{"product_id":"virtual-reconstruction-a-primer-in-computerassisted-paleontology-and-biomedicine-9780471205074","title":"Virtual Reconstruction A Primer in","description":"\u003cb\u003eBook Synopsis\u003c\/b\u003e\u003cbr\u003eVirtual Reconstruction serves as an introduction to the principles of three-dimensional visualization techniques as they relate to fossil reconstruction and reverse engineering. It covers data acquisition, processing, virtual reconstruction, visualization, manipulation, reverse engineering, and applications to biomedicine.\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003cb\u003eTrade Review\u003c\/b\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\"..a worthy contribution.\" (\u003ci\u003eJournal of Anthropological Research\u003c\/i\u003e, Summer 2006)  \u003cp\u003e\"If you are interested in...three-dimensional reconstruction of past and present human and other anatomy, this is the text for you!\" (\u003ci\u003eIEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Magazine\u003c\/i\u003e, May\/June 2006)\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\"The authors have done a stupendous job of mining the available literature to present a coherent and organized work...the book is a useful addition to any anthropologist's library.\" (\u003ci\u003eAmerican Journal of Human Biology\u003c\/i\u003e, May\/June 2006)\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\"…well presented. This is a decidedly visual topic, and the illustrations in the book are wonderful…\" (\u003ci\u003eCHOICE\u003c\/i\u003e, February 2006)\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\"This book is well written. It is surprising easy to read considering the technical subjects that were covered.\" (\u003ci\u003eThe Quarterly Review of Biology\u003c\/i\u003e, March 2006)\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e“…a very useful resource for anyone wanting to get started in a much wider variety of fields…” (\u003ci\u003eInternational Journal of Primatology,\u003c\/i\u003e April 2007)\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e‘…an excellent source for computer scientists working in the biosciences.’ \u003ci\u003e(Journal of Comparative Human Biology,\u003c\/i\u003e March 2007\u003ci\u003e)\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cbr\u003e  \u003c\/p\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003cb\u003eTable of Contents\u003c\/b\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003cp\u003ePreface xiii\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAcknowledgments xv\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIntroduction 1\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e1 Virtual Reconstruction 7\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.1 A Virtual Reality Contest 7\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.2 Virtual Reconstruction 10\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.3 Computer-Assisted Paleontology 12\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.3.1 Data Acquisition 12\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.3.2 Data Segmentation and Three-Dimensional Reconstruction 14\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.3.3 Virtual Fossil Reconstruction 14\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.3.4 From Virtual Reality to Real Virtuality 15\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.3.5 Databases and Morphometry 15\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.3.6 Virtual Reconstruction in Space and Time 16\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.4 Computer-Assisted Surgery 17\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.5 Further Reading 19\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e2 Data Representation 21\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.1 World Food on a Chessboard 21\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.2 Facts About Data to Get Data About Facts 22\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.2.1 Analog and Digital Data 22\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.2.2 Bits, Bytes, and Words 23\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.2.3 Characters, Numbers, Pixels, and Voxels 29\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.2.4 Representing Gray Tones and Colors 32\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.2.5 Data Compression 40\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.2.6 Some Common Image File Formats 41\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.2.7 Implicit Versus Explicit Representation of Object Data 44\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.2.8 Modeling Three-Dimensional Objects 48\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.3 A Taxonomy of Biomedical Data 50\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.3.1 Perspectives on Data 50\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.3.2 Volume Data 50\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.3.3 Surface Data 52\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.3.4 Landmark Data 53\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.3.5 Extent-Based Data 54\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.3.6 Relational Data 55\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.4 Further Reading 56\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e3 Data Acquisition 57\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.1 Data and the Physical World 57\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.2 Vision and Photography as Data Acquisition: Performance Considerations 59\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.3 Computed Tomography 64\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.3.1 Frau Röntgen’s Wedding Ring 64\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.3.2 Radiographic Projections 67\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.3.3 Reconstructing CT Images 72\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.3.4 CT Scanning: Technical Considerations 74\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.3.5 Limitations of CT Data Acquisition 77\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.3.6 Slice-to-Slice, Helical, and Multislice CT 80\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.3.7 Industrial and Micro Computed Tomography 82\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.3.8 Three-Dimensional Data Acquisition with a Medical Scanner 84\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.4 Magnetic Resonance Imaging 85\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.5 Surface Scanners 91\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.6 3D Digitizers 93\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.7 Further Reading 94\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e4 Image Data Processing 97\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.1 Recovering Objects from Images 97\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.2 Converting a CT Image into a Screen Image 100\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.3 Filtering Images 102\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.3.1 Coffee and Kernels 102\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.3.2 Convolution and Fourier Analysis 106\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.3.3 Statistical Filters 107\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.3.4 Edge Detection Filters 108\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.4 Extracting Isosurfaces 113\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.4.1 Determining Boundaries in CT Images 113\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.4.2 From Edges to Isocontours and Isosurfaces 119\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.5 Interactive Segmentation 121\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.6 Further Reading 126\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e5 Visualization and Interaction 129\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.1 Visualizing Data in Two and More Dimensions 129\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.2 Interaction with Virtual Worlds 131\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.3 The Graphics Rendering Pipeline 132\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.4 Setting Up a Virtual Environment 132\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.4.1 Object Materials, Lighting, and Shading 133\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.4.2 Setting Up the Camera 139\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.4.3 Object Manipulation and Interaction 143\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.5 Volume Rendering 151\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.6 Further Reading 154\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e6 Virtual Fossil Reconstruction 155\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.1 A Baroque Puzzle 155\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.2 Principles of Reconstruction 157\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.3 Physical and Virtual Reconstruction 159\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.4 Preparing and Restoring Fossils on the Computer Screen 160\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.5 Reconstructing Fossil Morphologies 164\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.5.1 Recovering Implicit Anatomic Information 164\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.5.2 Combining Computer Graphics and Anatomy: The Globe Paradigm 166\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.5.3 Inferring Missing Information 175\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.5.4 Interpolation and Extrapolation 181\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.6 Correcting Fossil Deformation 181\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.6.1 Taphonomic Scenarios 182\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.6.2 Correcting Plastic Deformation 184\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.7 Validating Virtual Reconstructions 189\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.8 Paleodiagnostics and Paleoforensics 192\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.9 Inferring Soft Tissue Structures 193\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.9.1 Motivation 193\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.9.2 Fossil Soft Tissue Reconstruction: Classic and Virtual Approaches 196\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.9.3 What Shall Be Reconstructed? 199\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.9.4 Soft Tissue Reconstruction and Measurement 200\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.10 Virtual Surgery: a Paleoanthropologist’s Eye View 201\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.10.1 Motivation 201\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.10.2 Virtual Planning and Simulation of Surgical Interventions 201\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.10.3 Custom Implant Design 203\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.10.4 Soft Tissue Reconstruction 203\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.11 Further Reading 206\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e7 From Virtual Reality to Real Virtuality 209\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.1 Reifying Virtual Objects 209\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.2 Principles of Rapid Prototyping 210\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.3 Combining Virtual Reality and Real Virtuality 217\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.4 Further Reading 223\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e8 Morphometric Analysis 225\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.1 Morphometry as Reconstruction 225\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.2 Morphometry and Geometry 227\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.2.1 The Role of Geometry 227\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.2.2 The Role of Size and Shape 230\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.2.3 Multivariate Morphometry 233\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.2.4 Principal Components Analysis and Dimension Reduction 235\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.2.5 Classic Multivariate Morphometry: Geometry Lost 237\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.2.6 Geometric Morphometrics: Geometry Recovered 239\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.3 Shape Space Analysis 241\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.3.1 From D’Arcy Thompson to Kendall 241\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.3.2 The Workflow of Shape Space Analysis 246\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.3.3 Determining a Reference Shape 246\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.3.4 Analyzing Data in Shape Space 251\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.3.5 Visualizing Patterns of Shape Difference and Shape Change 253\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.4 Euclidean Distance Matrix Analysis 259\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.4.1 In Search of the Golden Mean 259\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.4.2 Exploring Form Variability with EDMA 260\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.5 Outline Analysis 266\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.6 A Comparison of Geometric Morphometric Methods 269\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.6.1 Criteria for Comparison 269\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.6.2 From Pattern to Process 271\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.7 Exploring Morphometric Patterns 272\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.8 Further Reading 275\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eAppendix A Image Data Acquisition Systems: Performance Considerations 277\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eAppendix B Parameters Influencing the Quality of CT Image Data 281\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eAppendix C CT Scanning of Fossil Specimens and Recent Skeletal Specimens: How to Proceed? 285\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eC.1 Preparation 285\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eC.1.1 Mounting the Specimens 285\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eC.1. 2 Materials Used for Fixation 285\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eC.1. 3 Placement 286\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eC. 2 Parameters for CT Data Acquisition 287\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eC.2. 1 Scanned Area 287\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eC.. 2 X-Ray Tube Current and Voltage 287\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eC.2. 3 Gantry Tilt 288\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eC.2. 4 Scanning Direction and Object Orientation 288\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eC.2. 5 Object Positioning 288\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eC. 3 Image Reconstruction 290\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eC.3. 1 Reconstruction Kernels 290\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eC.3. 2 Image Reconstruction 290\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eC. 4 CT Data Storage 291\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eC.4. 1 Raw Data Storage 291\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eC.4. 2 Image Data Storage 291\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eC. 5 Calibration 291\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eC.5. 1 Test Scans 291\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eC.5. 2 Calibration 292\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eAppendix D Object Manipulation in Virtual Space 293\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eD. 1 Matrices 293\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eD. 2 Rigid Transforms 294\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eD. 3 Homogeneous Matrices 295\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eAppendix E A Parsimonious Approach to Correction of Taphonomic Deformation 297\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eAppendix F Morphometry 299\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eF. 1 Anatomic Axes and Planes 299\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eF. 2 Accuracy and Precision of Measurement 299\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eF. 3 Allometry 299\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eF. 4 Multivariate Analysis and Dimension Reduction 301\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eF. 5 Centroid Size 303\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eF. 6 Procrustes Superimposition, Generalized Least- Squares Fitting, and Linearized Shape Space 303\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eF. 7 Shape Space Analysis 304\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eF. 8 Shape Variability as Deformation: Principal, Partial, and Relative Warps 306\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 309\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIndex 325\u003c\/p\u003e","brand":"John Wiley \u0026 Sons Inc","offers":[{"title":"Default Title","offer_id":49402526597463,"sku":"9780471205074","price":125.96,"currency_code":"GBP","in_stock":true}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0817\/1739\/5799\/files\/9780471205074.jpg?v=1730480670","url":"https:\/\/bookcurl.com\/products\/virtual-reconstruction-a-primer-in-computerassisted-paleontology-and-biomedicine-9780471205074","provider":"Book Curl","version":"1.0","type":"link"}