section 1 Developing Competencies
1a: Contextual Influences Upon Social and Emotional Development 1
1 Family and Systemic Influences 3
Barbara Maughan
Family Relationships and Parenting 3
Changing Family Patterns 6
Childcare and Schooling 6
Wider Social and Environmental Influences 7
References 8
2 Child Development and Cultural Considerations in Clinical Practice 11
Ruma Bose and Sanjida Sattar
Introduction 11
Developmental Niche and Eco-Cultural Pathways 11
Childhood and Parenting Across Cultures 12
Infancy 12
Middle Childhood 13
Culture and Disability 14
Ethnicity and Mental Health 14
Conclusion 15
References 15
3 Neurobehavioural Development in Infancy: The Buffering and Transducing Role of the Mother/Caretaker–Infant Dyad 17
Cindy H. Liu and Ed Tronick
Introduction 17
Infant Neurobehavioural Capacities 17
Culture 18
Mutual Regulation and Buffer–Transducer Models 20
Conclusion 21
References 22
4 Genetic and Biological Influences 25
David Skuse
Introduction 25
How Many Genes Are There? 26
Sources of Genomic Variation 28
Mechanisms of Genomic Regulation 29
Mechanisms Influencing Neurodevelopmental Integrity 30
Measuring Genetic Susceptibility to Psychiatric Disorders 30
Future of Psychiatric Genetics: Precision Medicine 32
Conclusions 33
References 34
Section 1b: General Patterns of Development 37
5 Clinical Evaluation of Development from Birth to 5 Years 39
Ajay Sharma, Tony O’Sullivan and Gillian Baird
Child Development and Neurodevelopmental Disorders 39
History-Taking 41
Observation and Interactive Assessment 42
Developmental Domains 42
Clinical Decision-Making and Severity of Developmental Delay 48
Physical Examination 49
Planning Medical Investigations and Making Diagnosis 50
Further Reading 51
6 Emotional Development in the First Year of Life 53
Howard Steele
Introduction 53
Infant Emotional Expression 53
The Development of Infant Emotional Expressions 54
References 57
7 Young People with Learning Disabilities 59
David Dossetor
Introduction 59
The Changing Context 59
Assessment and Intervention 60
Types of Intervention 64
The Development of Services 65
Conclusion 66
References 67
Internet Resources 68
8 Language Development 71
Thomas Klee and Stephanie F. Stokes
Processes and Components of Language Development 71
Milestones of Speech and Language Development 73
Developmental Phases 73
Atypical Language Development 75
Future Directions 75
References 75
Internet Resources 76
9 Development of Social Cognition 77
Virginia Slaughter
Early Social Cognition 77
Social Cognition in Preschool and Beyond 78
Individual Differences in Social Cognition – Implications for Children’s Social Lives 79
Individual Differences in Social Cognition – Where Do They Come From? 80
References 81
10 Social and Emotional Development in Middle Childhood 83
Alan Carr
Introduction 83
The Preschool Years 83
Middle Childhood 85
Adolescence 86
Factors Contributing to SED 86
Positive SED 86
Problematic SED 87
Consequences of SED Problems in Middle Childhood 87
Addressing SED Problems 88
References 88
11 Social-Cognitive Development During Adolescence 91
Sarah-Jayne Blakemore
Humans Are Exquisitely Social 91
The Social Brain 91
Development of Mentalizing During Adolescence 91
Online Mentalizing Usage is Still Developing in Mid-Adolescence 93
References 95
Section 2 Promoting Well-being 97
12 Attachment in the Early Years: Theory, Research and Clinical Implications 99
Pasco Fearon
What is Attachment? 99
Attachment Variations and Their Measurement 100
Causes of Variation in Attachment 100
Consequences of Variations in Attachment 103
Interventions 104
Conclusions 105
References 105
13 Promoting Infant Mental Health 109
Christine Puckering
Why the Early Years Matter 109
Intervention 111
The Need for Supportive Services 113
References 113
14 Promoting Children’s Well-Being: The Prevention of Depression and Anxiety 117
Paul Stallard
Prevention 117
School-Based Prevention 119
Depression Prevention Programmes 119
Anxiety Prevention Programmes 120
Future Developments and Challenges 121
References 122
15 Fostering Resilience in Adolescents 125
Angela Veale
Introduction 125
What Do We Mean by Resilience? 125
Implications for Policy and Practice 127
Mobilizing Resilience: An Illustrative Example 127
Conclusion 130
References 131
16 Sexual Orientation, Sexual Health and Gender Dysphoria 133
Justin Wakefield
Introduction 133
Sexual Orientation 133
Sexual Health 135
Gender Dysphoria 136
Summary 138
References 138
17 Child Users of Online and Mobile Technologies – Risks, Harms and Intervention 141
Peter K. Smith and Sonia Livingstone
Aggressive Risks: Cyber-Aggression and Cyberbullying 142
Sexual Risks: Pornography, Sexting, Stranger Danger 142
Trends Over Time 143
The Harm Associated with Mobile and Online Risk 144
Factors that Increase Risk of Harm or Protect Against Them 145
Interventions 145
References 146
Internet Resources 148
Section 3 The Impact of Trauma, Loss and Maltreatment
3a: Trauma and Loss 149
18 Children Bereaved by Parent or Sibling Death 151
Linda Dowdney
Children’s Understanding of Death 151
How Children Express Grief 151
Resilience and Positive Outcomes in Bereaved Children 152
Psychopathology in Bereaved Children 152
Hypothalamic–Pituitary–Adrenal Axis (HPA) Dysregulation 153
What Influences Child Outcome? 153
Interventions with Bereaved Children 154
Conclusions 157
References 157
Internet Resources 159
19 Stress and Reactions to Stress in Children 161
David Trickey
Reactions 161
Cognitive Model of PTSD 163
Evidence-Based Interventions 164
Conclusion 165
References 165
20 Children’s Developing Sense of Moral Agency, and the Disruptions Associated with War Exposure 167
Cecilia Wainryb
The Development of Moral Agency 167
Challenges Posed by Exposure to War 168
Conclusions 171
References 172
Section 3b: Maltreatment 175
21 Child Maltreatment 177
Danya Glaser
Introduction 177
The Nature of Maltreatment 177
Epidemiology 177
Social and Family Factors 179
The Harm to the Child 179
Recognition of Maltreatment and Assessment of Harm and Need 181
Professional Response to Child Maltreatment 182
Conclusion 184
References 184
22 The Neuroscience and Genetics of Childhood Maltreatment 187
Eamon McCrory, Vanessa B. Puetz and Essi Viding
The Impact of Maltreatment on Brain Development 187
Structural Differences 188
Functional Differences 190
The Role of Genetic Influences 191
References 192
Section 4 Atypical Development in Children and Adolescents 195
23 Autism Spectrum Disorder – An Evolving Construct 197
William Mandy
The Dimensionality of ASD 198
The Fractionation of the Autism Triad 198
The End of Asperger’s Disorder 199
Gender Differences in ASD 199
Conclusions 201
References 201
24 Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder 203
Antonio Muñoz-Solomando and Anita Thapar
Definition 203
Epidemiology 205
Aetiology 205
Cognitive and Neurobiological Correlates 205
Diagnostic Assessment 206
Treatment 207
Clinical Course 211
References 211
25 Anxiety Disorders in Children and Adolescents 215
Aaron Vallance and Elena Garralda
Diagnostic Features 215
Epidemiology 217
Aetiology 217
Assessment 219
Prognosis 219
Treatment 220
Conclusion 224
References 224
26 Childhood Behavioural Disorders 227
Graeme Lamb and Ramya Srinivasan
Introduction 227
Diagnostic Classifications and Subtyping 227
Epidemiology 229
Aetiology 229
Prevention and Treatment 230
Conclusion 232
References 232
27 Depression and Suicidal Behaviour 235
Julia Gledhill and Matthew Hodes
Introduction 235
Depressive Disorder 235
Suicidal Behaviour 238
References 242
28 Eating Disorders in Adolescence 245
Dasha Nicholls
Diagnosis and Classification 245
Epidemiology and Aetiology 246
Managing Eating Disorders 248
Key Messages and Future Directions 251
References 251
29 Emerging Personality Disorder 255
Eileen Vizard
Definitions 255
Childhood Personality Traits and Adult Outcomes 255
Relevant Neuroscience Findings 257
Personality Assessment and Personality Disorder in Clinical Practice 257
Conclusions 260
References 261
30 Literacy Disorders 263
Valerie Muter and Margaret J. Snowling
Definition, Incidence, Persistence and Co-occurrence 263
Acquiring Literacy Skills 264
The Nature of Impairment in Children with Literacy Disorders 264
Patterns of Impairment from Preschool to Adolescence 265
Assessing Literacy Disorders 266
Teaching Children with Literacy Disorders 268
References 269
31 Challenges in Child and Adolescent Obsessive Compulsive Disorder 271
Elaine Chung, Anup Kharod and Isobel Heyman
The ‘Hidden Problem’ 271
Aetiology 272
Assessment of the Young Person with Possible OCD 272
Treatment 274
Prognosis and Ongoing Care 277
References 277
Further Reading 279
Internet Resources 279
32 Medically Unexplained Symptoms/Functional Symptoms in Children and Adolescents 281
Eve McAllister, Laura Markham, Anna Coughtrey and Isobel Heyman
Introduction 281
Epidemiology 282
Factors Relevant to the Development, Severity and Persistence of FS 282
Assessment 284
Treatment 285
Current Challenges and Future Directions 286
References 288
33 Paediatric Bipolar Disorder 291
Anthony James
Introduction 291
Differential Diagnosis 292
Prodrome and Longitudinal Course 294
Treatment 295
References 296
34 Early Intervention in Psychosis 299
Paolo Fusar-Poli and Giulia Spada
Introduction 299
Early-Onset Psychosis 299
Intervention 304
Future Directions 305
References 305
35 Developmental Language Disorder 307
Gina Conti-Ramsden and Kevin Durkin
What is Developmental Language Disorder? 307
What Causes DLD? 308
What Types of Language Difficulties Do Children with DLD Have? 309
Distinctive Features of Language in DLD 310
Developmental Progression of Language Skills in DLD 310
Associated Developmental Problems and Outcomes 311
Implications 311
References 312
Internet Resources 313
36 Substance Misuse in Young People 315
K. A. H. Mirza, Roshin M. Sudesh and Sudeshni Mirza
Introduction 315
Epidemiology 315
Defining Substance Misuse in the Young: A Developmental Perspective 317
Definitions 317
Alternative Classifications in Young People 317
Aetiology: Risk and Protective Factors 320
Antecedent and Co-Morbid Mental Health Problems 320
Consequences and Associated Features of Substance Misuse 321
Clinical Assessment 322
Treatment 322
Role of Child and Adolescent Substance Mental Health Services (CAMHS) 323
Conclusions 323
References 324
Appendix 36.1 Clinical Assessment 326
Section 5 Assessment and Approaches to Intervention 329
37 New Perspectives on the Classification of Child Psychiatric Disorders 331
Elena Garralda
Introduction 331
The Modern Area of Classification of Psychiatric Disorders 331
Classification in Child and Adolescent Psychiatry 332
Child and Adolescent Psychiatric Disorders in DSM 5 and as Proposed for ICD 11 333
The Neurodevelopmental Disorders 333
The Classification of Disruptive, Dissocial and Conduct Disorders 334
Future Approaches to Classification 335
Classification and Child and Adolescent Mental Health Practice 335
Final Considerations 336
References 336
38 Paediatric Neuropsychological Assessment: Domains for Assessment 339
Jane Gilmour and Bettina Hohnen
Introduction 339
Why Undertake a Specialized Neuropsychological Assessment? 339
When is a Specialized Neuropsychological Assessment Justified? 339
Measurement Considerations 340
Domains of Specialist Assessment 341
Conclusions 350
References 351
39 Cognitive Behavioural Therapy for Children and Adolescents 355
Cathy Creswell and Thomas G. O’Connor
Basic Premises of the CBT Approach and its Administration 356
Developmental Considerations 357
Recent Advances and Future Directions for CBT for Children and Adolescents 358
Conclusion 360
References 360
Further Reading 361
40 Psychodynamic Psychotherapy for Children and Adolescents 363
Eilis Kennedy
Introduction 363
Basic Premises of a Psychodynamic Approach 363
The Evidence Base for Psychodynamic Child Psychotherapy 364
Examples of Research with Children and Young People Presenting with Various Clinical Problems 364
Potential Adverse Effects of Treatment 367
Conclusion 367
References 367
41 Systemic and Family Approaches to Intervention 371
Philip Messent
Introduction 371
Externalizing Disorders 371
Emotional Problems 372
Eating Disorders 373
First Episode Psychosis 374
A Different Sort of Evidence 374
References 375
42 Mentalization 379
Dickon Bevington
Introduction 379
Definition 379
Development 380
Relevance 381
Applications 381
References 384
43 Parenting Programmes for Conduct Problems 387
Stephen Scott and Sajid Humayun
Evidence Linking Parenting to Child Psychopathology 387
Programmes for Children Based on Social Learning Theory 387
Format of a Typical Social Learning Programme 388
Interventions with Youth 389
Effectiveness 391
Mediators and Moderators of Change 391
Dissemination: The Role of Therapist Skill 391
Conclusion 392
References 392
44 Paediatric Psychopharmacology – Special Considerations 395
Paramala Santosh and Rakendu Suren
Introduction 395
Information to Assist Judicious Prescribing 395
Medication as a Part of Multi-Modal Treatment Package 396
The Art of Prescribing Medication 396
Medications 398
Drug Interactions 404
Ethical Issues in Paediatric Psychopharmacology 404
Conclusion 404
References 404
45 Paediatric Liaison 407
Peter Hindley
Overview 407
Paediatric Liaison and Child and Adolescent Mental Health Emergencies 407
Paediatric Liaison and the Mind–Body Interface 408
Paediatric Liaison: Management, Commissioning and Value for Money 410
Conclusions 410
References 411
46 Promoting Educational Success: How Findings from Neuroscience can Guide Educators to Work Optimally with the Brain 413
Bettina Hohnen
Education and Neuroscience: The Debate 413
Neuro-Myths 413
Optimum Context for Learning: A Neuroscientific Model 414
Background to Brain Development 414
Developmental Changes in the Brain: The Case of Adolescence 416
References 418
47 Continuities and Discontinuities in Youth Mental Healthcare 421
Helen Bruce and Linda Dowdney
Introduction 421
Service Characteristics 421
Client Characteristics 422
Ways Forward 423
Conclusions 424
References 425
Internet Resources 426
For Professionals and Commissioners of Services 427
48 The Children and Young People’s Improving Access to Psychological Therapies (CYP IAPT) Programme in England 429
Peter Fonagy, Kathryn Pugh and Anne O’Herlihy
Introduction 429
Challenges Facing CAMHS 429
Implementation 430
Service Development Outcomes 432
Evaluation 432
Future Directions 433
References 433
Internet Resources 435
Index 437
