Description
Book SynopsisA ground-breaking new anthology in the Art in Theoryseries, offering an examination of the changing relationships between the West and the wider world in the field of art and material culture
Art in Theory: The West in the Worldis a ground-breaking anthology that comprehensively examines the relationship of Western art to the art and material culture of the wider world. EditorsPaul Wood and Leon Wainwright have included 370 texts, some of which appear in English for the first time.
The anthologized texts are presented in eight chronological parts, which are then subdivided into key themes appropriate to each historical era. The majority of the texts are representations of changing ideas about the cultures of the world by European artists and intellectuals, but increasingly, as the modern period develops, and especially as colonialism is challenged, a variety of dissenting voices begin to claim their space, and a counter narrative to western hegemon
Table of Contents
Acknowledgements xxvii
A Note on the Presentation and Editing of Texts xxviii
General Introduction xxxi
I Encountering the World 1
Introduction 1
IA Figures of Wealth and Power 9
1 Robert of Clari
from The Conquest of Constantinople 1204/1216 9
2 Giovanni di Pian de Carpini (‘John of Carpini’)
from his Journey to the Court of Kuyuk Khan 1245–7 11
3 Marco Polo
from The Travels c.1299 13
4 ‘Sir John Mandeville’
from his Travels c.1356 16
5 Various authors on artistic and cultural relations between Italian city states and the Ottoman and Mamluk empires during the late fifteenth and early sixteenth centuries 18
5 (i) Sigismondo Malatesta of Rimini
Letter of introduction for Matteo de’ Pasti to Mehmed II 1461 19
5 (ii) Marin Sanudo
from his diary for 1 August 1479 20
5 (iii) Mehmed II
to the Venetian Senate 1480 20
5 (iv) The Venetian Senate
Letter to Mehmed II 1480 21
5 (v) Luca Landucci
from his Florentine diary 1487 21
5 (vi) Leonardo da Vinci
from a letter to Sultan Bayezid II before 1512 22
5 (vii) Tommaso di Tolfo
from a letter to Michelangelo 1519 22
6 Giovanni da Empoli
On India, Ceylon and the Spice Islands 1514 23
7 João de Castro
from Roteiro de Goa até Dio 1540s 24
8 Simão de Melo
from an inventory of his goods 1570s 26
9 Johann Huyghen van Linschoten
On Indian religious art 1596 29
10 Duarte de Sande
from ‘An Excellent Treatise of the Kingdom of China’ c.1590 32
11 Matteo Ricci
from his journal c.1582–1610/1615 34
12 Jean‐Baptiste Tavernier
On the Peacock Throne 38
IB Across the Ocean Sea 40
1 Christopher Columbus
Two texts from his first voyage to America 1492 40
2 Amerigo Vespucci
Letter to Lorenzo Pietro Franco de Medici 1503 43
3 Hernán Cortés
Two letters from Mexico 1519 and 1520 45
4 Bartolomé de Las Casas
from Apologetic History of the Indies c.1542–52 48
5 Toribio de Benavente (‘Motolinía’)
from History of the Indians of New Spain 1536 51
6 First Provincial Council in Lima 1551–2
On the destruction of Indian sacred sites 52
7 Jean de Léry
from History of a Voyage to the Land of Brazil c.1563–80 53
8 Thomas Harriot
from A Briefe and True Report of the New Found Land of Virginia 1590 54
9 Bernardo de Balbuena
from Grandeza Mexicana 1604 57
10 Juan Rodriguez Freile
On the legend of El Dorado 1636 60
11 John Lok
A Voyage to Guinea in the year 1554 61
12 Olfert Dapper
On the city of Benin 1668 62
13 William Dampier
The first encounter with Indigenous Australian people c.1688/99 64
IC Scholarly Responses 66
1 Anon.
from the Inventory of the Palazzo Medici 1492 66
2 Albrecht Dürer
from his diary of his journey to the Netherlands 1520 70
3 Thomas Platter
On Mr Cope’s cabinet of curiosities 1599 71
4 Michel de Montaigne
‘On the Cannibals’ c.1580s 74
5 Christopher Marlowe
from Tamburlaine the Great c.1590 76
6 Francis Bacon
‘Of Plantations’ c.1597–1625 77
7 Francis Bacon
from New Atlantis c.1620–5 79
8 Martin de Charmois
from his Petition to the King and to the Lords of his Council 1648 81
9 Dorothy Osborne
from letters to Sir William Temple 1653 82
10 Thomas Hobbes
‘Of the Naturall Condition of Mankind’ 1651 83
11 John Tradescant
from the Museum Tradescantianum, or A Collection of Rarities 1656 83
12 John Dryden
on the ‘Noble Savage’ 1670–2 91
13 Aphra Behn
from Oroonoko, or The Royal Slave c.1663–4/1688 91
14 Charles Perrault
from Parallel of the Ancients and Moderns 1688 93
15 William Temple
On the distinctiveness of Chinese gardens 1690 94
16 Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz
from ‘Preface’ to Novissima Sinica c.1690 96
17 John Locke
‘Of Property’, from Two Treatises of Government c.1690 98
II Enlightenment and Expansion 101
Introduction 101
IIA The Orient in Fact and Fancy 109
1 Antoine Galland
Preface to d’Herbelot’s Bibliothèque Orientale 1697 109
2 Anon.
from The Arabian Nights Entertainments 1713 111
3 Lady Mary Wortley Montagu
Letters from the Turkish Empire c.1716–18 114
4 Charles‐Louis de Secondat, Baron de Montesquieu
from Persian Letters 1721 119
5 Joseph Addison
from ‘The Pleasures of the Imagination’ 1712 120
6 John Shebbeare
‘The taste of England at present …’ 1756 121
7 Oliver Goldsmith
from The Citizen of the World 1765 122
8 Sir William Chambers
from A Dissertation on Oriental Gardening 1772 124
9 Sir William Jones
from his Discourses to the Asiatick Society of Bengal 1784 and 1785 127
10 William Beckford of Fonthill
from Vathek 1786 130
11 Sir George Staunton
from his account of the Macartney embassy to China 1797 133
IIB Curiosities and Colonies 137
1 Hans Sloane
from The Natural History of Jamaica c.1690/1707 137
2 Jonathan Swift
from Gulliver’s Travels 1726 138
3 Louis Antoine de Bougainville
On Tahiti 1768/72 140
4 A selection of texts from the Cook voyages to the Pacific 1768–80 143
4 (i) Joseph Banks
On two figures and a Marae, or temple precinct, in Tahiti June 1769 145
4 (ii) James Cook
Two accounts of the practice of tattooing 147
(a) in Tahiti July 1769
(b) in New Zealand March 1770
4 (iii) James Cook
On the people of Australia April to August 1770 148
4 (iv) William Wales
An account of music and dancing in Tahiti 1773 150
4 (v) George Forster
An account of artefacts at Tonga October 1773 152
4 (vi) George Forster
On the stone statues and wood carvings of Easter Island March 1774 153
5 Ignatius Sancho and Laurence Sterne
An exchange of letters 1766 155
6 Manuel Amat y Junyent, Viceroy of Peru
Letter on ‘Casta’ paintings 1770 157
7 Ignatius Sancho
Letter to Jack Wingrave 1778 158
8 William Hodges
from Travels in India 1780–3/1794 159
9 Thomas Jefferson
from Notes on the State of Virginia 1787 162
10 Olaudah Equiano
On the Middle Passage 1789 164
11 William Beckford of Somerley
from A Descriptive Account of the Island of Jamaica 1790 167
12 Erasmus Darwin (1731–1802)
On revolution, slavery and the Wedgwood medallion 1791 170
IIC Changing Ideas and Values 172
1 David Hume
from ‘Of National Characters’ 1748 172
2 Jean‐Jacques Rousseau
from ‘A Discourse on the Moral Effects of the Arts and Sciences’ 1750 174
3 Comte de Caylus
from A Collection of the Antiquities of Egypt 1752 177
4 Voltaire (François‐Marie Arouet)
from Essay on the Manners and Spirit of Nations 1756/9 180
5 Voltaire (François‐Marie Arouet)
from ‘Essay on Taste’ 1759 184
6 Immanuel Kant
from Observations on the Feeling of the Beautiful and the Sublime 1763 185
7 Johann Joachim Winckelmann
from The History of Ancient Art 1764 188
8 John Millar
Notes on the ‘Four Stages’ theory of human development 1760s 190
9 Denis Diderot
‘Supplement to the Voyage of Bougainville’ 1772 191
10 Johann Gottfried Herder
from A Monument to Johann Winckelmann 1778 194
11 Samuel Johnson
On the state of nature 1766–84 197
12 Antoine Quatremère de Quincy
from Egyptian Architecture 1785 199
13 Joshua Reynolds
from his Discourses 1776 and 1786 202
14 Edward Gibbon
Reflections on civilization and barbarism 1788 205
III Revolution, Romanticism, Reaction 209
Introduction 209
IIIA History: Between Spirit and Science 215
1 Johann Gottfried Herder
from Outlines of a Philosophy of the History of Man 1790 215
2 Charles Bell
from Essays on the Anatomy of Expression in Painting 1806 218
3 Friedrich Schlegel
‘On the Language and Philosophy of the Indians’ 1808 221
4 Joseph Fourier
from ‘Historical Preface’ to the Description of Egypt 1809 224
5 Edward Moor
from The Hindu Pantheon 1810 226
6 Richard Payne Knight
from An Inquiry into the Symbolical Language of Ancient Art and Mythology 1818 230
7 John Flaxman
‘Style’ c.1810–26 233
8 Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel
from Aesthetics: Lectures on Fine Art 1823–9 235
9 Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel
from Lectures on the Philosophy of World History 1830–1 241
10 John L. Stephens
from Incidents of Travel in Yucatan 1843 244
11 Arthur Schopenhauer
‘On Human Nature’ c.1845–50 247
12 Gottfried Semper
from The Four Elements of Architecture 1851 249
IIIB Visions of the Exotic 253
1 Samuel Taylor Coleridge
‘Kubla Khan’ 1798 253
2 Maria Edgeworth
from The Absentee 1812 255
3 George Gordon, Lord Byron
from The Giaour 1813 256
4 Thomas De Quincey
from Confessions of an English Opium‐Eater 1821 261
5 Johann Wolfgang Goethe
from the West‐Eastern Divan c.1814–19 264
6 Giacomo Leopardi
from Zibaldone 1820–3 268
7 Alfred, Lord Tennyson
from ‘Timbuctoo’ 1829 271
8 Eugène Delacroix
Letters and notes on his journey to North Africa 1832 274
9 George Catlin
‘Letter from the Mouth of the Yellowstone River’ 1832 279
10 John Constable
from ‘Discourses’ 1836 281
11 David Roberts
From his travels to Egypt and the Middle East 1838–9 282
12 Jean Auguste Dominique Ingres
Notes on the Turkish Baths n.d. 285
IIIC Missionaries, Managers and Resistance 289
1 Thomas Paine
from Rights of Man 1792 289
2 William Blake
from America, a Prophecy 1793 292
3 Mirza Abu Talib (or Taleb) Khan
from his Travels 1799/1800 293
4 Lady Maria Nugent
from her journal 1801–5 297
5 William Wordsworth
To Toussaint L’Ouverture 1802 299
6 James Mill
from The History of British India 1817 300
7 Percy Bysshe Shelley
‘Ozymandias’ 1817 305
8 Henry Salt and Joseph Banks
Two letters 1818–19 306
9 John Davy
from An Account of the Interior of Ceylon 1821 307
10 William Ellis
from Polynesian Researches 1829 309
11 Ram Raz
from Essay on the Architecture of the Hindús 1834 313
12 Thomas Babington Macaulay, Lord Macaulay
Minute on Indian Education 1835 317
13 James Mallord William Turner, William Makepeace Thackeray and John Ruskin
Three texts relating to J. M. W. Turner’s Slave Ship 1840 and 1843 320
IV Modernity and Empire 325
Introduction 325
IVA Enduring Fictions and Transformed Spaces 329
1 Théophile Gautier
from ‘Art in 1848’ 1848 329
2 Théophile Gautier
On Gérôme and Artistic Orientalism 1856 330
3 Théophile Thoré, writing as William Bürger,
from ‘New Tendencies in Art’ 1857 332
4 Edmond and Jules de Goncourt
on Japanese art 1861–4 334
5 Various authors on Japanese art and the ‘painting of modern life’ 336
5 (i) Charles Baudelaire
from a letter to Arsène Houssaye 1861 336
5 (ii) Émile Zola
On Manet 1867 337
5 (iii) Edmond Duranty
On ‘the new painting’ 1876 338
5 (iv) Stéphane Mallarmé
from ‘The Impressionists and Edouard Manet’ 1876 339
5 (v) Théodore Duret
On Japan 1878 340
5 (vi) Félix Fénéon
from ‘The Impressionists in 1886’ 1886 340
5 (vii) Vincent Van Gogh
On Japan 1888 341
6 Philippe Burty
‘Ancient Japan and Modern Japan’ 1878 342
7 Joris-Karl Huysmans
from A Rebours 1884 345
8 Pierre Loti
from The Marriage of Loti 1872/1878–9 345
9 A cluster of texts on Gauguin and Oceania 347
9 (i) Paul Gauguin
from three letters written before leaving for Polynesia 1890 348
9 (ii) Paul Gauguin
from Noa Noa c.1894 349
9 (iii) August Strindberg and Paul Gauguin
from an exchange of letters 1895 352
9 (iv) Paul Gauguin
from Avant et après, Atuona, Hiva‐Oa 1903 353
10 Hermann Bahr
Review of the Japanese exhibition at the sixth exhibition of the Vienna secession 1900 354
IVB Society, Evolution and the Idea of ‘Race’ 357
1 Robert Knox
from The Races of Men 1850 357
2 Joseph‐Arthur, Comte de Gobineau
from The Inequality of Human Races 1853–5 361
3 Solomon Northup
from Twelve Years a Slave 1854 364
4 John Ruskin
from The Two Paths 1858–9 366
5 Ernest Renan
from ‘The Position of the Shemitic Nations in the History of Civilization’ 1862 369
6 Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels
On the emergence of the world system 1848 372
7 Karl Marx
On the ‘Asiatic mode of production’ and modern capitalism 1853 373
8 The First International
Address to the people of the United States of America 1865 376
9 Edmond de Goncourt
from the Goncourt Journal 1871 377
10 Charles Darwin
from The Descent of Man 1871/1874 378
11 Friedrich Nietzsche
‘Signs of Higher and Lower Culture’ 1878 381
12 Encyclopaedia Britannica
Ninth edition: ‘Negro’ 1884 384
13 W. T. Stead
‘To All English‐speaking Folk’ 1891 387
14 R. H. Bacon
from Benin: The City of Blood 1897 388
15 Rudyard Kipling
‘The White Man’s Burden’ 1899 390
IVC Anthropology, Museums and the Origins of Art 393
1 Owen Jones
from The Grammar of Ornament 1856 393
2 Edward Tylor
from Primitive Culture 1871 398
3 Augustus Lane‐Fox Pitt‐Rivers
‘Principles of Classification’ 1874 401
4 J. G. Frazer
from The Golden Bough 1890 404
5 Ernst Grosse
‘Ethnology and Aesthetics’ 1891 407
6 Henry Balfour
from The Evolution of Decorative Art 1893 410
7 Alfred Haddon
from Evolution in Art 1895 414
8 Alois Riegl
from Problems of Style 1893 417
9 Alois Riegl
‘The Place of the Vapheio Cups in the History of Art’ 1900 423
10 George Birdwood
‘Conventionalism in Primitive Art’ 1903 425
IVD The World in View: Travellers and Teachers 428
1 Gérard de Nerval
from Scenes of Life in the Orient 1843/6–7 428
2 Gustave Flaubert
On the pyramids 1850 430
3 Hiram Bingham
from A Residence of Twenty‐One Years in the Sandwich Islands 1847 431
4 Sir Colin Campbell
Letter to Lord Stanley 1846 434
5 Andrew Nicoll
‘A Sketching Tour of Five Weeks in the Forests of Ceylon’ 1848/52 436
6 Robert Fortune
from A Residence Among the Chinese 1857 438
7 James Fergusson
from History of Indian Architecture 1876 442
8 Rajendralal Mitra
from Indo‐Aryans 1881 447
9 Robert Louis Stevenson
On the South Seas 1889–90 451
10 C. H. Read and O. M. Dalton
‘Works of Art from Benin City’ 1898 452
11 Henry Ling Roth
‘Primitive Art from Benin’ 1899 456
12 Mary Kingsley
from West African Studies 1899/1901 458
V The Significance of the ‘Primitive’ 463
Introduction 463
VA Authenticity, Form and Feeling 467
1 A cluster of short texts on the initial encounter of the European
avant‐garde with African art in 1906–7 467
1 (i) André Derain
Letter to Maurice de Vlaminck, March 1906 468
1 (ii) Maurice de Vlaminck
On his ‘discovery’ of African art in 1906 469
1 (iii) Henri Matisse
On his encounter with African Art in 1906 470
1 (iv) Pablo Picasso
On his visit to the Trocadero museum in 1907 471
2 Wilhelm Worringer
from Abstraction and Empathy 1908 473
3 Roger Fry
‘The Art of the Bushmen’ 1910 476
4 Guillaume Apollinaire
‘Exoticism and Ethnography’ 1912 480
5 Franz Marc
Letter to August Macke 1911 482
6 Franz Marc
‘The Savages of Germany’ 1912 483
7 August Macke
‘Masks’ 1912 484
8 Emil Nolde
‘On Primitive Art’ 1912 485
9 Alexander Shevchenko
‘Neo‐Primitivism’ 1913 486
10 Henri Matisse
On his visits to North Africa 1913 489
11 Paul Klee
On his visit to Tunisia 1914 491
12 Hermann Bahr
from Expressionism 1916 492
VB The Reach of Empire 494
1 James A. Hobson
from Imperialism 1902 494
2 Charles Augustus Stoddard
from Cruising Among the Caribbees 1895/1903 496
3 Edward Wilmot Blyden
‘West Africa Before Europe’ 1903 499
4 Kakuso Okakura
from The Ideals of the East 1903 502
5 Sister Nivedita
‘Introduction’ to Okakura’s The Ideals of the East 1903 504
6 W. E. B. Du Bois
from The Souls of Black Folk 1903 505
7 from the Harmsworth History of the World
On the ‘degeneration’ of indigenous Australians 1908 508
8 Ananda Coomaraswamy
‘The Aims of Indian Art’ 1908 509
9 E. B. Havell
‘The New Indian School of Painting’ 1908 512
10 Lucien Lévy‐Bruhl
from How Natives Think 1910/26 514
11 Leo Frobenius
from The Voice of Africa 1913 519
12 Sigmund Freud
from Totem and Taboo 1913 523
VI In a World of Colonies 529
Introduction 529
VIA Modern, Primitive, Universal 535
1 Guillaume Apollinaire
‘On the Art of the Blacks’ 1917 535
2 Guillaume Apollinaire
On African and Oceanic sculptures 1918 537
3 Roger Fry
‘Negro Sculpture’ 1920 538
4 Florent Fels et al.
‘Opinions on Negro Art’ 1920 541
5 Herbert Read
from Art Now 1933 544
6 James Johnson Sweeney
‘The Art of Negro Africa’ 1935 545
7 Alain Locke
‘African Art: Classic Style’ 1935 549
8 Robert Goldwater
‘A Definition of Primitivism’ 1938 551
9 Margaret Preston
‘Paintings in Arnhem Land’ 1940 554
10 Henry Moore
‘Primitive Art’ 1941 556
11 A cluster of short texts by American painters of the 1940s
on primitive art and myth 557
11 (i) Adolph Gottlieb and Mark Rothko
Statement 1943 558
11 (ii) Adolph Gottlieb and Mark Rothko
from ‘The Portrait and the Modern Artist’ 1943 559
11 (iii) Jackson Pollock
Answers to a questionnaire 1944 560
11 (iv) Barnett Newman
‘Pre‐Columbian Stone Sculpture’ 1944 560
11 (v) Barnett Newman
‘Art of the South Seas’ 1946 561
11 (vi) Barnett Newman
‘Northwest Coast Indian Painting’ 1946 562
11 (vii) Jackson Pollock
Statement 1947/8 563
11 (viii) Mark Rothko
from ‘The Romantics were prompted …’ 1947/8 563
VIB Western Civilization: For and Against 565
1 Rosa Luxemburg
from The Accumulation of Capital – an Anti‐Critique 1915 565
2 Hermann Hesse
‘The European’ 1918 566
3 Ezra Pound
from Hugh Selwyn Mauberley 1919 569
4 Oswald Spengler
from The Decline of the West 1918 571
5 Rabindranath Tagore
from Creative Unity 1922 574
6 The Third International
‘The Black Question’ 1922 577
7 W. E. B. Du Bois
‘Criteria of Negro Art’ 1926 579
8 Franz Boas
from Primitive Art 1927 581
9 Alain Locke
‘Art or Propaganda’ 1928 584
10 Sigmund Freud
from Civilization and Its Discontents 1930 586
11 Alfred Rosenberg
from The Myth of the Twentieth Century 1930 589
12 Leo Frobenius
‘Reflections on African Art’ 1931 591
13 Walter Benjamin
‘Experience and Poverty’ 1933 595
14 Narranyeri (attributed to David Unaipon)
‘A Blackfellow’s Appeal to White Australia’ 1934 597
15 Edmund Husserl
from ‘The Vienna Lecture’ 1935 599
16 Julius Lips
from The Savage Hits Back 1937 603
17 Fernando Ortiz
‘The Social Phenomenon of “Transculturation”’ 1940 606
18 Eric Williams
from Capitalism and Slavery 1944 609
VIC The Challenge of the Avant‐Garde 612
1 Voldemārs Matvejas/‘Vladimir Markov’
‘Negro Art’ 1912–14/19 612
2 Carl Einstein
from Negerplastik 1915 615
Contents xxi
3 Tristan Tzara
‘Chanson du serpent’/‘Song of the Snake’ 1917 619
4 Oswald de Andrade
‘Cannibalist Manifesto’ 1928 621
5 Sergei Eisenstein
‘The Cinematographic Principle and the Ideogram’ 1929 624
6 Len Lye
Two letters 1929/30 629
7 The Surrealist group in Paris
‘Don’t Visit the Colonial Exhibition’ 1931 631
8 The Surrealist group at the Sorbonne
from Legitimate Defence 1932 633
9 The Surrealist group in Paris
‘Murderous Humanitarianism’ 1934 635
10 Michel Leiris
from L’Afrique fantôme/Phantom Africa 1934 637
11 Antonin Artaud
‘What I Came to Mexico to Do’ 1936 641
12 Josef Albers
‘Truthfulness in Art’ 1937 643
13 Art et Liberté group, Cairo
‘Long Live Degenerate Art’ 1938 647
14 Aimé Césaire
from Notebook of a Return to My Native Land 1939 648
15 Claude Lévi‐Strauss
‘The Art of the Northwest Coast’ 1943 653
16 Pierre Mabille
‘The Jungle’ 1945 656
VII Independence and the Post-colonial 661
Introduction 661
VIIA Resituating Theory and Politics 667
1 Jean‐Paul Sartre
from Black Orpheus 1948 667
2 Aimé Césaire
from Discourse on Colonialism 1950/5 670
3 Claude Lévi‐Strauss
from Tristes Tropiques 1955 675
4 Roland Barthes
‘African Grammar’ 1955/7 679
5 Frantz Fanon
from ‘On National Culture’ 1959 683
6 George Kubler
from The Shape of Time 1962 686
7 Michel Foucault
from The Order of Things 1966 690
8 Edward Said
from Orientalism 1978 694
9 Gilles Deleuze and Félix Guattari
from Mille plateaux 1980 698
10 Johannes Fabian
from Time and the Other 1983 702
VIIB Exhibitions, Museums and Histories Reimagined 706
1 André Malraux
from ‘Museum Without Walls’ 1954 706
2 Aimé Césaire
On the institution of the museum 1955 709
3 Carl Sandburg and Edward Steichen
from The Family of Man 1955 710
4 Roland Barthes
‘The Great Family of Man’ 1956/7 713
5 Georges Bataille
‘The Cradle of Humanity’ 1959 715
6 Léopold Sédar Senghor
from the First World Festival of Black Arts 1966 719
7 Robert Farris Thompson
‘Yoruba Artistic Criticism’ 1973 722
8 Ian Burn
‘Art is what we do, culture is what we do to other artists’ 1973 725
9 Linda Nochlin
from ‘The Imaginary Orient’ 1982 729
10 Luis Camnitzer
‘Report from Havana: The First Biennial of Latin American Art’ 1984 731
11 William Rubin
from ‘Primitivism’ in 20th Century Art 1984 734
12 James Clifford
‘Histories of the Tribal and the Modern’ 1985 738
13 Martin Bernal
from Black Athena 1987 742
VIIC Beyond Modernism 746
1 David A. Siqueiros
‘Towards a New Integral Art’ 1948 746
2 Kazuo Shiraga
‘The Shaping of the Individual’ 1956 748
3 Ad Reinhardt
‘Timeless in Asia’ 1960 750
4 George Maciunas
Fluxus Manifesto 1962 751
5 Anni Albers
‘Tapestry’ 1965 752
6 Hélio Oiticica
from ‘General Scheme of the New Objectivity’ 1967 and ‘Tropicália’ 1968 754
7 María Teresa Gramuglio and Nicolás Rosa
Tucumán Burns 1968 758
8 Marshall McLuhan and Quentin Fiore
from War and Peace in the Global Village 1968 761
9 Robert Smithson
‘Incidents of Mirror‐Travel in the Yucatan’ 1969 764
10 Nam June Paik
‘Global Groove and the Video Common Market’ 1970 767
11 Joseph Beuys
‘Manifesto on the Foundation of a “Free International School
for Creativity and Interdisciplinary Research”’ 1973 770
12 Terry Smith
‘The Provincialism Problem’ 1974 773
13 Robert Morris
‘Aligned with Nazca’ 1975 776
14 Lothar Baumgarten
from ‘Conquering the Southern Continent in the Haze of a Sixpenny Cigar’ 1978/2010 780
15 Alfredo Jaar
Statement 1984 783
VIID Asserting Identity 785
1 F. N. Souza
‘Nirvana of a Maggot’ 1955 785
2 James Baldwin
‘Princes and Powers’ 1957 788
3 Uche Okeke
‘Growth of an Idea’ 1959 and ‘Natural Synthesis’ 1960 792
4 Aubrey Williams
‘The Predicament Of The Artist In The Caribbean’ 1968 794
5 Larry Neal
from ‘The Black Arts Movement’ 1968 796
6 Frank Bowling
‘It’s Not Enough to Say Black is Beautiful’ 1971 798
7 Faith Ringgold
Interview on For The Women’s House 1972 802
8 Papa Ibra Tall
‘Negritude and Contemporary Plastic Art’ 1972 806
9 Edward ‘Kamau’ Brathwaite
from Contradictory Omens 1974 808
10 Rasheed Araeen
‘Preliminary Notes for a Black Manifesto’ 1978 813
11 Ana Mendieta
‘Introduction’ to Dialectics of Isolation 1980 816
12 Isaac Julien and Kobena Mercer
‘De Margin and De Centre’ 1988 817
VIII The Global Turn 821
Introduction 821
VIIIA Critical Revisions: Theory and History 827
1 Rasheed Araeen
‘Why Third Text?’ 1987 827
2 Peter Wollen
‘Tourism, Language and Art’ 1990 830
3 Homi K. Bhabha
‘The Postcolonial and the Postmodern’ 1992/4 833
4 Arjun Appadurai
from Modernity at Large 1996 836
5 Michael Hardt and Antonio Negri
from Empire 2000 840
6 Irit Rogoff
On visual culture 2000 844
7 Richard Bell
‘Bell’s Theorem: Aboriginal Art – It’s a White Thing’ 2003 847
8 Dipesh Chakrabarty
from Provincializing Europe 2000 852
9 Immanuel Wallerstein
from World‐Systems Analysis 2004 855
10 James Elkins
from is Art History Global? 2007 858
11 Partha Mitter
‘Decentering Modernism’ 2008 862
12 Fredric Jameson
from A Singular Modernity 2012 865
13 Aruna D’Souza
Introduction to In the Wake of the Global Turn 2014 869
14 Peter Weibel
‘Modernity Reset: Renaissance 2.0’ 2016 872
VIIIB Diversity, Translation, Creolization and Identity 876
1 Stuart Hall
‘New Ethnicities’ 1988 876
2 Édouard Glissant
‘Creolisation and the Americas’ 1992 880
3 Sonia Boyce and Manthia Diawara
‘The Art of Identity: A Conversation’ 1996 883
4 Paul Gilroy
from The Black Atlantic 1993 888
5 Coco Fusco and Guillermo Gómez‐Peña
Interview with Anna Johnson 1993 891
6 Sarat Maharaj
‘Perfidious Fidelity; the Untranslatability of the Other’ 1994 894
7 Gordon Bennett
Letter to Jean‐Michel Basquiat 1998 897
8 Antonio Benítez‐Rojo
‘Three Words toward Creolization’ 1998 899
9 Edward Said
‘The Art of Displacement’ 2000 902
10 Fred Wilson and Kwame Anthony Appiah
‘Fragments of a Conversation’ 2006 905
11 Homi K. Bhabha
‘Another Country’ 2006 909
12 Yinka Shonibare
Interview with Bernard Müller 2007 913
13 Fiona Tan
‘Other Facets of the Same Globe’ 2009 916
14 Lubaina Himid
‘We are Us not Other’ 2012 919
15 Kara Walker
‘A Sonorous Subtlety’: an interview with Kara Rooney 2014 922
16 Fred Moten
On the art of Chris Ofili, from ‘Blue Vespers’ 2017 925
VIIIC Global Art and the Museum 930
1 Jean‐Hubert Martin
Preface to Magiciens de la terre 1989 930
2 Rasheed Araeen
from The Other Story 1989 933
3 Llilian Llanes Godoy
‘Introduction’ to the Third Havana Biennial 1989 937
4 Luis Camnitzer, Jane Farver and Rachel Weiss
‘Foreword’ to Global Conceptualism 1999 941
5 Salah M. Hassan and Olu Oguibe
from Authentic/Ex‐Centric 2002 945
6 Okwui Enwezor
‘The Black Box’ 2002 948
7 Artforum
Roundtable discussion on ‘Global Tendencies’ 2003 953
8 Kwame Anthony Appiah
‘Whose Culture is It Anyway?’ 2006 957
9 Chin‐Tao Wu
‘Biennials Without Borders?’ 2009 961
10 Gayatri Chakravorty Spivak 2012
‘Sign and Trace’ 965
11 Hans Belting and Andrea Buddensieg
‘From Art World to Art Worlds’ 2013 969
12 Clémentine Deliss
‘Stored Code’ and ‘Foreign Exchange’ 2012/14 972
VIIID Concerning the Contemporary 976
1 Geeta Kapur
‘Contemporary Cultural Practice: Some Polemical Categories’ 1990 976
2 Slavoj iek
‘Multiculturalism, or, the Cultural Logic of Multinational Capitalism’ 1997 979
3 Nicolas Bourriaud
from Relational Aesthetics 1998/2002 982
4 William Kentridge
Interview with Dan Cameron 2000/1 987
5 Grant Kester
‘A Critical Framework for Dialogical Practice’ 2004 990
6 Terry Smith
from What is Contemporary Art? 2009 994
7 Hal Foster, Miwon Kwon, Chika Okeke‐Agulu, Alexander Alberro, Christopher P. Heuer, Matthew Jesse Jackson and Andrew Perchuk,
Responses to a questionnaire on ‘The Contemporary’ 2009 998
8 Ai Weiwei
‘Epilogue’ to his blog 2006–9 1005
9 Francis Alÿs
‘Francis Alÿs: A to Z’ 2010 1008
10 Romuald Hazoumè
Cargoland 2012 1011
11 Gerardo Mosquera
‘Beyond Anthropophagy’ 2013 1013
12 Xu Bing
‘On Holding a Retrospective’ 2014 1017
13 Doris Salcedo
‘A Work in Mourning’ 2014/15 1018
14 Hito Steyerl
‘If You Don’t Have Bread, Eat Art!’ 2017 1021
15 Art & Language
from Flags for Organisations 2018 1025
Bibliography 1028
Copyright Acknowledgements 1058
Index 1086
