{"product_id":"when-computers-went-to-sea-9780471472209","title":"When Computers Went to Sea","description":"\u003cb\u003eBook Synopsis\u003c\/b\u003e\u003cbr\u003eExplores the history of the United States Navy's secret development of code-breaking computers and their adaptation to solve a critical fleet radar data handling problem in the Navy's first seaborne digital computer system - that went to sea in 1962.\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003cb\u003eTable of Contents\u003c\/b\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003cp\u003ePreface xxiii\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIntroduction 1\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e1 Radar—New Eyes for the Fleet 5\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eBeginnings of Radar 5\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eMay Day—24 October 1944 5\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eCreation of Radar in the U.S. Navy 11\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eStart of the Naval Research Laboratory Radio Location P r o j e c t . . . 11\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eTracking Projectiles in Flight—The Battleship New York Tests . . . 13\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe Plan Position Indicator 14\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe Baby Gets a Name 15\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eMass Production 16\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eLondon—An Easy Target 16\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eChain Home 16\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eLearning to Use Radar at Sea 19\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe Most Valuable Cargo 21\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eRadar at War in the Pacific 26\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eMcNally's Day of Infamy 26\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAboard Lexington 32\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAboard the Flying Boats 33\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe Fighter Director Officers 34\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eCXAM in Action 37\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eRest in Peace CXAM 39\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe CXAM Lives On 41\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eTurning Point for McNally 42\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eEvolution of the Combat Information Center 44\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe Kamikazes 49\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eDivine Wind 49\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eFloating Chrysanthemum 51\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e2 A Lingering Problem 53\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eLegacy of the Kamikazes 53\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eLegacy of Radar . 54\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eProblems 55\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eQuest for Solutions 57\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eTheThreeTs 57\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe Guided Missile Frigates 60\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eToo Much Data and Not Enough Information 61\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThree Digital Attempts 62\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe Canadian Navy's Digital Automated Tracking and Resolving System 62\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eEarly Digital Experiments at the Navy Electronics Laboratory 62\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe Semi-Automatic Air Intercept Control System 65\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eTrouble with Analogs 66\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe Royal Navy Comprehensive Display System 66\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eNRL's Electronic Data System 67\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe Intercept Tracking and Control Console 68\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eProject COSMOS 68\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eProject CORNFIELD 69\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e3 The Codebreaking Computers—A Digital Solution 71\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe Navy Codebreakers 71\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eA Place Named Seesaw 71\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eFrom Steam to Electrons 73\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eA Machine Named Ice Cream 73\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe Naval Computing Machine Laboratory 76\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eA Computer Named von Neumann 77\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eENIAC 77\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eEDVAC 79\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe Navy Computers 81\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eFrom Gliders to Codebreaking Machines 81\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe Moore School Lectures 90\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eWHIRLWIND 92\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAtlas is Built 92\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eA Hint of Scandal 98\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eUNIVAC Persists 99\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eWHIRLWIND and SAGE 100\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eWHIRLWIND Saved by the Soviets 100\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eChain Home a Thousand Times Over 102\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eMagnetic Donuts for WHIRLWIND 103\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSAGE Goes into Production 105\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSAGE in Operation 106\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eFrom Tubes to Transistors 107\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eMagnetic Donuts for Atlas II 107\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe Undercapitalization Syndrome at ERA 108\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eWe Can Do it With Transistors 109\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eBOGART 109\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eEnter the Transistor 110\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSOLO, The All-Transistorized Computer 112\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eMAGSTEC and TRANSTEC 113\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eATHENA 113\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e4 Conception of a New System 117\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eProject Lamplight—Conception of a New System 117\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eContinental Air Defense Coordination? 117\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eMcNally's Mission 118\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eOne of Us is Wrong, Mac 118\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eA Good Man to Have on Your Side 121\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eFrom Concept to Technology—The NTDS Technical and Operational Requirements\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eDocument 121\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eI Have Just the Man You Need 121\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eBuilding Blocks for Growth 123\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eA Digital Frankenstein Monster? 124\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eGeneral-Purpose or Special-Purpose Computers? 124\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eBuilt to Go in Harm's Way 125\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eMarrying the Digital to the Analog 126\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eDrums or Magnetic Cores? 127\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAutomatic Communications 128\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eOPNAVBuysIt 128\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e5 Building a New System 131\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eWho Should Build the System? 131\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eProject Organization 134\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe NTDS Project Office 134\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSupport from the BUSHIPS Technical Organization 136\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe Special Applications Branch 137\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe Radar Branch 139\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eStaffing the Project Office 140\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAn Evolving Modus Operandi 146\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe Chief of Naval Operations Project Office 148\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eNavy Electronics Laboratory Role 155\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eA Computer With a Dipstick 156\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSelection of Univac 156\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eConception of the Unit Computer 159\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe AN\/USQ-17 Prototype Computer 161\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eTurmoil in a Young Industry 164\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eBuilding the Unit Computers 165\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eFuzzy Scopes and Elliptical Circles 168\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSelection of Hughes Aircraft 168\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eLike No Cathode Ray Tubes Ever Seen Before 170\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eMore Than Just Displays 171\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eBuilding Blocks 173\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eTrials and Tribulations of Transistors 173\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eComputers on the Airwaves 177\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eA Link—The Primary Long Range Tactical Data Link 177\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSelection of Collins Radio 177\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eFrom Digits to Music 178\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eB Link—For Those Without 181\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe Interceptor Control Link . 181\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eC Link—The UHF Short Range Tactical Data Link 182\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eDigits in an Analog World 182\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eDeveloping the Operational Computer Program 183\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eA New Thing Under the Sun 183\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eWho Should Build the Seagoing Operational Computer Programs? 184\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReal-Programmers Write in Machine Language 185\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReal-Programmers Do Not Need to Document Their Programs 187\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eBuilding the Prototype Computer Program 188\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eProgramming a Real-Time Computer 188\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eFirst Steps 189\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eForce Tracking and Data Linking 190\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eTEWA 193\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eInterceptor Control 195\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe Stores 197\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eA System that Never Sailed 197\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe Fleet Comes In 207\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e6 No Damned Computer Is Going To Tell Me What To Do 211\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eGetting the Ships 211\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe Guided Missile Frigates 211\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eNot on Our Ship!—How Oriskany Was Won 212\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReady or Not, I Want it on the Nuclear-Powered Ships 213\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe Billboard Radars 213\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eLong Beach and Enterprise 215\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eBuilding for Service Test 216\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe Q-17 Does Not Make It 216\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe Purple Plague 221\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe NTDS Interface Specification 228\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eGood Bye to the Cigarette Lighter 229\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eService Test Communications Subsystems 232\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eService Test Computer Programs 234\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eNew Faces in the Project Office 234\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eService Test Installation 238\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eNo Damned Computer 241\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eService Test 245\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eGetting Ready for Service Test 245\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe Navy Meets the Software Monster 249\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eWhere Did All Those Tracks Come From? 250\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIf You Don't Have a Sense of Humor, Don't Use Computers 252\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eHell, It Don't Hardly Ever Fail Sir! 253\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSaved by Equipment Reliability 255\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eService Approval 258\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSo What Did They Get for the Money? 259\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eMoney Spent 260\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eWhat Was the End Product? 263\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e7 In the Air, on Land, and Sea 267\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eOn the Land as on the Sea—The Marine Tactical Data System 267\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe Amphibious Force Flagships 272\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eHawkeye and the Airborne Tactical Data System 274\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAdvent of USN Airborne Early Warning Radar 274\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eHawkeye 276\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe E-2A 'Hawkeye' Airborne Early Warning Aircraft 276\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eTheE-2B Hawkeye 281\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eTheE-2C Hawkeye 282\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eDigitizing the Antisubmarine Airplanes 283\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eOther Navies and NTDS 284\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe Royal Navy and ADA 284\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eNew Names for NTDS 291\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e8 New Horizons for Tactical Computers 297\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eFirst Production 297\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eFirst-Production Ships 297\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eFirst-Production NTDS Equipment 298\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe Watch Changes 302\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eMaybe these Digital Computers are Good for Something After All 305\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eNo Kid Named Joe Randolph 315\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eTroubles with the Three Ts 315\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSeconds are Precious—Weapons Direction System Mark 11 and the AN\/SPS-48 Radar 317\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe Birth of Weapons Direction System Mark 11 317\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eGenesis of the AN\/SPS-48 Radar 319\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eNo Kid Named Joe Randolph is Going to Tell Me How to Run my Business 322\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eMare Island, the Testing Ground 324\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eShoehorning a New System into Wainwright 325\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eLife in Main Navy 327\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe Anti-Submarine Warfare Ship Command and Control System 330\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe Requirement 330\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eA Concept for Automating Anti-Submarine Warfare 333\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eNew Link 11 Equipment 334\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eA New Display Subsystem 335\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAnalog Leaves Center Stage 337\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eASWSC\u0026amp;CS Aftermath 338\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eTime to Go Competitive? 339\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe System Evolves 340\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAutomatic Detection and Tracking 340\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eA Large Screen Display? 342\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e9 Twilight of the Analogs 347\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIn Combat 347\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eEarly NTDS and ATDS Deployment in Vietnam 347\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eOnPIRAZ 349\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe Beacon Video Processor 350\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe Marine Tactical Data System in Vietnam 352\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eInterceptor Control and Missile Operations 354\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eNTDS Vietnam Summary 355\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eGive Us More Memory! 356\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe Fleet Goes Digital 357\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe First Wave 357\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe Second Wave 358\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eNew Computers for New Purposes 358\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eFinally, 32 Bits—The AN\/UYK-7 Computer 360\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eMoving on to Digital Weapons Control 361\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eWorking Out the Fundamentals 361\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eDigital Talos 362\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eDigital Tartar 364\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eDigital Terrier 365\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eClosing the Loop 365\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe Guns Go Digital 366\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eA Line of Standards 367\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eLast Decade of the Analogs 367\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eToo Many Computers! 368\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eA Standard Minicomputer 370\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe Navy Embedded Computer Program 372\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe Politics of Computers 377\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eShield of the Fleet 378\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe Advanced Surface Missile System 378\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eFrom ASMS to Aegis 384\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eMore Boundary Line Adjustments 386\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eProblems of Success 388\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eA New Name 389\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eDo Old Computers Ever Die? 393\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSummary 394\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eLegacy of NTDS 394\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eRecognition 395\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eHow Could They Possibly Have Succeeded? 397\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eA Joint Electronics Equipment Designation System 401\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eB Table of Acronyms and Abbreviations 405\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eC Univac NTDS Organization, December 1,1959 415\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eBibliography 421\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIndex 441\u003c\/p\u003e","brand":"John Wiley \u0026 Sons Inc","offers":[{"title":"Default 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