Description
Book SynopsisTable of ContentsPreface xi
List of Illustrations xv
Acknowledgements xvii
Introduction xix
I PHILOSOPHY IN ITS INFANCY 1
The Milesians 3
Xenophanes 5
Heraclitus 6
The School of Parmenides 8
Empedocles 14
The Atomists 17
II THE ATHENS OF SOCRATES 20
The Athenian Empire 20
Anaxagoras 22
The Sophists 22
Socrates 24
The Euthyphro 26
The Crito 29
The Phaedo 30
III THE PHILOSOPHY OF PLATO 36
Life and Works 36
The Theory of Ideas 38
Plato’s Republic 41
The Theaetetus and the Sophist 50
IV THE SYSTEM OF ARISTOTLE 57
Plato’s Pupil, Alexander’s Teacher 57
The Foundation of Logic 59
The Theory of Drama 63
Moral Philosophy: Virtue and Happiness 64
Moral Philosophy: Wisdom and Understanding 68
Politics 71
Science and Explanation 72
Words and Things 74
Motion and Change 76
Soul, Sense, and Intellect 78
Metaphysics 81
V GREEK PHILOSOPHY AFTER ARISTOTLE 85
The Hellenistic Era 85
Epicureanism 87
Stoicism 89
Scepticism 91
Rome and its Empire 93
Jesus of Nazareth 94
Christianity and Gnosticism 96
Neo-Platonism 99
VI EARLY CHRISTIAN PHILOSOPHY 102
Arianism and Orthodoxy 102
The Theology of Incarnation 105
The Life of Augustine 107
The City of God and the Mystery of Grace 110
Boethius and Philoponus 113
VII EARLY MEDIEVAL PHILOSOPHY 118
John the Scot 118
Alkindi and Avicenna 121
The Feudal System 123
Saint Anselm 124
Abelard and Héloïse 126
Abelard’s Logic 128
Abelard’s Ethics 130
Averroes 131
Maimonides 133
VIII PHILOSOPHY IN THE THIRTEENTH CENTURY 135
An Age of Innovation 135
Saint Bonaventure 138
Thirteenth-Century Logic 140
Aquinas’ Life and Works 141
Aquinas’ Natural Theology 143
Matter, Form, Substance, and Accident 145
Aquinas on Essence and Existence 147
Aquinas’ Philosophy of Mind 148
Aquinas’ Moral Philosophy 149
IX OXFORD PHILOSOPHERS 154
The Fourteenth-Century University 154
Duns Scotus 155
Ockham’s Logic of Language 162
Ockham’s Political Theory 164
The Oxford Calculators 167
John Wyclif 168
X RENAISSANCE PHILOSOPHY 171
The Renaissance 171
Free-will: Rome vs. Louvain 172
Renaissance Platonism 175
Machiavelli 176
More’s Utopia 179
The Reformation 181
Post-Reformation Philosophy 185
Bruno and Galileo 187
Francis Bacon 189
XI THE AGE OF DESCARTES 194
The Wars of Religion 194
The Life of Descartes 195
The Doubt and the Cogito 198
The Essence of Mind 200
God, Mind, and Body 201
The Material World 20
XII ENGLISH PHILOSOPHY IN THE SEVENTEENTH CENTURY 209
The Empiricism of Thomas Hobbes 209
Hobbes’ Political Philosophy 211
The Political Theory of John Locke 214
Locke on Ideas and Qualities 216
Substances and Persons 219
XIII CONTINENTAL PHILOSOPHY IN THE AGE OF LOUIS XIV 224
Blaise Pascal 224
Spinoza and Malebranche 227
Leibniz 232
XIV BRITISH PHILOSOPHY IN THE EIGHTEENTH CENTURY 237
Berkeley 237
Hume’s Philosophy of Mind 242
Hume on Causation 246
Reid and Common Sense 248
XV THE ENLIGHTENMENT 251
The Philosophes 251
Rousseau 252
Revolution and Romanticism 256
XVI THE CRITICAL PHILOSOPHY OF KANT 259
Kant’s Copernican Revolution 259
The Transcendental Aesthetic 261
The Transcendental Analytic: The Deduction of the Categories 263
The Transcendental Analytic: The System of Principles 266
The Transcendental Dialectic: The Paralogisms of Pure Reason 269
The Transcendental Dialectic: The Antinomies of Pure Reason 271
The Transcendental Dialectic: The Critique of Natural Theology 274
Kant’s Moral Philosophy 276
XVII GERMAN IDEALISM AND MATERIALISM 280
Fichte 280
Hegel 281
Marx and the Young Hegelians 285
Capitalism and its Discontents 287
XVIII THE UTILITARIANS 290
Jeremy Bentham 290
The Utilitarianism of J. S. Mill 295
Mill’s Logic 297
XIX THREE NINETEENTH-CENTURY PHILOSOPHERS 301
Schopenhauer 301
Kierkegaard 307
Nietzsche 310
XX THREE MODERN MASTERS 313
Charles Darwin 313
John Henry Newman 318
Sigmund Freud 322
XXI LOGIC AND THE FOUNDATIONS OF MATHEMATICS 329
Frege’s Logic 329
Frege’s Logicism 331
Frege’s Philosophy of Logic 334
Russell’s Paradox 335
Russell’s Theory of Descriptions 337
Logical Analysis 340
XXII CONTINENTAL PHILOSOPHY IN THE EARLY TWENTIETH CENTURY 342
Henri Bergson 342
Husserl’s Phenomenology 347
The Existentialism of Heidegger 349
The Existentialism of Sartre and de Beauvoir 351
XXIII THE PHILOSOPHY OF WITTGENSTEIN 356
Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus 356
Logical Positivism 359
Philosophical Investigations 361
XXIV RECENT CONTINENTAL PHILOSOPHY 372
The Frankfurt School 372
Jacques Derrida 379
Jurgen Habermas 382
XXV RECENT ANALYTIC PHILOSOPHY 388
Elizabeth Anscombe 389
W. V. O. Quine 390
Donald Davidson 393
Peter Geach 394
Peter Strawson 396
American Metaphysics 397
The Cartesian Revival 399
Analytical Ethics 401
John Rawls 405
Richard Rorty 406
Afterword 409
Suggestions for Further Reading 412
Index 421
