{"product_id":"toxicology-of-cyanides-and-cyanogens-9781119978534","title":"Toxicology of Cyanides and Cyanogens","description":"\u003cb\u003eBook Synopsis\u003c\/b\u003e\u003cbr\u003eThe basic and applied toxicology of cyanides and cyanogens has widespread commercial, occupational, environmental, clinical, forensic, military, and public health implications. This book provides a detailed and updated reference describing the properties, uses, general and human toxicology, clinical recognition, diagnosis and medical management, and countermeasures is therefore required in academic, medical, occupational, environmental, medico-legal, regulatory, emergency response, and military arenas. Edited by a world-renowned team of experts from academia, defense and industry, this book will be an invaluable reference for professionals, researchers and students in cyanide and cyanogens.\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003cb\u003eTable of Contents\u003c\/b\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003cp\u003eList of Contributors xv\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eForeword xix\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e1 Acute cyanide toxicity 1\u003c\/b\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003ci\u003eAndrea R. Allen, Lamont Booker, and Gary A. Rockwood\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.1 Introduction 1\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.2 Pharmacokinetic properties of cyanide 2\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.3 Pharmacodynamic properties of cyanide 4\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.4 Acute cyanide toxicity – routes of administration 5\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.5 Neurological and behavioral effects following acute cyanide exposure 12\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.6 Summary 14\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 14\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e2 Chronic cyanide exposure 21\u003c\/b\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003ci\u003eJason D. Downey, Kelly A. Basi, Margaret R. DeFreytas, and Gary A. Rockwood\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.1 Introduction 21\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.2 Sources of chronic cyanide exposure 21\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.3 Chronic cyanide exposure in human disease 23\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.4 Experimental models of chronic cyanide exposure 30\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.5 Conclusion 35\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 36\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e3 Physicochemical properties synthesis applications and transport 41\u003c\/b\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003ci\u003eDavid E. Thompson and Ilona Petrikovics\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.1 Introduction 41\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.2 Natural sources of cyanide 41\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.3 Isolation and characterization of cyanide 43\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.4 Industrial production of cyanide 44\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.5 Applications and uses of cyanide 46\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAcknowledgments 50\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 50\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e4 Cyanide metabolism and physiological disposition 54\u003c\/b\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003ci\u003eGary E. Isom, Joseph L. Borowitz, and Alan H. Hall\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.1 Introduction 54\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.2 Metabolism and toxicokinetics 55\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.3 Non-enzymatic detoxification of cyanide 63\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.4 Diseases associated with altered cyanide metabolism 64\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.5 Metabolism and endogenous generation of cyanide 65\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 65\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e5 Biochemical mechanisms of cyanide toxicity 70\u003c\/b\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003ci\u003eGary E. Isom and Joseph L. Borowitz\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.1 Introduction 70\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.2 Cytochrome oxidase inhibition and mitochondrial dysfunction 72\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.3 Oxidative stress and inhibition of cellular oxidative defense 75\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.4 Cyanide-induced changes in cellular Ca2+ regulation 76\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.5 Cyanide-induced cell death and post-intoxication lesions 77\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.6 Alteration of intermediary metabolism and lactic acidosis 78\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.7 Conclusion 78\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 79\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e6 Environmental toxicology of cyanide 82\u003c\/b\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003ci\u003eSamantha L. Malone, Linda L. Pearce, and Jim Peterson\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.1 Introduction 82\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.2 Environmentally relevant chemistry of cyanides 83\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.3 Occupational concerns 87\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.4 Ground\/surface water 87\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.5 Exposure to cyanogens through diet 89\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.6 Dietary health hazards 89\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.7 Cassava consumption 90\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.8 Fires and smoke 91\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.9 Conclusion 92\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 93\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e7 Cyanide in the production of long-term adverse health effects in humans 98\u003c\/b\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003ci\u003eJulie Cliff, Hipolito Nzwalo, and Humberto Muquingue\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.1 Introduction 98\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.2 Long-term adverse health effects 100\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.3 Conclusions 107\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 107\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e8 Pediatric cyanide poisoning 113\u003c\/b\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003ci\u003eRobert J. Geller\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.1 Introduction 113\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.2 Sources of acute cyanide poisoning in children 114\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.3 Manifestations of acute cyanide poisoning 122\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.4 Cyanide antidotes 124\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.5 Conclusion 126\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 126\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e9 Sodium nitroprusside in intensive care medicine and issues of cyanide poisoning cyanide poisoning prophylaxis and \u003c\/b\u003e\u003cb\u003ethiocyanate poisoning 129\u003c\/b\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003ci\u003ePrasad Abraham, Alissa Lockwood, John Patka, Marina Rabinovich, Jennifer Sutherland, and Katleen Chester\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.1 Introduction 129\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.2 History 129\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.3 Mechanism of action 130\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.4 Metabolism 130\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003e9.5 Evidence for CN− toxicity associated with SNP 132\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003e9.6 Incidence of CN− toxicity 134\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003e9.7 Challenges associated with CN−monitoring 140\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.8 Safe use of SNP – clinical monitoring 141\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003e9.9 Prevention and treatment of CN−toxicity 142\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.10 Conclusions 146\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.11 Disclosure 146\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 146\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e10 Smoke inhalation 151\u003c\/b\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003ci\u003eAlan H. Hall and Stephen W. Borron\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.1 Introduction 151\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.2 Cyanide in smoke inhalation 152\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.3 Plasma lactate levels as a screening assay 154\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.4 Exhaled breath cyanide meters 154\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.5 Cobinamide colorimetric quantitative\/qualitative blood cyanide measurements 154\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.6 Additional information 154\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 156\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e11 Occupational exposure to cyanide 158\u003c\/b\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003ci\u003eTee L. Guidotti\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.1 Introduction 158\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.2 Firefighters 159\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.3 Hazmat and counter-terrorism 161\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.4 Other occupations 162\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.5 Illicit operations using cyanide 163\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 164\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e12 Cyanogenic aliphatic nitriles 166\u003c\/b\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003ci\u003eStephen W. Borron\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.1 Overview 166\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.2 Toxicology 166\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.3 Case reports of human toxicity of specific nitriles 172\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.4 Antidotal treatment 178\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.5 Summary 179\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAcknowledgments 179\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 179\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003cb\u003e13 The special case of acrylonitrile (CH2=CH–C≡N) 181\u003c\/b\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003ci\u003eDana B. Mirkin\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.1 Introduction – clinical vignettes 181\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.2 Physical and chemical properties 182\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.3 History – preparation – manufacture 182\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.4 Occurrence 183\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.5 Compounds and uses 183\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.6 Hazardous exposures 184\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.7 Toxicokinetics 184\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.8 Mode of action 185\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.9 Clinical effects 186\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.10 Diagnosis – toxicity 189\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.11 Treatment – antidote 190\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.12 Biological monitoring 191\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.13 Exposure limits 191\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 192\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e14 Cyanide in chemical warfare and terrorism 195\u003c\/b\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003ci\u003eRené Pita\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.1 Cyanides as chemical warfare agents 195\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.2 Cyanide and chemical terrorism 200\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.3 Conclusions 206\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 206\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e15 Cyanide-induced neural dysfunction and neurodegeneration 209\u003c\/b\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003ci\u003eGary E. Isom and Joseph L. Borowitz\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.1 Introduction 209\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.2 Cyanide exposure and manifestations of toxicity 210\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.3 Cyanide-induced histotoxic hypoxia and metabolic dysfunction 210\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.4 Neurochemical actions of cyanide in the nervous system 212\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.5 Cyanide-induced brain injury and neurodegeneration 214\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.6 Endogenous cyanide generation in CNS 215\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.7 Cyanide-induced neurological disorders 216\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.8 Conclusion 220\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 220\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e16 Cyanides and cardiotoxicity 224\u003c\/b\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003ci\u003eJ.-L. Fortin, T. Desmettre, P. Luporsi, and G. Capellier\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.1 Introduction 224\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.2 Physiopathology 224\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.3 Clinical aspects 226\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.4 Treatment 228\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.5 Conclusion 230\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 230\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e17 Respiratory effects of cyanide 232\u003c\/b\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003ci\u003eA. Eisenkraft, A. Falk, and Y. Bentur\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.1 Background 232\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.2 Mechanisms of the respiratory effects of cyanide 233\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.3 Clinical manifestations and animal studies 238\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.4 Management of cyanide poisoning and its respiratory effects 241\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.5 Conclusion 245\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 245\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e18 The analysis of cyanide in biological samples 249\u003c\/b\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003ci\u003eBrian A. Logue and Brendan L. Mitchell\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e18.1 Introduction 249\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e18.2 Biological matrices 249\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e18.3 Sample storage 251\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e18.4 Sample preparation 251\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e18.5 Spectroscopy 252\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e18.6 Gas chromatography 254\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e18.7 High-performance liquid chromatography 256\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e18.8 Capillary electrophoresis 257\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e18.9 Electrochemical methods 258\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e18.10 Sensors 258\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e18.11 Cyanide metabolites 260\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e18.12 Insights on cyanide analysis 260\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 260\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e19 Postmortem pathological and biochemical diagnosis of cyanide poisoning 268\u003c\/b\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003ci\u003eDaniel Lugassy and Lewis Nelson\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e19.1 Introduction 268\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e19.2 Cyanide pathology and antemortem presentation 268\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e19.3 Exposures 269\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e19.4 Autopsy features 269\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e19.5 Biochemical analysis 271\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e19.6 Risk to autopsy staff 273\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 274\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eFurther reading 275\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e20 Medicolegal and forensic factors in cyanide poisoning 276\u003c\/b\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003ci\u003eJorn Chi-Chung Yu and Ashraf Mozayani\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e20.1 Introduction 276\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e20.2 Forensic practice for the investigation of cyanide poisoning 277\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e20.3 Discussion 278\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e20.4 Conclusion 280\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 280\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e21 Brief overview of mechanisms of cyanide antagonism and cyanide antidotes in current clinical use 283\u003c\/b\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003ci\u003eAlan H. Hall\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e21.1 Introduction 283\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e21.2 Methemoglobin inducers 283\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e21.3 Sulfur donors 285\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e21.4 Direct cyanide chelating agents 285\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e21.5 Conclusion 286\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 286\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e22 Cyanide antidotes in clinical use: 4-dimethylaminophenol (4-DMAP) 288\u003c\/b\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003ci\u003eAlan H. Hall\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e22.1 Introduction 288\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e22.2 Mechanism of action 288\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e22.3 Experimental data 289\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e22.4 Published clinical data 289\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e22.5 Adverse\/side effects 290\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e22.6 Conclusions 291\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 291\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e23 Cyanide antidotes in clinical use: dicobalt EDTA (Kelocyanor®) 292\u003c\/b\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003ci\u003eAlan H. Hall\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e23.1 Introduction 292\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e23.2 Mechanism of action 292\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e23.3 Experimental data 293\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e23.4 Published clinical data 293\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e23.5 Adverse\/side effects 294\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e23.6 Conclusions 294\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 294\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e24 Amyl nitrite sodium nitrite and sodium thiosulfate 296\u003c\/b\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003ci\u003eRichard J. Geller\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e24.1 History and chemistry 296\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e24.2 Theoretical bases for use\/mechanism of action 297\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e24.3 Pharmacokinetics 299\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e24.4 How supplied 299\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e24.5 Indication and dosing of intravenous antidotes 300\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e24.6 Adverse effects 301\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e24.7 Conclusions 301\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 301\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e25 Cyanide antidotes in current clinical use: hydroxocobalamin 304\u003c\/b\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003ci\u003eAlan H. Hall and Stephen W. Borron\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e25.1 Background and historical perspective 304\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e25.2 Pharmacology 305\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e25.3 Experimental animal studies 306\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e25.4 Human experience 306\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e25.5 Dosage and route of administration 306\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e25.6 Adverse effects 306\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e25.7 Laboratory interferences 307\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e25.8 Comparison with other antidotes 307\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e25.9 Conclusion 307\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 307\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e26 Cyanide antidotes in development and new methods to monitor cyanide toxicity 309\u003c\/b\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003ci\u003eMatthew Brenner, Sari Mahon-Brenner, Steven E. Patterson, Gary A. Rockwood, and Gerry R. Boss\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e26.1 Introduction 309\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e26.2 Cobinamide and sulfanegen 310\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e26.3 Other cyanide antidotes in development 313\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e26.4 New research methods to diagnose and monitor cyanide poisoning and therapy 313\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e26.5 Conclusions 316\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 316\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e27 Recent perspectives on alpha-ketoglutarate 317\u003c\/b\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003ci\u003eR. Bhattacharya\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e27.1 Introduction 317\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e27.2 Cyanide toxicity and its treatment 318\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e27.3 A-KG as a cyanide antidote 318\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e27.4 The need for an oral antidote 321\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e27.5 A-KG as an oral antidote 321\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e27.6 Some key functions of A-KG 323\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e27.7 Efficacy of A-KG against other toxins 324\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e27.8 Role of A-KG as a nutritional supplement 324\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e27.9 Conclusion 325\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAcknowledgments 325\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 325\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e28 Azide poisonings 330\u003c\/b\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003ci\u003eThomas L. Kurt and Wendy Klein-Schwartz\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e28.1 Introduction 330\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e28.2 Lack of cyanide antidote efficacy 331\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e28.3 Uses of sodium azide 331\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e28.4 Review of reported sodium azide human poisoning cases 331\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e28.5 Human experimental exposures to sodium azide and hydrazoic acid 332\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e28.6 Signs and symptoms 332\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e28.7 Fatal cases 332\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e28.8 Historical perspective 333\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e28.9 Mechanism(s) of action 333\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e28.10 Autopsy findings 333\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e28.11 Other outcomes 333\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e28.12 Occupational health issues 333\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e28.13 Occupational\/environmental exposure limits\/recommendations 334\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e28.14 Laboratory evaluation 334\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e28.15 Conclusion 334\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAcknowledgments 334\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eConflict of interest 334\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 334\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIndex 337\u003c\/p\u003e","brand":"John Wiley and Sons Ltd","offers":[{"title":"Default Title","offer_id":49528869159255,"sku":"9781119978534","price":142.95,"currency_code":"GBP","in_stock":true}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0817\/1739\/5799\/files\/9781119978534.jpg?v=1731873344","url":"https:\/\/bookcurl.com\/products\/toxicology-of-cyanides-and-cyanogens-9781119978534","provider":"Book Curl","version":"1.0","type":"link"}