Description
Book SynopsisThe history of noncombatant immunity is well established. What is less understood is how militaries have rationalized violating this immunity. This book traces the development of how militaries have rationalized the killing of the innocent from the thirteenth century onward. In the process, this historiography shows how we have arrived at the ascendant convention that assumes militaries should not intentionally kill the innocent. Furthermore, it shows how moral arguments about the permissibility of killing the innocent are largely adaptations to material changes in how wars are fought, whether through technological innovations or changes in institutional structures.
Table of ContentsList of Figures Introduction 1 Introduction 2 Theory of Moral Development 3 Methodology 4 Overview of Chapters PART 1: Killing the Innocent: Three Discursive Traditions from the Sixteenth to Eighteenth Centuries 1 The Origins of Double Effect: The Scholastic Tradition 1 Recovering the Primitive Christian Tradition 2 Before Double Effect 3 The Rise of Double Effect 4 Killing the Innocent 5 Killing the Innocent after Aquinas 6 Repurposing Double Effect in the Sixteenth Century 7 Sixteenth- and Seventeenth-Century Scholastics on Siege Warfare 8 English and Scottish Protestants 9 Conclusion 2 Martialists: Soldiers and Tacticians 1 Introduction 2 Early Martialists 3 Seventeenth-Century Martialists 4 Shifts in the Martialist Tradition 5 Conclusion 3 Humanists and Republicans 1 Introduction 2 Machiavelli 3 Erasmus 4 Gentili 5 Grotius 6 Pufendorf 7 Jeremy Taylor 8 George Dawson 9 Christian Wolff 10 Vattel 11 Conclusion PART 2: The Nineteenth Century 4 Killing Noncombatants in the Nineteenth Century 1 Introduction 2 Counting Casualties 3 Noncombatants 4 Sovereignty and Self-Preservation 5 Utilitarianism 6 The Link between Philosophical Utilitarianism and Military Necessity 7 Conclusion 5 Deliberately Targeting Noncombatants 1 Introduction 2 Enduring the Hardships of War: Laying Waste 3 Laying Waste and the Laws of War 4 Starvation and Blockades 5 Sieges 6 Siege and the Laws of War 7 Reprisal, Retaliation, Retorsion 8 Change in Norms 9 The Spatial Dimension of Noncombatant Death 10 Noncombatant Death in the Early Twentieth Century 11 Military Manuals 12 Conclusion PART 3: The Twentieth Century: Aerial Bombing and a Shift in Norms 6 New Possibilities and Problems: Aeronauts, Inventors, and Future-War Fiction on Aerial Bombing 1 Early Experiments 2 Deterrence, Annihilation, or Nonfactor? 3 Future-War Fiction 4 Conclusion 7 Interwar Approaches to Bombing: Two Discursive Traditions 1 Introduction 2 Interwar Period Debates on Aerial Bombing 3 International Liberals: Regulation and Disarmament 4 Bombing Realists 5 Strategic versus Terror Bombing 6 Conclusion 8 The Return to Intention: Post World War I 1 Introduction 2 German Guilt 3 The Laws of Humanity and Intentional Harm 4 The Return of the Scholastics 5 The Rediscovery of Vitoria and Suarez 6 Catholics against Bombing 7 Conclusion 9 Postscript: Intention in the Twenty-First Century 1 Introduction 2 Intention and Folk Psychology 3 Are Intentions Relevant for Twenty-First Century War? Bibliography of Primary Sources 445 Prior to the Sixteenth Century The Sixteenth Century The Seventeenth Century The Eighteenth Century The Nineteenth Century Index
