{"product_id":"the-selection-process-of-biomass-materials-for-the-production-of-biofuels-and-cofiring-9781118542668","title":"The Selection Process of Biomass Materials for","description":"\u003cb\u003eBook Synopsis\u003c\/b\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eA functional discussion of the crop selection process for biomass energy\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003ci\u003eThe Selection Process of Biomass Materials for the Production of Bio-fuels and Co-firing\u003c\/i\u003e provides a detailed examination and analysis for a number of energy crops and their use as a source for generating electricity and for the production of bio-fuels. Renowned renewable energy expert and consultant Dr. Najib Altawell begins with the fundamentals of bio-fuels and co-firing and moves on to the main feature, which is the methodology that assists energy scientists and engineers to arrive at the most suitable biomass materials tailored to each company's business and economic environments and objectives.\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThis methodology provides a framework whereby power-generating companies can insert their own values for each factor, whether business factor (BF) or scientific \u0026amp; technical factors (S\u0026amp;T) or both simultaneously. The methodology provides a list of factors related to the biomass energy busin\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003cb\u003eTrade Review\u003c\/b\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e“Because of its focus on practical data and applications, the book is also accessible for general readers who may or may not have a technical or scientific background.”  (\u003ci\u003eLandtechnik\u003c\/i\u003e, 1 September 2014)\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003cb\u003eTable of Contents\u003c\/b\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003ci\u003ePreface xv\u003c\/i\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003ci\u003eAcknowledgments xvii\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003ci\u003eAbbreviations xix\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e1 Introduction 1\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.1 Why This Book? 1\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.2 The Book Structure 2\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.2.1 Introduction 2\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.2.2 Structure 3\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.3 Energy Utilization 5\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.4 The Need for Effective Biomass Utilization 7\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.5 Renewable Energy Impact on Biomass Economy 7\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.6 Summary 9\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 10\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e2 Background 13\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.1 Renewable Energy: A Brief Outlook 13\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.1.1 Introduction 13\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.1.2 Old Graphs 15\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.2 Wind 16\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.3 Water 17\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.4 Geothermal 17\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.5 Solar 19\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.5.1 Solar Cells 20\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.5.2 Solar Water Heating 20\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.5.3 Solar Furnaces 20\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.6 Biomass 21\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.7 Biomass as a Source of Energy 24\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.7.1 Energy Crops 27\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.7.2 Examples of Energy Crops 29\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.7.3 Biomass Utilization 30\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.7.4 Biomass and Coal Components 31\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.7.5 Types of Energy Crop Needed 32\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.7.6 Biomass Energy Infl uencing Factors 33\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.7.7 CharacteristicsCo-fi ring Properties and Testing Method 35\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.8 Biomass Applications 36\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.8.1 Bio-fuels 36\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.8.2 Electricity Generation 37\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.8.3 Heat, Steam, and CHP 37\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.8.4 Combustible Gas 38\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.8.5 Additional Bio-energy Technologies 41\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.9 Co-fi ring 42\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.9.1 Barriers for Biomass Co-firing 43\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.9.2 Additional Challenges for Co-firing 44\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.9.3 Further Advancement in Co-firing Engineering 44\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.9.4 Promoting Co-firing 45\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.10 System Engineering 46\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.11 Biomass Conversion Systems 48\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.12 Energy Crops Scheme (U.K.) 49\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.13 Renewable Obligation Certificate (ROC) (U.K.) 52\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.14 Climate Change Levy Exemption Certificate (LEC) (U.K.) 52\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.15 Conclusion 53\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 56\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e3 Co-firing Issues 61\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.1 Technical and Engineering Issues 61\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.1.1 Introduction 61\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.1.2 Hardware and Biomass Materials 62\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.2 Technical and Hardware Issues 62\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.3 Milling 65\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.4 Fuel Mixing 66\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.5 The Combustion System 71\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.5.1 Boilers 71\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.6 By-products 75\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.6.1 Ash Formation and Deposition 75\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.7 Degradation 76\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.8 Conclusion 77\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 80\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e4 Samples 83\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.1 Selected Samples 83\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.1.1 Introduction 83\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.2 Samples General Descriptions 84\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.2.1 The Reference Samples 84\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.3 Main Samples 91\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.3.1 Introduction 91\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.3.2 Crops Basic Composition 92\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.3.3 Crops and Oil Sources 93\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.3.4 Oil Quality and Standard 94\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.3.5 Crops Photosynthesis 94\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.3.6 Energy Crops Environmental Effect 95\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.3.7 Corn (Zea mays L.) 96\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.3.8 Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) 103\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.3.9 Miscanthus (Miscanthus sinensis) 108\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.3.10 Rice (Oryza sativa) 115\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.3.11 Barley (Hordeum vulgare subsp.) 121\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.3.12 Sunfl ower (Helianthus annuus) 126\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.3.13 Niger Seed (Guizotia abyssinica) 134\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.3.14 Rapeseed (Brassica napus) 141\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.4 Conclusion 147\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.4.1 Samples Selection 148\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.4.2 The Next Step 150\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 151\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e5 Methodology: Part 1 161\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.1 Methodology Approach 161\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.1.1 Introduction 161\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.2 The Pyramid 162\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.3 The Decision Tree 164\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.3.1 Steps for the Biomass Fuel 164\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.3.2 Three Numbers 165\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.4 Methodology Terms and Defi nition for BF and S\u0026amp;T 166\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.4.1 BF 166\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.4.2 S\u0026amp;T 166\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.5 BF and S\u0026amp;T Data 166\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.5.1 Why Are Data for the BF and S\u0026amp;T Needed? 166\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.5.2 How Are Data for the BF Obtained? 168\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.5.3 How Are Data for the S\u0026amp;T Obtained? 170\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.6 Scoring System 170\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.6.1 The Method 170\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.6.2 Calculating the Score When the Reference Sample Is Set in a Positive Mode 172\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.6.3 Calculating the Score When the Reference Sample Is Set in a Negative Mode 172\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.6.4 Boundaries for S\u0026amp;T 174\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.6.5 Boundaries for BF 174\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.6.6 Reference Sample Boundaries 174\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.6.7 Biomass Boundaries 175\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.6.8 Scoring Plan for BF 176\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.7 Methodology Survey 177\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.8 The Survey Method 178\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.8.1 Aim 178\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.8.2 Objective 178\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.8.3 What Is the Survey Looking For? 178\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.8.4 Survey Methodology 178\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.8.5 Mode 179\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.8.6 Mode Effect 179\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.8.7 Questionnaire Design 179\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.8.8 Sample Design 179\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.8.9 Sample Size 180\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.8.10 Pretesting and Piloting 180\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.8.11 Reducing and Dealing with Nonresponse 180\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.9 Conclusion 181\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 183\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e6 Methodology: Part 2 185\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.1 Introduction 185\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.1.1 Biomass Samples and Methodology 186\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.2 S\u0026amp;T Values Analysis 186\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.3 S\u0026amp;T Factor Evaluations 187\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.3.1 Energy Factor (EF) 187\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.3.2 Combustion Index Factor (CIF) 190\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.3.3 Volatile Matter Factor (VMF) 193\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.3.4 Moisture Factor (MF) 195\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.3.5 Ash Factor (AF) 196\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.3.6 Density Factor (DF) 199\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.3.7 Nitrogen Emission (Nx) Factor (NEF) 201\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.4 S\u0026amp;T Allocation Results 203\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.4.1 Introduction 203\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.4.2 The Priority List 204\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.5 Conclusion 206\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 208\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e7 Methodology: Part 3 211\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.1 BF Percentage Value Selection 211\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.1.1 Introduction 211\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.1.2 BF Subjective and Objective Factors 212\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.1.3 Percentage Allocation for BF 212\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.1.4 BF Values and Headlines 213\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.1.5 Biomass Energy Commercialization and BF 213\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.2 BF Values Analysis 215\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.3 BF Evaluations 216\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.3.1 System Factor (SF) 217\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.3.2 Approach Factor (AF) 218\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.3.3 Baseline Methodology Factor (BMF) 219\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.3.4 Business Viability Factor (BVF) 219\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.3.5 Applicability Factor (APF) 220\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.3.6 Land and Water Issues Factor (LWIF) 223\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.3.7 Supply Factor (SUF) 224\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.3.8 Quality Factor (QF) 225\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.3.9 Emission Factor 226\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.4 BF Data 228\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.4.1 Introduction 228\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.4.2 The Priority List 230\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.5 Conclusion 235\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 237\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e8 Results: Part 1 239\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.1 Statistical Data and Errors 239\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.1.1 Introduction 239\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.2 Methodology Level Value (Boundary Level Scoring Value) 241\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.3 Calculating Standard Deviation and Relative Error 242\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.3.1 S\u0026amp;T Factors 243\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.3.2 Business Factors (BF) 246\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.3.3 Methodology Standard Deviation for S\u0026amp;T 249\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.3.4 Methodology Standard Deviation for BF 250\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.3.5 Methodology Standard Deviation 251\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.4 Analysis 251\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.5 Conclusion 255\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 257\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e9 Results: Part 2 259\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.1 Data and Methodology Application 259\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.1.1 Introduction 259\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.2 Tests 260\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.2.1 Experimental Tests 260\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.3 S\u0026amp;T Samples Data and Reports (Results) 265\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.3.1 Fossil Fuel 265\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.3.2 Biomass Materials 266\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.4 BF Samples Reports Examples (Results) 277\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.4.1 Coal BF Data (Altawell, GSTF, 2012) 277\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.4.2 Rapeseed BF Report 278\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.4.3 Black Sunfl ower Seed BF Report 278\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.4.4 Niger Seed BF Report 279\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.4.5 Apple Pruning BF Report 280\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.4.6 Striped Sunflower Seed BF Report 281\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.5 The Final Biomass Samples 282\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.5.1 S\u0026amp;T Results 282\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.5.2 BF Results 284\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.6 Samples Final Fitness 285\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.7 Discussion and Analysis 289\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.8 Conclusion 294\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 296\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e10 Economic Factors 297\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.1 Biomass Fuel Economic Factors and SFS 297\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.1.1 Introduction 297\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.2 Economic Factors 298\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.3 Biomass Business 300\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.3.1 Step 1 300\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.3.2 Step 2 301\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.3.3 Step 3 302\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.3.4 Step 4 304\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.4 Biomass Fuel Supply Chain 305\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.5 The Demand for a New Biomass Fuel 306\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.6 The SFS Economic Value Scenario 307\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.7 Discussion 308\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.8 Conclusion 310\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 312\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e11 Conclusion 315\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.1 General Conclusion 315\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.2 Methodology (REA1) and Applications 316\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.3 Why Biomass? 316\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.4 Co-firing and Power Generating 318\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.5 The New Biomass Fuel (SFS) 318\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.6 The Future of Co-firing and Biomass Energy 319\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.7 Final Results and Final Conclusion 320\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.8 Positive Outlook 320\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.9 What Next? 321\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003ci\u003eReferences 321\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003ci\u003eIndex 323\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e","brand":"John Wiley \u0026 Sons Inc","offers":[{"title":"Default Title","offer_id":49406887264599,"sku":"9781118542668","price":100.76,"currency_code":"GBP","in_stock":true}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0817\/1739\/5799\/files\/9781118542668.jpg?v=1730497450","url":"https:\/\/bookcurl.com\/products\/the-selection-process-of-biomass-materials-for-the-production-of-biofuels-and-cofiring-9781118542668","provider":"Book Curl","version":"1.0","type":"link"}