{"product_id":"transportation-decision-making-principles-of-project-evaluation-and-programming-9780471747321","title":"Transportation Decision Making Principles of","description":"\u003cb\u003eBook Synopsis\u003c\/b\u003e\u003cbr\u003eThis pioneering text provides a holistic approach to decision making in transportation project development and programming, which can help transportation professionals to optimize their investment choices.\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003cb\u003eTrade Review\u003c\/b\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\"Sinha and Labi compile a vast reservoir of knowledge and technique that transportation decision makers might use to identify and evaluate these diverse impacts as part of the decision making process.\" (\u003ci\u003eJournal of the American Planning Association\u003c\/i\u003e, February 2009)  \u003cp\u003e\"\"I am not aware of any other book covering such a huge variety of practically relevant and qualitive models.\" (\u003ci\u003eZentralblatt MATH\u003c\/i\u003e, 2008)\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\"The book does justice to the richness of the broader topic of decision making, covering the specific areas you would expect and more. Overall, the book is an excellent resource…the book is well-written and organized.\" (\u003ci\u003eJournal of Transportation Engineering\u003c\/i\u003e; 12\/07)\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003cb\u003eTable of Contents\u003c\/b\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003cp\u003ePreface\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eChapter 1 Introductory Concepts in Transportation Decision Making 1\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIntroduction 1\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.1 Overall Transportation Program Development 1\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.1.1 Network-Level Planning 1\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.1.2 Project Development 2\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.1.3 Programming 2\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.1.4 Budgeting 2\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.1.5 Financial Planning 2\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.2 The Process of Transportation Project Development 2\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.2.1 PDP Steps 3\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.2.2 Federal Legislation That Affects Transportation Decision Making 5\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.3 Impacts of Transportation System Stimuli 6\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.3.1 Types of Transportation Stimuli 6\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.3.2 Impact Categories and Types 7\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.3.3 Dimensions of the Evaluation 9\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.4 Other Ways of Categorizing Transportation System Impacts 11\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.5 Role of Evaluation in PDP and Basic Elements of Evaluation 12\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.5.1 Role of Evaluation in PDP 12\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.5.2 Reasons for Evaluation 12\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.5.3 Measures of a Project’s Worth 12\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.6 Procedure for Transportation System Evaluation 13\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.6.1 Good Practices in Evaluation 18\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSummary 18\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eExercises 19\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 19\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eChapter 2 Performance Measures in Transportation Evaluation 21\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIntroduction 21\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.1 Transportation System Goals, Objectives, and Performance Measures 21\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.2 Performance Measures at the Network and Project Levels 22\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.3 Properties of a Good Performance Measure 24\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.4 Dimensions of Performance Measures 25\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.5 Performance Measures Associated with Each Dimension 25\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.5.1 Overall Goals 25\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.5.2 System Objectives 26\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.5.3 Sector Concerns and Interests 29\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.5.4 Flow Entity (Passenger and Freight) 29\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.5.5 Type of Transportation Mode 29\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.5.6 Number of Transportation Modes Involved 30\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.5.7 Entity or Stakeholder Affected 32\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.5.8 Spatial Scope 33\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.5.9 Level of Agency Responsibility 33\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.5.10 Time Frame and Level of Refinement 33\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.6 Linking Agency Goals to Performance Measures: State of Practice 33\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.7 Benefits of Using Performance Measures 33\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSummary 34\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eExercises 34\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 35\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eChapter 3 Estimating Transportation Demand 37\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIntroduction 37\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.1 Transportation Demand 37\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.1.1 Basic Concepts in Transportation Demand Estimation 37\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.1.2 Causes of Shifts in the Transportation Demand Curve 39\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.1.3 Categorization of Demand Estimation Models 39\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.1.4 Aggregate Methods for Project-Level Transportation Demand Estimation 39\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.2 Transportation Supply 48\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.2.1 Concept of Transportation Supply 48\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.2.2 Causes of Shifts in the Transportation Supply Curve 49\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.3 Equilibration and Dynamics of Transportation Demand and Supply 49\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.3.1 Demand–Supply Equilibration 49\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.3.2 Simultaneous Equation Bias in Demand–Supply Equilibration 49\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.3.3 Dynamics of Transportation Demand and Supply 50\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.4 Elasticities of Travel Demand 50\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.4.1 Classification of Elasticities by the Method of Computation 51\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.4.2 Classification of Elasticities by the Attribute Type 52\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.4.3 Classification of Elasticities by the Relative Direction of Response: Direct and Cross-Elasticities 52\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.4.4 Examples of Elasticity Values Used in Practice 53\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.4.5 Application of the Elasticity Concept: Demand Estimation 56\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.4.6 Consumer Surplus and Latent Demand 57\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.5 Emerging Issues in Transportation Demand Estimation 58\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSummary 59\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eExercises 59\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 61\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAdditional Resources 63\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eChapter 4 Transportation Costs 65\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIntroduction 65\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.1 Classification of Transportation Costs 65\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.1.1 Classification by the Incurring Party 65\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.1.2 Classification by the Nature of Cost Variation with Output 65\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.1.3 Classification by the Expression of Unit Cost 66\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.1.4 Classification by Position in the Facility Life Cycle 69\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.1.5 Other Classifications of Transportation Costs 69\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.2 Transportation Agency Costs 69\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.2.1 Agency Costs over the Facility Life Cycle 70\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.2.2 Techniques for Estimating Agency Costs 70\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.2.3 Risk as an Element of Agency Cost 72\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.3 Transportation User Costs 72\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.3.1 User Cost Categories 72\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.3.2 Impacts of Demand Elasticity, Induced Demand, and Other Exogenous Changes on User Costs 73\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.4 General Structure and Behavior of Cost Functions 74\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.4.1 Components of a Transportation Cost Function 74\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.4.2 Economies and Diseconomies of Scale 75\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.5 Historical Cost Values and Models for Highway Transportation Systems 76\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.5.1 Highway Agency Cost Models 76\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.5.2 Transit Cost Values and Models 76\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.5.3 Relationships between Transit Operating Costs, System Size, Labor Requirements, and Technology 89\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.5.4 Air Transportation Costs 89\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.6 Issues in Transportation Cost Estimation 90\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.6.1 Aggregated Estimates for Planning vs. Detailed Engineering Estimates for Projects 90\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.6.2 Adjustments for Temporal and Spatial Variations (How to Update Costs) 90\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.6.3 Adjustments for Economies of Scale 91\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.6.4 Problem of Cost Overruns 92\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.6.5 Relative Weight of Agency and User Cost Unit Values 93\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSummary 93\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eExercises 94\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 94\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eChapter 5 Travel-time Impacts 97\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIntroduction 97\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.1 Categorization of Travel Time 97\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.1.1 Trip Phase 97\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.1.2 Other Bases for Travel-Time Categorization 98\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.2 Procedure for Assessing Travel-Time Impacts 98\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.3 Issues Relating to Travel-Time Value Estimation 104\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.3.1 Conceptual Basis of Time Valuation 104\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.3.2 Factors Affecting the Travel-Time Value 104\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.3.3 Methods for Valuation of Travel Time 107\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.4 Concluding Remarks 115\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSummary 115\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eExercises 116\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 117\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAdditional Resources 118\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAppendix A5.1: Estimation of Roadway Capacity Using the HCM Method (TRB, 2000) 118\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAppendix A5.2: Estimation of Roadway Operating Speeds Using the HCM Method (TRB, 2000) 120\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAppendix A5.3: Travel Times Used in World Bank Projects 123\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eChapter 6 Evaluation of Safety Impacts 127\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIntroduction 127\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.1 Basic Definitions and Factors of Transportation Safety 128\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.1.1 Definition of a Crash 128\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.1.2 Transportation Crashes Classified by Severity 128\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.1.3 Categories of Factors Affecting Transportation Crashes 128\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.2 Procedure for Safety Impact Evaluation 131\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.3 Methods for Estimating Crash Reduction Factors 141\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.3.1 Before-and-After Studies 141\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.3.2 Cross-Sectional Studies 142\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.3.3 Comparison of the Before-and-After and Cross-Sectional Methods 143\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.3.4 Elasticity of Crash Frequency 143\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.4 Safety-Related Legislation 144\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.5 Software Packages for Safety Impact Evaluation of Transportation Investments 144\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.5.1 Interactive Highway Safety Design Model 144\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.5.2 Indiana’s Safety Management System 144\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.6 Considerations in Safety Impact Evaluation 144\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSummary 145\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eExercises 146\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 147\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAdditional Resources 148\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAppendix A6: Crash Reduction and Accident Modification Factors 149\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eChapter 7 Vehicle Operating Cost Impacts 157\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIntroduction 157\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.1 Components of Vehicle Operating Cost 157\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.1.1 Fuel 157\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.1.2 Shipping Inventory 157\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.1.3 Lubricating Oils for Mechanical Working of the Drivetrain 158\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.1.4 Preservation of the Vehicle–Guideway Contact Surface 158\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.1.5 Vehicle Repair and Maintenance 158\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.1.6 Depreciation 158\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.1.7 VOC Data Sources and Average National VOC Rates 158\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.2 Factors that Affect Vehicle Operating Cost 159\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.2.1 Vehicle Type 159\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.2.2 Fuel Type 160\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.2.3 Longitudinal Grade 161\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.2.4 Vehicle Speed 161\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.2.5 Delay 164\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.2.6 Speed Changes 166\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.2.7 Horizontal Curvature 166\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.2.8 Road Surface Condition 167\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.2.9 Other VOC Factors 169\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.3 Procedure for Assessing VOC Impacts 169\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.3.1 Steps for Assessing the Impacts 169\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.3.2 Implementation of Steps 4 to 6 Using the HERS Method 172\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.4 Special Case of VOC Estimation: Work Zones 176\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.5 Selected Software Packages that Include A VOC Estimation Component 176\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.5.1 AASHTO Method 176\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.5.2 HERS Package: National and State Versions 176\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.5.3 HDM-4 Road User Effects 176\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.5.4 Surface Transportation Efficiency Analysis Model 177\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.5.5 Other Models That Include a VOC Estimation Component 177\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.6 Comparison of VOC Estimation Methods and Software 177\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.6.1 Levels of Detail 177\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.6.2 Data Sources 177\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSummary 178\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eExercises 178\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 179\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAdditional Resources 180\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAppendix A7.1: FHWA (2002) HERS Models for VOC Computation 180\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAppendix A7.2: VOC Component Unit Costs 194\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAppendix A7.3: Pavement Condition Adjustment Factors 194\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eChapter 8 Economic Efficiency Impacts 197\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIntroduction 197\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.1 Interest Equations and Equivalencies 197\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.1.1 Cash Flow Illustrations 197\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.1.2 The Concept of Interest 197\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.1.3 Types of Compounding and Interest Rates 198\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.1.4 Interest Equations and Key Variables 199\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.1.5 Special Cases of Interest Equations 202\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.2 Criteria for Economic Efficiency Impact Evaluation 204\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.2.1 Present Worth of Costs 204\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.2.2 Equivalent Uniform Annual Cost 204\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.2.3 Equivalent Uniform Annual Return 204\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.2.4 Net Present Value 205\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.2.5 Internal Rate of Return 205\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.2.6 Benefit–Cost Ratio 205\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.2.7 Evaluation Methods Using Incremental Attributes 206\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.2.8 General Discussion of Economic Efficiency Criteria 207\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.3 Procedure for Economic Efficiency Analysis 207\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.4 Software Packages for Economic Efficiency Analysis 209\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.4.1 Surface Transportation Efficiency Analysis Model 209\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.4.2 MicroBenCost Model 209\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.4.3 Highway Development and Management Standards Model 210\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.4.4 Highway Economic Requirements system 210\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.4.5 California DOT’S Cal-B\/C System 210\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.5 Life-Cycle Cost Analysis 210\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.6 Case Study: Economic Efficiency Impact Evaluation 210\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.7 Final Comments on Economic Efficiency Analysis 212\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSummary 213\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eExercises 213\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 215\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAdditional Resources 216\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAppendix A8 216\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eChapter 9 Economic Development Impacts 229\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIntroduction 229\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.1 Economic Development Impact Types 229\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.1.1 Economic Development Impact Types 229\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.1.2 Economic Development Impact Mechanisms 230\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.1.3 Selection of Appropriate Measures of Economic Impact 230\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.2 Tools for Economic Development Impact Assessment 231\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.2.1 Surveys and Interviews 232\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.2.2 Market Studies 235\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.2.3 Comparative Analysis Tools: Case Studies 235\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.2.4 Economic Multiplier\/Input–Output Models 237\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.2.5 Statistical Analysis Tools 239\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.2.6 Economic Simulation Models 240\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.3 Estimation of Long-term Regional Economic Development Impacts 241\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.4 Case Study: Economic Development Impact Assessment 244\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSummary 246\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eExercises 246\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 247\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAdditional Resources 249\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eChapter 10 Air Quality Impacts 251\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIntroduction 251\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.1 Air Pollution Sources and Trends 251\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.1.1 Pollutant Types, Sources, and Trends 251\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.1.2 Categories of Air Pollution 254\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.2 Estimating Pollutant Emissions 254\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.2.1 Some Definitions 254\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.2.2 Factors Affecting Pollutant Emissions from Motor Vehicles 254\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.2.3 Approaches for Estimating Pollutant Emissions from Highways 256\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.2.4 Procedure for Estimating Highway Pollutant Emissions 258\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.2.5 Software for Estimating Pollutant Emissions 261\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.3 Estimating Pollutant Concentration 265\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.3.1 Factors Affecting Pollutant Dispersion 265\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.3.2 Pollutant Dispersion Models 266\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.3.3 Software for Estimating Pollutant Dispersion and Concentrations 270\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.4 Air Pollution from Other Modes 271\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.4.1 Air Transportation 271\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.4.2 Rail Transportation 273\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.4.3 Marine Transportation 273\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.4.4 Transit (Various Modes) 273\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.5 Monetary Costs of Air Pollution 274\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.5.1 Methods of Air Pollution Cost Estimation 274\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.5.2 Air Pollution Cost Values 275\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.6 Air Quality Standards 276\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.7 Mitigating Air Pollution from Transportation Sources 276\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.8 Air Quality Legislation and Regulations 277\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.8.1 National Legislation 277\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.8.2 Global Agreements 278\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSummary 278\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eExercises 278\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 279\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAdditional Resources 280\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAppendix A10.1: Using MOBILE6 to Estimate Emissions 280\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAppendix A10.2: Values of the Gaussian Distribution Function 284\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eChapter 11 Noise Impacts 287\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIntroduction 287\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.1 Fundamental Concepts of Sound 287\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.1.1 General Characteristics 287\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.1.2 Addition of Sound Pressure Levels from Multiple Sources 288\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.2 Sources of Transportation Noise 290\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.3 Factors Affecting Transportation Noise Propagation 290\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.3.1 Nature of Source, Distance, and Ground Effects 291\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.3.2 Effect of Noise Barriers 292\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.4 Procedure for Estimating Noise Impacts for Highways 292\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.5 Application of the Procedure using the FHWA Model Equations 293\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.5.1 Reference Energy Mean Emission Level 295\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.5.2 Traffic Flow Adjustment 295\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.5.3 Distance Adjustment 295\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.5.4 Adjustment for Finite-Length Roadways 295\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.5.5 Shielding Adjustment 296\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.5.6 Combining Noises from Various Vehicle Classes 299\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.6 Application of the Procedure Using the Traffic Noise Model (TNM) Software Package 300\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.6.1 The Traffic Noise Model 300\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.7 Estimating Noise Impacts for Other Modes 301\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.7.1 Transit Noise and Vibration 301\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.7.2 Air Transportation 301\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.7.3 Rail Transportation 301\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.7.4 Marine Noise 303\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.7.5 General Guidelines for Noise Impact Evaluation of New Transportation Improvements 303\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.8 Mitigation of Transportation Noise 304\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.8.1 Noise Barrier Cost Estimates 305\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.9 Legislation and Regulations Related to Transportation Noise 306\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSummary 308\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eExercises 308\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 309\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAdditional Resources 310\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAppendix A11: Noise Attenuation Charts by Barriers Defined by\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003ci\u003eN 0 , φ L ,andφ R 310\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eChapter 12 Impacts on Wetlands and other Ecosystems 313\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIntroduction 313\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.1 Basic Ecological Concepts 313\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.1.1 Concept of Ecosystems 313\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.1.2 Physical Base 314\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.1.3 Wetland Ecosystems 314\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.2 Mechanisms of Ecological Impacts 315\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.2.1 Direct vs. Indirect Mechanisms 315\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.2.2 Impact Mechanism by Species Type 315\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.3 Ecological Impacts of Activities at Various PDP Phases 315\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.3.1 Locational Planning and Preliminary Field Surveys 316\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.3.2 Transportation System Design 319\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.3.3 Construction 319\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.3.4 Operations 319\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.3.5 Maintenance 320\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.4 Performance Goals for Ecological Impact Assessments 320\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.4.1 Diversity of the Physical Base of the Ecosystem 320\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.4.2 State of Habitat Fragmentation 320\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.4.3 Significant Species and Habitats 321\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.4.4 Diversity of Species 321\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.4.5 Ecosystem Stability 321\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.4.6 Ecosystem Quality or Productivity 322\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.5 Procedure for Ecological Impact Assessment 322\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.6 Key Legislation 329\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.6.1 Endangered Species Act of 1973 329\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.6.2 Laws Related to Wetlands and Other Habitats 329\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.7 Mitigation of Ecological Impacts 329\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.7.1 Mitigation at Various Phases of the Project Development Process 331\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.8 Methods and Software Packages for Ecological Impact Assessment 332\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.8.1 Wetland Functional Analysis 332\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.8.2 Hydrogeomorphic Classification Method 333\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.8.3 Habitat Evaluation Procedures Software 334\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSummary 334\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eExercises 334\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 335\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAdditional Resources 336\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eChapter 13 Impacts on Water Resources 337\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIntroduction 337\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.1 Categories of Hydrological Impacts 337\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.1.1 Source of Impacts 337\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.1.2 Impact Types 338\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.1.3 Water Source Affected 338\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.1.4 Transportation Mode and Activity 338\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.2 Hydrological Impacts by Transportation Mode 338\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.2.1 Highway Impacts 338\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.2.2 Railway Impacts 339\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.2.3 Air Transportation Impacts 339\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.2.4 Marine Transportation Impacts 341\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.3 Performance Measures for Hydrological Impact Assessment 341\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.3.1 Measures Related to Water Quantity and Flow Patterns 342\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.3.2 Measures Related to Water Quality 342\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.4 Procedure for Water Quality Impact Assessment 343\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.5 Methods for Predicting Impacts on Water Resources 345\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.5.1 Impacts on Water Quantity 345\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.5.2 Impacts on Water Quality 348\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.6 Mitigation of Water Resource Impacts 353\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.6.1 Mitigation Measures by Impact Criterion 353\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.6.2 Mitigation Measures by Nature of Water Source 353\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.6.3 Mitigation Measures by PDP Phase 354\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.6.4 Discussion of Mitigation 354\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.7 Water Quality Standards 354\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.8 Legislation Related to Water Resource Conservation 354\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.9 Software for Water Resources Impact Assessment 355\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSummary 355\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eExercises 356\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 357\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAdditional Resources 358\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eChapter 14 Visual Impacts 359\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIntroduction 359\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.1 Principles of Visual Performance 359\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.1.1 General Principles 359\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.1.2 Performance Measures for Visual Performance Assessment 360\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.2 Factors Affecting Visual Performance and Impact Mechanisms 361\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.2.1 Factors 361\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.2.2 Impact Mechanisms 363\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.3 Procedure for Visual Impact Assessment 363\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.4 Legislation Related to Visual Impact 371\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.5 Mitigation of Poor Visual Performance of Existing Facilities 371\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.6 Visual Performance Enhancement: State of Practice 372\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.6.1 Context-Sensitive Design Practices 373\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.6.2 Policies and Guidelines for Visual Performance Preservation and Enhancement 373\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.6.3 Cost of Visual Performance Enhancements 375\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSummary 375\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eExercises 376\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 376\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAdditional Resources 377\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eChapter 15 Impacts on Energy Use 379\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIntroduction 379\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.1 Factors that Affect Transportation Energy Consumption 381\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.1.1 Fuel Prices and Taxes 381\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.1.2 Fuel Economy Regulation 381\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.1.3 Vehicle Sales by Class 381\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.1.4 Vehicle Technology 381\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.1.5 Road Geometry 381\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.1.6 Transportation Intervention 382\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.1.7 Other Factors 383\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.2 Energy Intensity 383\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.3 Framework for Energy Impact Analysis 383\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.3.1 Direct Consumption 384\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.3.2 Indirect Consumption 384\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.4 Procedures for Estimating Energy Consumption 386\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.4.1 Macroscopic Assessment: Approach A 386\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.4.2 Project Screening Level Model: Approach B 388\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.4.3 Microscopic Simulation: Approach c 393\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.5 The National Energy Modeling System 397\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.6 Approaches to Energy Consumption Estimation–a Comparison 399\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.7 Energy and Transportation: What the Future Holds 399\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSummary 400\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eExercises 400\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 401\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAdditional Resources 401\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eChapter 16 Land-use Impacts 403\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIntroduction 403\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.1 The Transportation–Land-Use Relationship 404\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.1.1 Land-Use Impacts on Transportation 404\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.1.2 Transportation Impacts on Land Use 406\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.1.3 Land-Use Impacts in terms of Monetary Costs 406\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.2 Tools for Analyzing Land-Use Changes 407\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.2.1 Qualitative Tools 408\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.2.2 Quantitative Tools 409\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.3 Procedure for Land-Use Impact Assessment 413\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.4 Case Studies: Land-Use Impact Assessment 419\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.4.1 Evansville-Indianapolis I-69 Highway Project 419\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.4.2 Light-Rail Transit Project 420\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSummary 422\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eExercises 422\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 423\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eChapter 17 Social and Cultural Impacts 427\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIntroduction 427\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.1 Mechanisms of Transportation Impacts on the Social and Cultural Environments 428\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.1.1 Direct Impacts 428\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.1.2 Indirect Impacts 428\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.1.3 Cumulative Impacts 429\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.2 Target Facilities and Groups, and Performance Measures 429\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.2.1 Target Facilities and Groups 429\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.2.2 Performance Measures 429\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.2.3 The Issue of Poverty Alleviation in Developing Countries 431\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.3 Equity and Environmental Justice Concerns 431\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.3.1 An Example of the Distribution of Project Costs and Benefits 434\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.4 Procedure for Social and Cultural Impact Assessment 435\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.5 Tools for Sociocultural Impact Assessment 439\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.5.1 Qualitative Tools 439\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.5.2 Quantitative Tools 441\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.6 Mitigation of Adverse Sociocultural Impacts 442\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.6.1 Sociocultural Impact Mitigation: State of Practice 442\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.7 Legislation Related to Sociocultural Impacts 443\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSummary 444\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eExercises 445\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 446\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAdditional Resources 447\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eChapter 18 Evaluation of Transportation Projects and Programs Using Multiple Criteria 449\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIntroduction 449\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e18.1 Establishing Weights of Performance Criteria 449\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e18.1.1 Equal Weighting 449\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e18.1.2 Direct Weighting 450\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e18.1.3 Regression-Based Observer-Derived Weighting 450\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e18.1.4 Delphi Technique 451\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e18.1.5 Gamble Method 452\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e18.1.6 Pairwise Comparison of the Performance Criteria 453\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e18.1.7 Value Swinging Method 455\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e18.2 Scaling of Performance Criteria 456\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e18.2.1 Scaling Where Decision Making Is under Certainty 456\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e18.2.2 Scaling Where Decision Making Is under Risk 458\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e18.3 Combination of Performance Criteria 462\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e18.3.1 Combined Mathematical Functions of Value, Utility, or Cost-Effectiveness 462\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e18.3.2 Ranking and Rating Method 464\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e18.3.3 Maxmin Approach 465\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e18.3.4 Impact Index Method 466\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e18.3.5 Pairwise Comparison of Transportation Alternatives Using Ahp 467\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e18.3.6 Mathematical Programming 469\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e18.3.7 Pairwise Comparison of Alternatives Using the Outranking Method 472\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e18.4 Case Study: Evaluating Alternative Projects for a Transportation Corridor Using Multiple Criteria 473\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e18.5 General Considerations of Risk and Uncertainty in Evaluation 475\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e18.5.1 The Case of Certainty: Using Sensitivity Analysis 475\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e18.5.2 The Case of Objective Risk: Using Probability Distributions and Simulation 476\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e18.5.3 The Case of Uncertainty 477\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSummary 479\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eExercises 479\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 481\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAdditional Resources 481\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eChapter 19 Use of Geographical and other Information Systems 483\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIntroduction 483\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e19.1 Hardware for Information Management 483\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e19.2 Software and Other Tools for Information Management 483\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e19.2.1 Non-GIS Relational Database Management Systems 483\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e19.2.2 Geographical Information Systems 484\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e19.2.3 Internet GIS 486\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e19.2.4 Video Log Information Management Systems 487\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e19.3 GIS Applications in Transportation Systems Evaluation 487\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e19.3.1 Query, Display, and Visualization of Initial Data 488\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e19.3.2 Buffer Analysis 488\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e19.3.3 Overlay Analysis 489\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e19.3.4 Analysis of Transportation Operations 489\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e19.3.5 Public Input in Transportation System Evaluation 489\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e19.3.6 Multicriteria Decision Making 490\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e19.4 Existing Databases and Information Systems 490\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e19.4.1 Information Systems and Data Items Available by Transportation Mode 490\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e19.4.2 General Databases Useful for Transportation Systems Evaluation 494\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e19.5 GIS-Based Software Packages for Information Management 495\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSummary 495\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eExercises 496\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 496\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eChapter 20 Transportation Programming 497\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIntroduction 497\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e20.1 Roles of Programming 497\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e20.1.1 Optimal Investment Decisions 498\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e20.1.2 Trade-off Considerations 498\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e20.1.3 Linkage to Budgeting 498\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e20.1.4 Efficiency in Program and Project Delivery 498\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e20.1.5 Monitoring and Feedback 498\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e20.2 Procedure for Programming Transportation Projects 499\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e20.3 Programming Tools 504\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e20.3.1 Priority Setting 504\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e20.3.2 Heuristic Optimization 506\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e20.3.3 Mathematical Programming 506\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e20.4 Case Studies: Transportation Programming 512\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e20.4.1 Programming Process at a State Transportation Agency 513\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e20.4.2 Programming Process at a Metropolitan Area Level 515\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e20.5 Keys to Successful Programming and Implementation 518\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e20.5.1 Link between Planning and Programming 518\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e20.5.2 Uncertainties Affecting Transportation Programming 519\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e20.5.3 Intergovernmental Relationships 519\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e20.5.4 Equity Issues in Programming 519\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSummary 520\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eExercises 520\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 522\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAdditional Resources 523\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eGeneral Appendix 1: Cost Indices 525\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eGeneral Appendix 2: Performance Measures 527\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIndex 537\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e","brand":"John Wiley \u0026 Sons Inc","offers":[{"title":"Default Title","offer_id":49525408694615,"sku":"9780471747321","price":128.66,"currency_code":"GBP","in_stock":true}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0817\/1739\/5799\/files\/9780471747321.jpg?v=1731860403","url":"https:\/\/bookcurl.com\/products\/transportation-decision-making-principles-of-project-evaluation-and-programming-9780471747321","provider":"Book Curl","version":"1.0","type":"link"}