Description
Book SynopsisThe book is a grammar of the Makasar language, spoken by about 2 million people in South Sulawesi, Indonesia. Makasarese is a head–marking language which marks arguments on the predicate with a system of pronominal clitics, following an ergative/absolutive pattern. Full noun phrases are relatively free in order, while pre-predicate focus position which is widely used. The phonology is notable for the large number of geminate and pre–glottalised consonant sequences, while the morphology is characterised by highly productive affixation and pervasive encliticisation of pronominal and aspectual elements. The work draws heavily on literary sources reaching back more than three centuries; this tradition includes two Indic based scripts, a system based on Arabic, and various Romanised conventions.
Table of ContentsList of Figures and Tables Abbreviations of Grammatical Terms A Note on Spelling Conventions Abbreviations of Sources for Example Sentences 1 Introduction 1.1 The Area and Inhabitants 1.2 Historical Background 1.3 Religion and Culture 1.4 Comparative and Historical Data 1.5 Linguistic Ecology 1.6 Previous Studies of Makasar 1.7 Work on Related Languages 1.8 Sources of Data 2 Makasar Writing and Literature 2.1 Makasar and Bugis Scripts 2.2 Arabic Script (serang) 2.3 Romanised Orthography 2.4 Literature 3 Phonetics & Phonology 3.1 Phoneme Inventory 3.2 Phonotactics 3.3 Morphophonological Processes 4 Morphological Units 4.1 Roots 4.2 Affixes 4.3 Clitics 4.4 Affixal Clitics 4.5 Particles 4.6 Words 5 Word Classes 5.1 Root Class and Word Class 5.2 Nouns 5.3 Verbs 5.4 Adjectives 5.5 Adverbs 5.6 Pronouns 5.7 Locatives 5.8 Numerals 5.9 Classifiers, Partitives and Measures 5.10 Prepositions 5.11 Conjunctions 5.12 Discourse Particles 5.13 Interjections 6 Nouns and Noun Phrases 6.1 Subclasses of Noun 6.2 Nominal Derivation 6.3 The Noun Phrase 7 Basic Clause Structure 7.1 Word Order 7.2 Clitic Pronouns 7.3 Ambient Clauses 7.4 Intransitive Clauses 7.5 Semi-transitive Clauses 7.6 Transitive Clauses 7.7 Ditransitive Clauses 8 Voice/Valence-Signalling Prefixes 8.1 The Verb Prefixes 8.2 Actor Focus aN– 8.3 Passive ni– 8.4 Involuntary/Accidental taC– 8.5 Other Accounts of South Sulawesi Prefixes 8.6 Voice 9 Causative pa– and Related Forms 9.1 Causative pa– 9.2 Causative paka– 9.3 Experiencer-Oriented pi– 10 Applicative Suffixes 10.1 The Suffix Form –i 10.2 The Suffix Form –ang 10.3 –i and –ang Together 11 Other Verbal Affixes 11.1 Unitary/Mutual/Reciprocal si– 11.2 Erratic piti⟩rdp–V⟨i 11.3 Subjunctive –a 12 Grammatical Relations 12.1 Grammatical Relations 12.2 Focus and Topic Marking 13 Other Clause Types 13.1 Imperatives 13.2 Questions 13.3 Negation 13.4 Existentials 13.5 Ascriptives/Presentatives Appendix A: Excerpt of the Gowa Chronicle from Manuscript KIT 668–216 Appendix B: Karaeng Ammanaka Bembe: The Karaeng Who Gave Birth to a Goat Appendix C: A'jappa–jappa ri Bulukumba: A Trip to Bulukumba Bibliography Index
