{"product_id":"western-philosophy-9781119165729","title":"Western Philosophy","description":"\u003cb\u003eBook Synopsis\u003c\/b\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003cb\u003eTable of Contents\u003c\/b\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003cp\u003ePreface xv\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAcknowledgements xxi\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eGuidance for Readers and Format of the Volume xxviii\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIntroductory Essay: How to Read a Philosophical Text and How to Write about It xxxi\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003ePart I Knowledge and Certainty 1\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1 Innate Knowledge Plato, Meno 3\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2 Knowledge versus Opinion Plato, Republic 12\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3 Demonstrative Knowledge and Its Starting points Aristotle, Posterior Analytics 19\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4 New Foundations for Knowledge René Descartes, Meditations 22\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5 The Senses as the Basis of Knowledge John Locke, Essay Concerning Human Understanding 28\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6 Innate Knowledge Defended Gottfried Leibniz, New Essays on Human Understanding 34\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7 Scepticism versus Human Nature David Hume, Enquiry Concerning Human Understanding 39\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8 Experience and Understanding Immanuel Kant, Critique of Pure Reason 44\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9 From Sense-certainty to Self-consciousness Georg Hegel, Phenomenology of Spirit 48\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10 Beliefs Judged by Their Practical Effects William James, What Pragmatism Means 54\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11 Against Scepticism G. E. Moore, A Defence of Common Sense 61\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12 Does Empirical Knowledge Have a Foundation? Wilfrid Sellars, The Myth of the Given 68\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003ePart II Being and Reality 74\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1 The Allegory of the Cave Plato, Republic 76\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2 Individual Substance Aristotle, Categories 83\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3 Supreme Being and Created Things René Descartes, Principles of Philosophy 87\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4 Qualities and Ideas John Locke, Essay Concerning Human Understanding 94\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5 Substance, Life and Activity Gottfried Leibniz, New System 99\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6 Nothing Outside the Mind George Berkeley, Principles of Human Knowledge 105\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eGeorge Berkeley, Principles of Human Knowledge 105\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7 The Limits of Metaphysical Speculation David Hume, Enquiry Concerning Human Understanding 111\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8 Metaphysics, Old and New Immanuel Kant, Prolegomena 117\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9 Reality as Flux Alfred Whitehead, Process and Reality, and Science and the Modern World 125\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10 Being and Involvement Martin Heidegger, Being and Time 131\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11 The End of Metaphysics? Rudolf Carnap, The Elimination of Metaphysics 138\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12 The Problem of Ontology W. V. O. Quine, On What There Is 144\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003ePart III Language and Meaning 150\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1 The Meanings of Words Plato, Cratylus 152\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2 Language and Its Acquisition Augustine, Confessions 160\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3 Thought, Language and Its Components William of Ockham, Writings on Logic 162\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4 Language, Reason and Animal Utterance René Descartes, Discourse on the Method 166\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5 Abstract General Ideas John Locke, Essay Concerning Human Understanding 169\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6 Particular Ideas and General Meaning George Berkeley, Principles of Human Knowledge 173\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7 Denotation versus Connotation John Stuart Mill, A System of Logic 178\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8 Names and Their Meaning Gottlob Frege, Sense and Reference 183\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9 Definite and Indefinite Descriptions Bertrand Russell, Introduction to Mathematical Philosophy 188\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10 Meaning and Use Ludwig Wittgenstein, The Blue and Brown Books 194\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11 Non-descriptive Uses of Language J. L. Austin, Performative Utterances 202\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12 How the Reference of Terms is Fixed Saul Kripke, Naming and Necessity 207\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003ePart IV Mind and Body 214 \u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1 The Immortal Soul Plato, Phaedo 216\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2 Soul and Body, Form and Matter Aristotle, De Anima 223\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3 The Human Soul Thomas Aquinas, Summa Theologiae 228\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4 The Non-material Mind or Soul and Its Relation to the Body René Descartes, Discourse and Meditations 236\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5 The Identity of Mind and Body Benedict Spinoza, Ethics 242\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6 Mind–Body Correlations Nicolas Malebranche, Dialogues on Metaphysics 246\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7 Body and Mind as Manifestations of Will Arthur Schopenhauer, The World as Will and Idea 252\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8 The Problem of Other Minds John Stuart Mill, An Examination of Sir William Hamilton’s Philosophy 257\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9 The Hallmarks of Mental Phenomena Franz Brentano, Psychology from an Empirical Standpoint 263\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10 The Myth of the ‘Ghost in the Machine’ Gilbert Ryle, The Concept of Mind 270\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11 Mental States as Functional States Hilary Putnam, Psychological Predicates 275\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12 The Subjective Dimension of Consciousness Thomas Nagel, What is it Like to be a Bat? 283\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003ePart V The Self and Freedom 290\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e(a) The Self\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1 The Self and Consciousness John Locke, Essay Concerning Human Understanding 292\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2 The Self as Primitive Concept Joseph Butler, Of Personal Identity 298\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3 The Self as Bundle David Hume, A Treatise of Human Nature 303\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4 The Partly Hidden Self Sigmund Freud, Introductory Lectures on Psychoanalysis 309\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5 Liberation from the Self Derek Parfit, Reasons and Persons 315\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6 Selfhood and Narrative Understanding Charles Taylor, Sources of the Self 322\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e(b) Freedom\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7 Human Freedom and Divine Providence Augustine, The City of God 328\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8 Freedom to Do What We Want Thomas Hobbes, Liberty, Necessity and Chance 333\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9 Free Will as the Power of Rational Agency Thomas Reid, Essays on the Active Powers of Man 339\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10 Absolute Determinism Pierre-Simon de Laplace, Philosophical Essay on Probability 346\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11 Condemned to Be Free Jean-Paul Sartre, Being and Nothingness 349\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12 Freedom, Responsibility and the Ability to Do Otherwise Harry G. Frankfurt, Alternate Possibilities and Moral Responsibility 355\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003ePart VI God and Religion 363 \u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1 God Cannot Be Thought Not to Exist Anselm of Canterbury, Proslogion 365\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2 The Five Proofs of God Thomas Aquinas, Summa Theologiae 368\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3 God as Source of My Idea of the Infinite René Descartes, Meditations 372\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4 God’s Existence Derived from His Nature or Essence René Descartes, Meditations 378\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5 The Wager Blaise Pascal, Pensées 382\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6 The Problem of Evil Gottfried Leibniz, Theodicy 386\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7 The Argument from Design David Hume, Dialogues Concerning Natural Religion 392\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8 Against Miracles David Hume, Enquiry Concerning Human Understanding 398\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9 Faith and Subjectivity Søren Kierkegaard, Concluding Unscientific Postscript 405\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10 Reason, Passion and the Religious Hypothesis William James, The Will to Believe 412\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11 The Meaning of Religious Language John Wisdom, Gods 418\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12 Many Paths to the Same Ultimate Reality? John Hick, Problems of Religious Pluralism 425\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003ePart VII Science and Method 432\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1 Four Types of Explanation Aristotle, Physics 434\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2 Experimental Methods and True Causes Francis Bacon, Novum Organum 437\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3 Mathematical Science and the Control of Nature René Descartes, Discourse on the Method 444\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4 The Limits of Scientific Explanation George Berkeley, On Motion 450\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5 The Problem of Induction David Hume, Enquiry Concerning Human Understanding 456\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6 The Relation Between Cause and Effect David Hume, Enquiry Concerning Human Understanding 462\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7 Causality and our Experience of Events Immanuel Kant, Critique of Pure Reason 468\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8 The Uniformity of Nature John Stuart Mill, System of Logic 473\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9 Science and Falsifiability Karl Popper, Conjectures and Refutations 479\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10 How Explaining Works Carl G. Hempel, Explanation in Science and History 486\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11 Scientific Realism Versus Instrumentalism Grover Maxwell, The Ontological Status of Theoretical Entities 496\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12 Change and Crisis in Science Thomas Kuhn, The Structure of Scientific Revolutions 503\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003ePart VIII Morality and the Good Life 510\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1 Morality and Happiness Plato, Republic 512\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2 Ethical Virtue Aristotle, Nicomachean Ethics 518\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3 Morality and Natural Law Aquinas, Summa Theologiae 522\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4 Virtue, Reason and the Passions Benedict Spinoza, Ethics 528\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5 Human Feeling as the Source of Ethics David Hume, Enquiry Concerning the Principles of Morals 533\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6 Duty and Reason as the Ultimate Principle Immanuel Kant, Groundwork of the Metaphysic of Morals 540\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7 Happiness as the Foundation of Morality John Stuart Mill, Utilitarianism 546\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8 Utility and Common-sense Morality Henry Sidgwick, Methods of Ethics 552\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9 Against Conventional Morality Friedrich Nietzsche, Beyond Good and Evil 559\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10 Duty and Intuition W. D. Ross, The Right and the Good 565\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11 Ethics as Rooted in History and Culture Alasdair MacIntyre, After Virtue 571\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12 Could Ethics Be Objective? Bernard Williams, Ethics and the Limits of Philosophy 577\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003ePart IX Problems in Ethics 583\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1 Inequality, Freedom and Slavery Aristotle, Politics 585\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2 War and Justice Thomas Aquinas, Summa Theologiae 590\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3 Taking One’s Own Life David Hume, On Suicide 593\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4 Gender, Liberty and Equality Mary Wollstonecraft, A Vindication of the Rights of Women 599\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5 Partiality and Favouritism William Godwin, Enquiry Concerning Political Justice 604\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6 The Status of Non-human Animals Immanuel Kant, Lectures on Ethics 608\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7 The Purpose of Punishment Jeremy Bentham, Principles of Morals and Legislation 611\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8 Our Relationship to the Environment Aldo Leopold, The Land Ethic 618\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9 Abortion and Rights Judith Jarvis Thomson, A Defense of Abortion, and Patrick Lee \u0026amp; Robert P. George, The Wrong of Abortion 624\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10 The Relief of Global Suffering Peter Singer, Famine, Affluence and Morality 632\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11 Medical Ethics and the Termination of Life James Rachels, Active and Passive Euthanasia 638\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12 Cloning, Sexual Reproduction and Genetic Engineering Leon R. Kass, The Wisdom of Repugnance 644\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003ePart X Authority and the State 654\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1 Our Obligation to Respect the Laws of the State Plato, Crito 656\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2 The Just Ruler Thomas Aquinas, On Princely Government 661\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3 Power and Control Niccolò Machiavelli, The Prince 665\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4 Sovereignty and Security Thomas Hobbes, Leviathan 672\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5 Consent and Political Obligation John Locke, Second Treatise of Civil Government 678\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6 Against Contractarianism David Hume, Of the Original Contract 684\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7 Society and the Individual Jean-Jacques Rousseau, The Social Contract 690\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8 The Unified State – From Individual Desire to Rational Self-determination Georg Hegel, The Philosophy of Right 697\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9 Property, Labour and Alienation Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels, The German Ideology 703\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10 The Limits of Majority Rule John Stuart Mill, On Liberty 710\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11 Rational Choice and Fairness John Rawls, A Theory of Justice 716\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12 The Minimal State Robert Nozick, Anarchy, State and Utopia 723\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003ePart XI Beauty and Art 731\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1 Art and Imitation Plato, Republic 733\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2 The Nature and Function of Dramatic Art Aristotle, Poetics 739\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3 The Idea of Beauty Francis Hutcheson, Inquiry Concerning Beauty, Order, Harmony, Design 745\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4 Aesthetic Appreciation David Hume, Of the Standard of Taste 750\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5 The Concept of the Beautiful Immanuel Kant, Critique of Judgement 757\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6 The Metaphysics of Beauty Arthur Schopenhauer, On Aesthetics 763\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7 The Two Faces of Art Friedrich Nietzsche, The Birth of Tragedy 769\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8 The Value of Art Leo Tolstoy, What Is Art? 776\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9 Imagination and Art Jean-Paul Sartre, The Psychology of Imagination 781\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10 What Is Aesthetics? Ludwig Wittgenstein, Lectures on Aesthetics 788\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11 The Meaning of a Literary Work W. K. Wimsatt Jr. and M. C. Beardsley, The Intentional Fallacy 793\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12 The Basis of Judgements of Taste Frank Sibley, Aesthetic Concepts 801\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003ePart XII Human Life and Its Meaning 808\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1 How to Accept Reality and Avoid Fear Lucretius, On the Nature of the Universe 810\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2 Life Guided by Stoic Philosophy Seneca, Moral Letters 814\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3 Meaning through Service to Others Augustine, Confessions 818\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4 Contentment with the Human Lot Michel de Montaigne, On Experience 821\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5 The Human Condition, Wretched yet Redeemable Blaise Pascal, Pensées 826\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6 Human Life as a Meaningless Struggle Arthur Schopenhauer, On the Vanity of Existence 831\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7 The Death of God and the Ascendancy of the Will Friedrich Nietzsche, Thus Spake Zarathustra 836\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8 Idealism in a Godless Universe Bertrand Russell, A Free Man’s Worship 841\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9 Futility and Defiance Albert Camus, The Myth of Sisyphus 848\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10 Involvement versus Detachment Thomas Nagel, The Absurd 851\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11 Religious Belief as Necessary for Meaning William Lane Craig, The Absurdity of Life without God 861\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12 Seeing Our Lives as Part of the Process Robert Nozick, Philosophy’s Life 868\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eBackground Reading and Reference 873\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eNotes on the Philosophers 879\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIndex 898\u003c\/p\u003e","brand":"John Wiley and Sons Ltd","offers":[{"title":"Default Title","offer_id":49407000641879,"sku":"9781119165729","price":31.95,"currency_code":"GBP","in_stock":true}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0817\/1739\/5799\/files\/9781119165729.jpg?v=1730497845","url":"https:\/\/bookcurl.com\/products\/western-philosophy-9781119165729","provider":"Book Curl","version":"1.0","type":"link"}