Description
Book SynopsisMany of London’s Victorian buildings are built of coarse-textured yellow bricks. These are ‘London stocks’, produced in very large quantities all through the nineteenth century and notable for their ability to withstand the airborne pollutants of the Victorian city. Whether visible or, as is sometimes the case, hidden behind stonework or underground, they form a major part of the fabric of the capital. Until now, little has been written about how and where they were made and the people who made them. Peter Hounsell has written a detailed history of the industry which supplied these bricks to the London market, offering a fresh perspective on the social and economic history of the city. In it he reveals the workings of a complex network of finance and labour. From landowners who saw an opportunity to profit from the clay on their land, to entrepreneurs who sought to build a business as brick manufacturers, to those who actually made the bricks, the book considers the process in detail, placing it in the context of the supply-and-demand factors that affected the numbers of bricks produced and the costs involved in equipping and running a brickworks. Transport from the brickfields to the market was crucial and Dr Hounsell conducts a full survey of the different routes by which bricks were delivered to building sites - by road, by Thames barge or canal boat, and in the second half of the century by the new railways. The companies that made the bricks employed many thousands of men, women and children and their working lives, homes and culture are looked at here, as well as the journey towards better working conditions and wages. The decline of the handmade yellow stock was eventually brought about by the arrival of the machine-made Fletton brick that competed directly with it on price. Brickmaking in the vicinity of London finally disappeared after the Second World War. Although its demise has left little evidence in the landscape, this industry influenced the development of many parts of London and the home counties, and this book provides a valuable record of it in its heyday.
Table of ContentsIntroduction PART 1 Brickfields Chapter 1: A brick-built city: London brickmaking at the beginning of the nineteenth century Chapter 2: From clay pit to clamp: manufacturing the London stock brick Chapter 3: Finding the clay: landowners, brickmakers and the availability of land Chapter 4: ‘A rage for building’: demand for bricks in Victorian London and how it was met Chapter 5: Brickfields in town and country PART 2 Brickmakers Chapter 6: Builders, brickmakers and speculators: brickmaking businesses and their owners Chapter 7: Land, machinery and labour: operating and financing the brickfield Chapter 8: The market for bricks: brickmakers, builders’ merchants and customers Chapter 9: From brickfield to building site: delivering the brick by road, rail and water PART 3 Brickies Chapter 10: ‘Hard and inappropriate labour’: the brickies at work Chapter 11: ‘The perfection of untidiness, dirt and disease’: the brickies at home Chapter 12: ‘Habits of intemperance’: the brickies and the beershop Chapter 13: ‘Profane workmen’: the brickies at prayer Chapter 14: Pug boys and barrow loaders: the children of the brickfields Chapter 15: ‘The great struggle’: industrial disputes and trade unions in the brick industry PART 4 An industry in decline Chapter 16: ‘The chief market is London’: the challenge of the Fletton brick Chapter 17: Into the new century: stock brickmaking after 1900
