{"product_id":"the-republic-of-china-1912-to-1949-9781509552573","title":"The Republic of China: 1912 to 1949","description":"\u003cb\u003eBook Synopsis\u003c\/b\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe declaration of the Republic of China in 1912 signalled an entirely new era. Not only did the revolution of 1911–12 bring about the fall of the Qing dynasty: it also brought an end to the entire series of dynasties that had marked Chinese history for over two millennia. Radical reforms since 1901 had culminated in the ending of the political status quo and the rejection of the very idea of empire. \u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eDrawing on the most recent historical research, Xavier Paulès provides a comprehensive account of the crucial but chaotic period that stretched from the founding of the Republic of China in 1912 to the civil war of 1945–9, which ended with the victory of the Chinese Communist Party (CCP) and the establishment of the People's Republic of China.  Paulès challenges various common claims about this period. It is often assumed that the CCP was instrumental in bringing about key events by skilfully mobilizing the population to serve its ends. Paulès argues, by contrast, that the CCP took advantage of fortunate circumstances and that, even then, it was only in a position to challenge the supremacy of the Guomindang as late as 1944. His analysis takes a broad view by considering the importance of political actors both within and external to the revolutionary movement, enabling him to offer a balanced interpretation of the republican period which sheds new light on China’s political, cultural and economic development.\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003cb\u003eTrade Review\u003c\/b\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003cp\u003e‘All too often the Chinese Republic is overlooked as a wretched interlude between imperial collapse and communist victories. Yet its contribution to a Chinese modernity that a century later is still in the making was essential. Paulès’ nuanced and erudite synthesis introduces us to the paradoxes of these creative and dramatic decades like no other book I know of.’\u003cbr\u003e\u003cb\u003ePierre-Etienne Will, Collège de France\u003c\/b\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003e‘The Republic was a short but transformative period for China.  Xavier Paulès shows its importance as a time of political possibility, covering conflict, economics and culture with flair and precision.’\u003cbr\u003e\u003cb\u003eRana Mitter, University of Oxford\u003c\/b\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003e‘Paulès presents a fascinating account of the decades that followed the collapse of China’s imperial order, highlighting the effects of political fragmentation, imperialism, industrialization, domestic and international migration, and world war. This lively book analyses current debates about the politics and personalities of the era, arguing that the decades before 1949 demonstrate the fluidity and resilience of Chinese culture.’\u003cbr\u003e\u003cb\u003eKristin Stapleton, University at Buffalo\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003cb\u003eTable of Contents\u003c\/b\u003e\u003cbr\u003eAcknowledgements\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003e List of Illustrations and Maps\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003e \u003cbr\u003e Introduction\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003e \u003cbr\u003e Chapter 1: The 1911 Revolution\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003e The flashpoint in Wuhan\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003e The last dynasty’s unorthodox downfall 1912, the year of many possibilities\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003e The years under Yuan Shikai (1913-1916)\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003e The international context and the influence of the war in Europe\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003e  The fall of Yuan Shikai\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003e \u003cbr\u003e Chapter 2: Cliques And Warlords (1916-1928)\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003e The rivalry amongst North China's major cliques for control of the government\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003e Who were the warlords?\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003e The implausible identikit portrait\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003e The driving forces behind junfa power Conflicts, alliances and viscosity\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003e Was national unity in jeopardy?\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003e The diplomatic context, May Fourth Movement (1919) and the rise of nationalism\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003e Two decades of spectacular diplomatic recovery for China (1906-1926)\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003e Disappointed expectations from the Versailles negotiations\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003e A movement without precedent\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003e The rise of the Guomindang (1917-1926) and the Canton decade\u003cbr\u003e      925: the death of Sun Yat-sen and its aftermath, the May Thirtieth Movement\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003e The Northern Expedition\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003e Phase 1: the defeat of Wu Peifu and Sun Chuanfang \u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003e Phase 2: the time of divisions\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003e Phase 3: Zhang Zuolin’s defeat\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003e \u003cbr\u003e Chapter 3: The Nanking Decade (1928-1937)\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003e 1928-1932: Troublesome former allies\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003e The period of stabilisation: 1932-1935 \u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003e The Guomindang’s achievement\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003e The looming Japanese threat Warlords on the wane\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003e The successful marginalization of the Chinese Communist Party\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003e The successful marginalisation of the Chinese Communist Party\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003e The run up to the Sino-Japanese war: 1935-1937\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003e \u003cbr\u003e Chapter 4: The War Against Japan (1937-1945)\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003e The war of movement: 1937-1939\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003e Why did Chiang Kai-shek choose confrontation?\u003cbr\u003e \u003cbr\u003e Japan’s first victories\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003e The Second United Front and Soviet aid \u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003e 938, the difficult conquest of the Middle Yangtze River basin\u003cbr\u003e 1939, settling in for a long war\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003e The war of position (1940-1944)\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003e  Stabilisation of the front \u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003e Population movements\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003e China and the Allies\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003e 1940: the beginning of the Guomindang state’s disintegration\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003e The CCP, a new force\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003e Mao Zedong and Chiang Kai-shek, the crossed paths of destiny\u003cbr\u003e \u003cbr\u003e Occupied China and the collaborating governments\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003e 1944-1945: return to the war of movement\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003e From the Ichig  offensive to the surrender\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003e The war's outcome\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003e \u003cbr\u003e Chapter 5: Civil War (1945-1949)\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003e A very favourable situation for the Guomindang\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003e The political and symbolic dividends of victory\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003e The economic rebound in the immediate post-war period\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003e Immediately post-war: 1945-1946 \u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003e The role of the USSR and the USA\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003e Locking of horns for the first time\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003e  The Guomindang’s post-war failure\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003e The military era: 1946-1949 \u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003e Sclerosis of the Guomindang\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003e The issue of corruption\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003e Lack of renewal within the Guomindang \u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003e The impossible democratic transformation\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003e The CCP's policy\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003e A third force gone missing\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003e The withdrawal to Taiwan, a victory for the Guomindang?\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003e \u003cbr\u003e Chapter 6: Overview of the Chinese Economy\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003e China in an international context\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003e The financial and monetary system\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003e The shortcomings of the financial system\u003cbr\u003e \u003cbr\u003e Progress and crisis in the monetary system\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003e The primary sector\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003e The very slow evolution of the agricultural sector\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003e Mining: the triumph of coal and emergence of oil\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003e The secondary sector\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003e Industry and the rise of Chinese capitalism\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003e Maintaining cottage industries\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003e The service sector\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003e Transport\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003e Traditional services\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003e The effects of the 1937-1945 war and the civil war\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003e Relocation and state control of the economy\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003e The origins of Communist China's planned economy?\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003e \u003cbr\u003e Chapter 7: Building the State\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003e Political culture\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003e Inventing a political culture\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003e Continuities with the New Policies period\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003e Continuity with an older political order\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003e The Guomindang and the party-state model post 1928\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003e Sun Yat-sen, a guiding light\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003e Institutional structure\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003e Cliques and clique struggles\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003e The endless return of revolution\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003e The question of fascism\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003e The extension of the State's scope, a fundamental trend\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003e The question of the relationship between the State and local elites\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003e  A plurality of State-building trajectories\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003e \u003cbr\u003e Chapter 8: Changes in Society\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003e The Population\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003e Demographic\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003e Data Migrations\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003e Social groups\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003e The proletariat\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003e The urban middle classes\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003e The recomposition of elites\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003e Highly resilient intermediary bodies\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003e Living standards and lifestyles\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003e The issue of the impoverishment of Chinese peasants\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003e Did the Guomindang lose interest in the countryside?\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003e Endemic insecurity in the countryside ‘Problems’ in Chinese society\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003e New leisure activities\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003e Can we call it westernisation?\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003e Women\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003e \u003cbr\u003e Chapter 9: Cultural Renewal\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003e The dissemination of ideas\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003e The development of primary and secondary education\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003e Higher education\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003e The media\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003e Passing influences\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003e New interest in the non-Western world\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003e The May Fourth Movement 1919 and that of the new culture (xin wenhua yundong      )\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003e Chinese Culture’s Western Crisis\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003e A reinvented language\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003e The wenti   \u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003e The competition of 'isms’\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003e Religious revivals\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003e China's cultural influence\u003cbr\u003e.\u003cbr\u003e The undiminished prestige of classical culture\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003e China as a conduit for knowledge from the West\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003e Transmission of popular culture\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003e \u003cbr\u003e Conclusion And Epitaph \u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003e \u003cbr\u003e Timeline\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003e \u003cbr\u003e Appendixes\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003e Sun Yat-sen’s Last Will (yizhu   )\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003e Comparison of China’s population with that of other major countries\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003e Comparison of the length of China's rail network with that of other countries (in kilometres)\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003e The Song family simplified family tree\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003e \u003cbr\u003e Maps\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003e Bibliography\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003e Notes\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003e Index","brand":"John Wiley and Sons Ltd","offers":[{"title":"Default Title","offer_id":49409558643031,"sku":"9781509552573","price":21.25,"currency_code":"GBP","in_stock":true}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0817\/1739\/5799\/files\/9781509552573.jpg?v=1730507232","url":"https:\/\/bookcurl.com\/products\/the-republic-of-china-1912-to-1949-9781509552573","provider":"Book Curl","version":"1.0","type":"link"}