{"product_id":"the-structure-and-evolution-of-galaxies-9780470855072","title":"The Structure and Evolution of Galaxies","description":"\u003cb\u003eBook Synopsis\u003c\/b\u003e\u003cbr\u003eThe Structure and Evolution of Galaxies is a concise introduction to this fascinating subject providing the reader with the fundamentals in a clear and accessible style. This user-friendly text assumes some prerequisite knowledge of astronomy, with the necessary mathematics kept to a minimum.\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003cb\u003eTable of Contents\u003c\/b\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003cp\u003ePreface ix\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e1 Galaxies in the universe 1\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.1 Introduction 1\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.2 A brief history of galaxies 2\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.3 Distance measurements 5\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.4 Redshifts, distances and dynamics 9\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.5 Expansion of the universe 10\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.6 Hubble’s constant and the distance scale 12\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.7 The observable universe 16\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e2 A galaxy menagerie 19\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.1 Morphological types 19\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.2 Luminosities and sizes 21\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.3 Surface brightness 24\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.4 Surface brightness profiles 26\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.5 Apparent sizes 28\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.6 The luminosity function 30\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.7 Redshift surveys 33\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.7.1 Galactic extinction 33\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.7.2 k-corrections 36\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.7.3 Volume densities 36\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.8 Galaxies at all wavelengths 39\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.9 Active galaxies 41\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.10 Galaxy environments 41\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e3 Elliptical and lenticular galaxies 45\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.1 Numbers 45\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.2 Surface brightness laws 47\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.3 Shapes 52\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.4 Stellar populations 55\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.4.1 Stellar lifetimes 57\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.4.2 Stellar population evolution 58\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.4.3 Surface brightness fluctuations 61\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.5 Metallicity 61\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.6 Globular clusters 64\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.7 Hot gas 64\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.8 Dynamics 66\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.8.1 Rotation 67\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.8.2 The virial theorem 69\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.9 The Faber–Jackson relation and the fundamental plane 71\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.9.1 Peculiar velocities 72\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.9.2 Mass-to-light ratios 73\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.10 Mergers 75\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.10.1 Gravitational interactions 78\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.10.2 Timescales 81\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.11 Elliptical galaxy masses 83\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.12 Massive black holes 86\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e4 Spiral galaxies 87\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.1 Shapes and sizes 87\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.1.1 Spiral arms 89\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.1.2 Surface brightnesses 91\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.1.3 Numbers 94\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.2 Vertical structure 95\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.2.1 Thin and thick discs 96\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.2.2 Surface densities 97\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.3 Rotation 98\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.3.1 Oort’s constants 100\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.3.2 Epicyclic motions 102\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.3.3 The velocity ellipsoid 105\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.4 Stellar populations 105\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.4.1 Colours 108\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.4.2 The initial mass function 109\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.5 The interstellar medium 110\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.5.1 HI 111\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.5.2 Other constituents of the ISM 113\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.6 Neutral gas 114\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.6.1 HI observations 116\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.6.2 The HI and HII distributions 118\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.7 Ionised gas 120\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.8 ISM structure 122\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.8.1 Magnetic fields 123\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.8.2 The radio LF 125\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.8.3 Cosmic rays 125\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.9 Dust 126\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.9.1 Reddening 128\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.9.2 Optical depths 129\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.10 Spiral structure 131\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.10.1 Density waves 132\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.10.2 Bars 134\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.11 Star formation 134\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.11.1 The Jeans mass 135\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.12 Global star formation 137\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.12.1 Emission lines 137\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.12.2 Other star formation indicators 138\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.12.3 Densities and timescales 141\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.13 Chemical evolution 144\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.13.1 Closed box models 144\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.13.2 Gas flows 147\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.13.3 Radial gradients 150\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.14 Rotation of the gas 151\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.14.1 Rotation of gas in the Galaxy 154\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.15 The Tully–Fisher relation 155\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.16 The Galactic halo 158\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.17 The Galactic Centre 160\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e5 Irregulars, dwarfs and LSBGs 165\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.1 Local Group members 166\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.2 Irregulars 167\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.2.1 Metallicities 169\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.3 Early type dwarfs 172\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.3.1 Galactic winds 174\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.4 Star formation histories 176\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.5 Interactions 177\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.6 Interconnections 181\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.7 Low surface brightness discs 182\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.8 Numbers and selection effects 183\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.9 Dwarf galaxies in the past 186\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e6 Active galaxies 189\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.1 The discovery of AGN 189\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.2 AGN structure 194\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.2.1 Accretion discs 195\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.2.2 Broad line clouds and the molecular torus 196\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.2.3 Timescales 198\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.2.4 LINERs 199\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.3 Radio galaxies 200\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.4 Synchrotron emission 203\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.4.1 Energy loss rates 205\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.4.2 Acceleration processes 207\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.4.3 Energy densities 209\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.5 Jets and superluminal motion 211\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.6 Unification 212\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e7 Clusters and clustering 215\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.1 The distribution of galaxies 215\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.2 Rich clusters 216\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.3 Cluster masses 218\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.3.1 Virial masses 219\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.3.2 Gravitational lensing 221\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.3.3 X-ray clusters 225\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.3.4 X-ray luminosities 226\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.4 Cluster searches 227\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.5 Galaxy groups 229\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.6 Intergalactic matter 232\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.7 Large-scale structure 234\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.8 Clustering statistics 237\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.8.1 Correlation functions 237\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.8.2 Limber’s formula 239\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.8.3 Clustering lengths 241\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.8.4 The power spectrum 242\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.9 Velocities 243\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e8 Galaxy evolution 247\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.1 Looking back 247\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.2 Redshift and distance 248\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.2.1 Observable distances 250\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.3 Cosmological models 252\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.3.1 The density parameter 253\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.3.2 The cosmic scale factor 255\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.3.3 Distance revisited 258\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.4 The Hubble diagram 259\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.4.1 Evolutionary corrections 260\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.5 Galaxy colours, photometric redshifts and LBGs 263\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.5.1 Drop-outs 265\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.5.2 FIR and sub-millimetre sources 265\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.6 Number counts 266\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.6.1 Evolution again 267\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.6.2 Faint blue galaxies 270\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.6.3 Radio source counts 270\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.6.4 Quasars 271\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.7 The night sky brightness 272\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.7.1 Metal production 274\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.7.2 QSO absorption lines 274\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.8 The star formation history of the universe 276\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.8.1 Star formation models 277\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.8.2 Star formation at high z 279\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.9 Reionisation and the first stars 281\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.10 Galaxy formation theory 281\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.11 Further developments 284\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAppendix: The magnitude system 285\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eFigure credits 289\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eBibliography 295\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIndex 299\u003c\/p\u003e","brand":"John Wiley \u0026 Sons Inc","offers":[{"title":"Default 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