{"product_id":"the-philosophers-toolkit-9781119103219","title":"The Philosophers Toolkit","description":"\u003cb\u003eBook Synopsis\u003c\/b\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003cb\u003eTable of Contents\u003c\/b\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003cp\u003eAcknowledgements xiii\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAlphabetical Table of Contents xv\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003ePreface xix\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eInternet Resources for Philosophers xxi\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e1 Basic Tools for Argument 1\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.1 Arguments, premises, and conclusions 1\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.2 Deduction 7\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.3 Induction 9\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.4 Validity and soundness 15\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.5 Invalidity 19\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.6 Consistency 21\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.7 Fallacies 25\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.8 Refutation 28\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.9 Axioms 31\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.10 Definitions 34\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.11 Certainty and probability 38\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.12 Tautologies, self‐contradictions, and the law of non‐contradiction 42\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e2 More Advanced Tools 47\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.1 Abduction 47\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.2 Hypothetico‐deductive method 51\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.3 Dialectic 55\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.4 Analogies 58\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.5 Anomalies and exceptions that prove the rule 61\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.6 Intuition pumps 64\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.7 Logical constructions 66\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.8 Performativity and speech acts 69\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.9 Reduction 72\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.10 Representation 76\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.11 Thought experiments 80\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.12 Useful fictions 82\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e3 Tools for Assessment 85\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.1 Affirming, denying, and conditionals 86\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.2 Alternative explanations 90\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.3 Ambiguity and vagueness 93\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.4 Bivalence and the excluded middle 97\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.5 Category mistakes 100\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.6 \u003ci\u003eCeteris paribus \u003c\/i\u003e102\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.7 Circularity 104\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.8 Composition and division 108\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.9 Conceptual incoherence 110\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.10 Contradiction\/contrariety 112\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.11 Conversion, contraposition, obversion 115\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.12 Counterexamples 118\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.13 Criteria 121\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.14 Doxa\/para‐doxa 123\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.15 Error theory 125\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.16 False dichotomy 128\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.17 False cause 129\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.18 Genetic fallacy 132\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.19 Horned dilemmas 135\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.20 Is\/ought gap 138\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.21 Masked man fallacy 141\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.22 Partners in guilt 143\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.23 Principle of charity 145\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.24 Question‐begging 149\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.25 Reductios 152\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.26 Redundancy 154\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.27 Regresses 156\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.28 Saving the phenomena 158\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.29 Self‐defeating arguments 161\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.30 Sufficient reason 164\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.31 Testability 167\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e4 Tools for Conceptual Distinctions 171\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.1 \u003ci\u003eA priori\/a posteriori \u003c\/i\u003e172\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.2 Absolute\/relative 176\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.3 Analytic\/synthetic 179\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.4 Belief\/knowledge 182\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.5 Categorical\/modal 185\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.6 Cause\/reason 186\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.7 Conditional\/biconditional 189\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.8 \u003ci\u003eDe re\/de dicto \u003c\/i\u003e191\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.9 Defeasible\/indefeasible 194\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.10 Entailment\/implication 196\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.11 Endurantism\/perdurantism 199\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.12 Essence\/accident 202\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.13 Internalism\/externalism 205\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.14 Knowledge by acquaintance\/description 208\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.15 Mind\/body 211\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.16 Necessary\/contingent 215\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.17 Necessary\/sufficient 219\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.18 Nothingness\/being 221\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.19 Objective\/subjective 225\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.20 Realist\/non‐realist 227\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.21 Sense\/reference 230\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.22 Substratum\/bundle 232\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.23 Syntax\/semantics 234\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.24 Universal\/particular 236\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.25 Thick\/thin concepts 239\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.26 Types\/tokens 241\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e5 Tools of Historical Schools and Philosophers 245\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.1 Aphorism, fragment, remark 245\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.2 Categories and specific differences 248\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.3 \u003ci\u003eElenchus \u003c\/i\u003eand \u003ci\u003eaporia \u003c\/i\u003e251\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.4 Hegel’s master\/slave dialectic 254\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.5 Hume’s fork 257\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.6 Indirect discourse 260\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.7 Leibniz’s law of identity 263\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.8 Ockham’s razor 267\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.9 Phenomenological method(s) 270\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.10 Signs and signifiers 273\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.11 Transcendental argument 276\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e6 Tools for Radical Critique 281\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.1 Class critique 281\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.2 \u003ci\u003eDifférance, \u003c\/i\u003edeconstruction, and the critique of presence 284\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.3 Empiricist critique of metaphysics 286\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.4 Feminist and gender critiques 289\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.5 Foucaultian critique of power 292\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.6 Heideggerian critique of metaphysics 296\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.7 Lacanian critique 298\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.8 Critiques of naturalism 300\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.9 Nietzschean critique of Christian–Platonic culture 303\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.10 Pragmatist critique 305\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.11 Sartrean critique of ‘bad faith’ 308\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e7 Tools at the Limit 311\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.1 Basic beliefs 311\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.2 Godel and incompleteness 314\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.3 Hermeneutic circle 316\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.4 Philosophy and\/as art 319\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.5 Mystical experience and revelation 322\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.6 Paradoxes 325\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.7 Possibility and impossibility 328\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.8 Primitives 332\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.9 Self‐evident truths 334\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.10 Scepticism 337\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.11 Underdetermination and incommensurability 341\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIndex 345\u003c\/p\u003e","brand":"John Wiley and Sons Ltd","offers":[{"title":"Default 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