{"product_id":"the-bench-grafters-handbook-9781138046221","title":"The Bench Grafters Handbook","description":"\u003cb\u003eBook Synopsis\u003c\/b\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003cp\u003eContaining 500 full color photographs and illustrations, \u003ci\u003eThe Bench Grafterâs Handbook: Principles and Practice\u003c\/i\u003e presents exhaustive information on all aspects of bench grafting. It details requirements of more than 200 temperate woody plant genera, covering over 2,000 species and cultivars including important ornamental, temperate fruit, and nut crops. The book explains the principles and practices of bench grafting, new procedures to enhance grafting success, and recommendations for further scientific investigation. \u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003ePractical issues to aid professionals and the beginner, include detailed accounts, supported by pictures and diagrams, of the main grafting methods, knifesmanship techniques, and methods of training. Provision and design, now and for the future, of suitable structures, grafting facilities, and equipment, to provide ideal controlled environments for grafts, are described.\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe book describes major grafting systems, sub-cold, cold, warm, supported warm, \u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003cb\u003eTrade Review\u003c\/b\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\"It seems to be the British sense of humour to refer to this book as the ‘Grafter`s Handbook’. Better to call it the ‘Grafter`s Bible’. It is quite impossible in a short review to do justice to, or touch on, the wealth of information, thoughts and hints given about grafting in this wonderfully comprehensive and entertaining book.) – ( ‘Everything you need to know but have never been told about bench grafting’ could be just another title) – ( Some chapters are extraordinary. In part three ‘Achieving the Union’ the author discusses the problems of incompatibility.) - (Incompatibility is examined in detail; understanding and recognising its causes and strategies to overcome it are discussed.) – (Part seven is the largest section of the book, dealing with all the different genera and species with a wealth of useful information about the right (and useless) rootstocks, time and technique of grafting etc.) –(it contains 500 full-colour photographs and illustrations, which of course makes reading more vivid. A plant index, a subject index and an extensive bibliography of the cited works shows the effort the author has put into his work over many years. This work will certainly be a long term standard reference book on bench grafting.\"\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eReview from Eike Jablonski - Senior Professor and Head of Arboretum, Dendrology and Nursery section at Luxemburg College of Horticulture. Review in the International Dendrology Society Yearbook \u003c\/em\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\"This is a book for study as well as a great reference for all who want to learn about grafting or gain deeper knowledge of the craft. The book is divided into eight parts covering different aspects of grafting, from background knowledge (“Why Grafting?”) to a most usable checklist with details of more than 200 genera, encompassing over 2,000 species, varieties, and cultivars. […] this book will certainly be a long-term standard reference book for all who are propagating by grafting and for all who show an interest in grafting and want to know more […] Throughout the whole book, photographs and line drawings accompany the text. The book ends with a plant index, a subject index, and an extensive bibliography of works cited \"\u003cbr\u003e\u003cem\u003eGert Fortgens, Director of the Trompenburg Arboretum Rotterdam,\u003c\/em\u003e The International Oak Society Newsletter\u003cbr\u003e \u003cbr\u003e\"Combining practice and science is at the core of Brian Humphrey’s immensely valuable book. […] he draws in this book on an immense fund of science-based practice. In so doing he achieves something which is almost unique, here is an author who distils decades of practical skills, knowledge and competence and produces a volume which will stand as the major reference tome for future generations. […] The book stands on the shoulders of past experts such as Robert Garner, Mike Dirr and Bruce MacDonald and surpasses their achievements since it comes as a direct result of highly-placed employment in the profit-making modern nursery industry. […] Every page of this weighty tome is packed solidly, but very readably, with practical knowledge and information. Brian Humphrey divides his work broadly into two parts - general principles and genera specific requirements. […] The Specific Requirements contains 35 intricate chapters dealing ‘A to Z’ with those genera that are propagated by bench grafting. Rounding this off is an extensive summary table which offers an immediate aide memoire for skilled propagators. [...] Each of these parts is well illustrated with coloured pictures adding interest and readability throughout the work. [...] Brian Humphrey has written a work of true scholarship derived from personal industrial experience integrated with scientific and technical knowledge, that is a very unusual achievement. This volume should be used throughout the nursery industry as a reference source, in colleges and universities as a teaching aid and bought as a cherished life-time purchase by students.\" \u003cbr\u003e\u003cem\u003eProfessor Geoff R. Dickson, School of Agriculture Policy and Development, University of Reading,\u003c\/em\u003e Institute of Horticulture Journal\u003cbr\u003e \u003cbr\u003e\"This book is extraordinarily comprehensive packed with informed detail throughout its 628 pages [...] the amount of information is awe-inspiring, but it is presented in an accessible way, broken down into discrete chapters and sections, well signposted and with two comprehensive indices one on genera the other on subjects. Chapters are also illustrated with multiple photographs [...] the Bench grafter`s Handbook is the last word on the subject. It is a big step up on what has gone before and likely to remain the definitive work on the subject for years to come.\"\u003cbr\u003e\u003cem\u003eMaurice Foster, Honary member of the RHS Woody Plant Committee, \u003c\/em\u003eThe Plant Review \u003cbr\u003e \u003cbr\u003e\"To distil a review of this book into a few short paragraphs is not easy. If the intention is to give the reader a flavour of what is contained within it, I would simply say this. It quite simply supersedes and excels what has gone before it. If you wish to understand what it takes to propagate some of our most treasured plants this will give you that information. [...] Whilst the experience, scholarship and technical information contained within the book are exceptional, what we should particularly celebrate and acknowledge is the desire, scholarly ability and dedication on the part of the author it has taken to produce this manuscript for us and future generations to enjoy and benefit from.\"\u003cbr\u003e\u003cem\u003eRoderick White, Royal Horticultural Society`s Woody Plant Committee, \u003c\/em\u003eRhododendron Camellia and Magnolia Group (a Royal Horticultural Society Group) Bulletin\u003cbr\u003e \u003cbr\u003e\"Looking in detail at the information I could not find any flaws at all [...] The information in Brian Humphrey`s book however is not only clear but it also seems very complete. [...] I can do nothing else but conclude this is a very thorough and practical piece of work. As a Dutchman I was also impressed by his extremely complete literature list, including even very many Dutch sources. These are often overlooked as they are written in our obscure language, which, apart from some Belgians and South Africans, nobody seems to understand. [...] it also is a handbook that helps the amateur as well as the professional [...] from the very basic principles of grafting, to pointers on how to put up a proper working station, or even how to sharpen a knife. I couldn`t think of anything regarding grafting that isn`t mentioned in detail in this handbook. I can recommend this book without any hesitation to anyone involved in grafting, wanting to understand more about the principles of grafting, or just requiring proper information about which plant to use as a rootstock.\"\u003cbr\u003e\u003cem\u003eCor van Gelderen Proprietor of the Esveld Nursery, Boskoop, \u003c\/em\u003eThe Maple Society Newsletter\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e'This richly illustrated volume provides nearly encyclopedic coverage of every aspect of bench grafting and may well become the standard reference on the subject for the foreseeable future. In synthesizing decades of scientific literature and professional experience, British nurseryman Humphrey (awarded the O.B.E. in 1987) here outlines the anatomical and physiological principles underlying successful graft unions, and thoroughly describes the types of grafts that can be made and the materials, methods, systems, and facilities necessary to achieve them. Detailed literature reviews for 35 important plant genera, and general recommendations for grafting members of over 200 genera, provide essential information for practicing professionals. Additionally, the author raises significant questions (requiring continued scientific discovery) about the potential role grafting could play in future plant conservation efforts. This work will be of great value to professional and amateur horticulturalists alike, as well as horticulture educators and students.'\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e--R. M. Warner, Michigan State University, \u003c\/em\u003eCHOICE (May 2020) Summing Up: Highly recommended. All readers.\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003cb\u003eTable of Contents\u003c\/b\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003cp\u003eContents\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003ePreface...........................................................................................................................................xxix\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eAcknowledgements..................................................................................................................... xxxiii\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eAuthor.........................................................................................................................................xxxvii\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eIntroduction..................................................................................................................................xxxix\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003ePART ONE Bench Grafting in Practice\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eChapter 1 Grafting in Nature and in the Hands of the Grafter......................................................3\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eVascular Continuity.......................................................................................................3\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eChapter 2 Grafting Strategies: Categorisation of Grafting Methods.............................................7\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eGrafting Strategies........................................................................................................7\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eApical Grafting.........................................................................................................7\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eSide Grafting............................................................................................................7\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eApical and Side Grafting Strategies Compared............................................................8\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eSpeed........................................................................................................................8\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eSpace Requirements.................................................................................................8\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eGrowth and Survival................................................................................................8\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eConvenience.............................................................................................................8\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eHeading-Back: A Specific Requirement of Side Grafts...........................................9\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eGrafting: The Five Basic Methods.............................................................................. 11\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eSplice Grafts........................................................................................................... 11\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eVeneer Grafts.......................................................................................................... 12\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eWedge Grafts.......................................................................................................... 12\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eInlay Grafts............................................................................................................. 13\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eRind Grafts............................................................................................................. 13\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe Three Categories of Importance to Bench Grafters............................................ 14\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eApical Veneer, Splice and Wedge Grafts Compared.................................................. 15\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eMachine and Tool-Made Grafts.................................................................................. 16\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eChapter 3 Making the Graft......................................................................................................... 19\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe Basics................................................................................................................... 19\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eUnderstanding Stem and Root Cambia.................................................................. 19\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eImportance of Good Knifesmanship...................................................................... 19\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003ePreparation of Components Prior to Grafting................................................... 19\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eHolding the Knife – Support and Control......................................................... 19\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eSplice Grafts................................................................................................................ 21\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eSplice Grafting Methods........................................................................................ 21\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eAlternative Splice Grafting Method..................................................................24\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eWhip and Tongue Graft..........................................................................................27\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eWhip and Tongue Grafting Methods.................................................................27\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eVeneer Grafts..............................................................................................................28\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eApical Veneer Grafts..............................................................................................29\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eShort Tongue Apical Veneer (Apical Veneer)....................................................29\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eLong Tongue Apical Veneer (Modified Apical Veneer)....................................29\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eSide Veneer Grafts..................................................................................................30\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eShort Tongue Side Veneer (Side Veneer)........................................................... 31\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eLong Tongue Side Veneer (Modified Side Veneer)........................................... 31\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eSide Sloping Veneer........................................................................................... 31\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eVeneer Grafting Methods....................................................................................... 33\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eSequence of Cuts for Veneer Grafts.................................................................. 33\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eCambial Alignment for Veneer Grafts..............................................................38\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eWedge Grafts...............................................................................................................40\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eApical Wedge Graft................................................................................................40\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eRootstock Cuts for Wedge Grafts...................................................................... 41\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eScion Cuts for Wedge Grafts............................................................................. 41\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eCambial Alignment for Wedge Grafts................................................................... 42\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eSide Wedge Graft................................................................................................... 42\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eChapter 4 Fine Tuning Grafting: Positioning; Sequences; Training; Rates of Work.................. 43\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003ePositioning Grafts........................................................................................................ 43\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eHeight above Root Collar or Soil Level................................................................. 43\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eRootstock and Scion Placement – Stimulant Bud – Grafting Methods................. 43\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003ePriority – Scion or Rootstock?.................................................................................... 45\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eSequence of Actions for Performing the Graft........................................................... 47\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eTraining and Practice.................................................................................................. 47\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eRates of Work..............................................................................................................49\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eChapter 5 Grafting Knives: Grafting Machines and Tools.......................................................... 51\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eKnife Selection............................................................................................................ 51\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eFolding Blade Knives............................................................................................. 51\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eDesign and Construction................................................................................... 51\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eFolding Blade Models............................................................................................. 52\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eFixed Blade Knives................................................................................................54\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eDisposable Blade Knives........................................................................................54\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eKnife Sharpening........................................................................................................ 55\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eHand Sharpening – Equipment and Materials....................................................... 55\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eChoice of Cutting Edge Angle...........................................................................56\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eStone Choice and Maintenance of Sharpening Stones......................................56\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eProcedures.........................................................................................................56\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eTechniques for Curved (Hooked) Blades.......................................................... 57\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eStages in Sharpening – Burr Removal – Honing................................................... 58\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eHoning............................................................................................................... 58\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eStropping............................................................................................................ 58\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eCutting Edge Retention..................................................................................... 59\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eKey Points for Effective Hand Sharpening............................................................ 59\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eMachine and Machine‑Aided Knife Sharpening...................................................60\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eSharpening Aids................................................................................................60\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eSharpening Machines........................................................................................60\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eTesting for Sharpness.............................................................................................60\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eKnife Maintenance.................................................................................................60\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eGrafting Machines and Grafting Tools....................................................................... 61\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eGrafting Machines.................................................................................................. 61\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eGrafting Tools........................................................................................................63\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eChapter 6 Ties – Tying and Sealing.............................................................................................65\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eBasic Principles...........................................................................................................65\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eTying Materials...........................................................................................................65\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eNon-Enclosing and Enclosing Ties.............................................................................66\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eNon-Enclosing Ties................................................................................................66\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eTying-In Procedures and Techniques for Non-Enclosing Ties.......................... 67\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eTying-Off........................................................................................................... 70\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eEnclosing Ties........................................................................................................ 71\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eTying Procedures for Enclosing Ties................................................................. 71\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eSelf-Adhesive Enclosing Ties................................................................................. 72\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eMechanised Tying-In......................................................................................... 72\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eAlternative Graft Fixing Methods............................................................................... 73\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eSealants and Waxes..................................................................................................... 74\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eHot Sealants............................................................................................................ 74\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eMelting Hot Waxes............................................................................................ 75\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eCold Sealants.......................................................................................................... 75\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eApplication Methods.............................................................................................. 76\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eBrush Application.............................................................................................. 76\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eDipping.............................................................................................................. 76\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eChapter 7 Work Station: Equipment and Associated Ancillary and Safety Equipment............. 79\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eCentralised, Integral or Mobile Workstations............................................................. 79\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eWork Station – Logistics of Handling Grafts and Rootstocks............................... 79\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eWork Station Equipment.............................................................................................80\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe Grafting Bench.....................................................................................................80\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eHeight Adjustment Related to Seating and Method............................................... 81\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eLayout and Handling..............................................................................................82\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eGrafting Procedures and Bench Design.................................................................82\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eSeating.........................................................................................................................82\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eSeat and Bench Placement......................................................................................82\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eLighting.......................................................................................................................83\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eAncillary Equipment and Activities – Safety Equipment...........................................83\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eSecateurs.................................................................................................................84\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eBench and Plant Material Cleanliness...................................................................84\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eKnife Blade Cleaning and Sterilisation..................................................................84\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eInspecting Grafts....................................................................................................85\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eLabelling and Marking...........................................................................................85\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eProtective Clothing.................................................................................................86\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eProduction Planning, Computers and Recording Data...............................................86\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eFirst Aid Equipment, Health and Safety and Risk Assessments................................87\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eRisk Assessments...................................................................................................88\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003ePART TWO The Graft Components – Rootstock and Scion\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eChapter 8 Rootstocks: Origin and Underlying Principles of Anatomy and Physiology.............. 91\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eOrigin.......................................................................................................................... 91\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eSeedlings................................................................................................................ 91\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eClonal.....................................................................................................................92\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eRoots or Root Systems............................................................................................92\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eUnrooted Stems......................................................................................................93\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eSize of Rootstock.........................................................................................................94\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eRoot Pressure (Bleeding) and Root Activity...............................................................94\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eChapter 9 Rootstocks: Categories; Acquisition; Specifications; Culture.....................................97\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eCategories of Rootstocks.............................................................................................97\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eAcquisition..................................................................................................................97\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eBought-In Rootstocks.............................................................................................97\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eIn-House Production...............................................................................................98\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eRootstock Specifications – Terms Used......................................................................98\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eBare-Root Deciduous Rootstocks...............................................................................99\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eSpecifications to Meet Requirements.....................................................................99\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eTransport – Reception and Handling.....................................................................99\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003ePreparation for Immediate Use..............................................................................99\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eStorage (Short- or Long-Term).............................................................................. 100\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eBare-Root Evergreen Rootstocks.............................................................................. 100\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eRequirements – Specifications............................................................................. 100\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eTransport – Reception and Handling................................................................... 100\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eStorage.................................................................................................................. 101\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eRoot-Balled Rootstocks............................................................................................. 101\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eRootstocks for Top-Working..................................................................................... 101\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eRootstocks for Cuttings-Grafts................................................................................. 101\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003ePotted Rootstocks – Sourced from Other Producers................................................ 102\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eRequirements – Specifications............................................................................. 102\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eTransport and Handling........................................................................................ 102\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eReception for Grafting Shortly after Arrival....................................................... 102\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eReception for Use at a Later Date........................................................................ 102\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003ePotted Rootstocks – Produced In-House................................................................... 102\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eSpecifications........................................................................................................ 103\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003ePot Sizes and Types.............................................................................................. 103\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003ePlug Grown................................................................................................................ 104\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eSpecification and Types........................................................................................ 104\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eRequirements and Handling................................................................................. 104\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eRootstock Culture – Bare-Root................................................................................. 105\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eSoil – Sowing – Seedling Density........................................................................ 105\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eHerbicides for Rootstocks Growing in the Field.................................................. 105\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eRootstock Culture – Pot Grown................................................................................ 105\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eEstablishment....................................................................................................... 105\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003ePotting Composts................................................................................................. 106\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eGrowing Conditions............................................................................................. 106\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eWeed Control Strategies....................................................................................... 107\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003ePesticide Use......................................................................................................... 108\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eDrying-Off Pot Grown Rootstocks........................................................................... 108\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eChapter 10 Scions – General Principles – Acquisition – Stock Mother Plants – Selection\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eand Collection........................................................................................................... 111\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eScions and Cuttings Compared................................................................................. 111\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003ePrinciples for Selection of Scion Wood..................................................................... 111\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eDifferences between ‘Ripe’ and ‘Unripe’ Shoots................................................ 112\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eScion Acquisition – Non-Commercial Sources........................................................ 113\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003ePlant Collections................................................................................................... 113\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eScion Acquisition – Commercial Suppliers.............................................................. 114\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eOther Nurserymen or Specialist Suppliers........................................................... 114\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eOverseas Sources.................................................................................................. 114\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eHigh Health Status Material................................................................................. 115\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eScion Acquisition from Internal Sources.................................................................. 116\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eScions from Growing on Stock............................................................................ 116\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eScions from Dedicated Container Grown Mother Plants..................................... 116\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eScions from Stock Mother Plant Beds.................................................................. 117\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eStrategic Advantages....................................................................................... 117\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eTechnical Advantages...................................................................................... 117\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eDisadvantages.................................................................................................. 118\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eYield of Scion Material from Stock Mother Plant Beds...................................... 118\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eEstablishment and Maintenance of Stock Beds........................................................ 119\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eSite and Soil – Initial Assessments....................................................................... 119\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eSoil Preparation.................................................................................................... 119\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003ePlanting Procedures and Design.......................................................................... 120\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eWeed Control........................................................................................................ 120\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003ePesticide and Fungicide Application.................................................................... 121\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003ePruning and Training Stock Mother Plants.............................................................. 121\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eDeciduous Trees................................................................................................... 121\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eDeciduous Shrubs................................................................................................. 122\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eEvergreen Trees and Shrubs................................................................................. 123\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eConifers................................................................................................................ 123\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eUpright Formal Shaped Conifers..................................................................... 123\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eUpright Informal Shaped Conifers..................................................................124\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eSpreading and Dwarf Conifers........................................................................124\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eClimbers...............................................................................................................124\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eScions for Winter Grafts...........................................................................................124\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eDeciduous Hardwoods..........................................................................................124\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eCollection.........................................................................................................124\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eStorage............................................................................................................. 125\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003ePreparation....................................................................................................... 126\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eEvergreen Hardwoods Scions............................................................................... 126\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eCollection......................................................................................................... 126\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eStorage – Preparation....................................................................................... 127\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eScions for Summer Grafts......................................................................................... 127\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eSummer Dormant Deciduous and Evergreen....................................................... 127\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eCollection......................................................................................................... 127\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eStorage............................................................................................................. 127\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003ePreparation....................................................................................................... 127\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eSummer Active Deciduous and Evergreen........................................................... 128\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eCollection......................................................................................................... 128\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eStorage............................................................................................................. 129\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003ePreparation....................................................................................................... 129\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eConifer Scions........................................................................................................... 129\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eHandling\/Preparation for Conifer Scions............................................................. 129\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eStorage............................................................................................................. 130\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eTransport of Scion Material...................................................................................... 130\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003ePost Grafting Scion Growth – Use of Bud Growth Stimulants................................ 130\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003ePART THREE Achieving the Union\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eChapter 11 Anatomy and Physiology of Graft Union Formation and Development................... 135\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eBasic Woody Plant Anatomy.................................................................................... 135\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eWoody Plant – Primary Stem Anatomy............................................................... 135\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eWoody Plant – Secondary Stem Anatomy........................................................... 136\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eWoody Plant Anatomy – Vascular System........................................................... 137\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eGraft Union Formation.............................................................................................. 138\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eUnion Formation – Response to Wounding......................................................... 138\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eStages in the Formation of the Graft Union......................................................... 139\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eFirst Stage – Necrotic Plate............................................................................. 139\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eSecond Stage.................................................................................................... 140\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThird Stage...................................................................................................... 140\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eFourth Stage..................................................................................................... 141\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eDiagrammatic Representation of Graft Union Formation................................... 142\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eFactors Influencing Callus Development.................................................................. 144\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eGenetic Influence.................................................................................................. 144\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eRootstock – Scion – Grafting Method.................................................................. 144\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eTemperature.......................................................................................................... 144\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eRootstock Activity, Root Extension...................................................................... 146\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eMoisture, Humidity, Oxygen – Effects of Sealing............................................... 146\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eTiming\/Seasonal Patterns\/Pruning...................................................................... 147\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003ePolarity................................................................................................................. 148\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eStimulant Buds..................................................................................................... 148\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eRoot Pressure (Bleeding)...................................................................................... 149\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eGenetic Variability........................................................................................... 152\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eStage of Growth – Timing............................................................................... 154\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eRoot Temperature............................................................................................ 154\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eSubstrate Moisture........................................................................................... 154\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eSide Graft, Height of Graft.............................................................................. 154\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eGraft Hybrids............................................................................................................ 154\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eRootstock and Scion Interactions.............................................................................. 156\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eChapter 12 Compatibility............................................................................................................. 159\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eRecognising Incompatibility..................................................................................... 159\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eCauses of Incompatibility......................................................................................... 159\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003ePredicting Compatibility........................................................................................... 162\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eFuture Progress – Strategies to Overcome Incompatibility...................................... 163\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eDouble-Working................................................................................................... 164\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eProven Inter-Stems.......................................................................................... 164\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eUnproven Inter-Stems...................................................................................... 165\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eOther Strategies to Overcome Incompatibility..................................................... 167\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eHybrid Seedlings............................................................................................. 167\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eRoot Grafting................................................................................................... 169\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eChapter 13 Graft Environment for Graft Union Development.................................................... 171\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eWater Exchange and Loss between the Plant and the Atmosphere.......................... 171\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eHumidity – The Enclosed (Supportive) Environment.......................................... 172\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eWater – Practical Methods of Preventing Water Loss in Grafts.......................... 173\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eRootstocks........................................................................................................ 173\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003ePreventing Water Loss from Grafts using Dormant Leafless Scions.............. 173\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003ePreventing Water Loss from Grafts using Leafy and De-Leaved Scions....... 174\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eHigh Humidity Combined with Sealing.......................................................... 174\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eTemperature – The Graft Environment..................................................................... 174\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eAdditional Heat.................................................................................................... 174\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eShading................................................................................................................. 175\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eShading in High Humidity (Enclosed) Environments......................................... 175\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eShade Level Calculations................................................................................. 177\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eVentilation – Temperature and Humidity Control.................................................... 177\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eMacro-Ventilation................................................................................................. 177\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eMicro-Ventilation................................................................................................. 178\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eSetting-Up and Management of the Enclosed Environment..................................... 178\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eBed Design........................................................................................................... 178\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eBed Layout – Condensation.................................................................................. 179\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eMoisture Level and Temperature of Standing Down Substrate........................... 179\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eCover Materials.................................................................................................... 179\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eAnti-Condensation Strategies............................................................................... 180\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eManagement of the Environment within Walk-In Structures.............................. 183\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eMonitoring Grafts during Union Formation............................................................. 184\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eGraft Treatments....................................................................................................... 184\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eInfluencing Union Development........................................................................... 184\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eDisease Suppression............................................................................................. 185\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eCold Storage Post-Graft Union Formation................................................................ 185\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003ePART FOUR Facilities: Structures and Equipment\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eChapter 14 Protected Structures – High Humidity Enclosures – Shading Materials.................. 189\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eGlasshouses............................................................................................................... 189\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eWalk-In Enclosed Structures within a Glasshouse or Polytunnel........................ 190\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003ePolytunnels................................................................................................................ 190\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eFree-Standing, Walk-In Grafting Polytunnels.......................................................... 191\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003ePoly-Tent.................................................................................................................... 192\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eHolding Tent.............................................................................................................. 192\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eShading – External.................................................................................................... 194\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eNatural Shade....................................................................................................... 194\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eShade Hall............................................................................................................ 194\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eAdditional External Hoops................................................................................... 195\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eDirect Application................................................................................................ 195\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eShading – Internal\/External...................................................................................... 195\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eShading Screens................................................................................................... 196\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eChapter 15 Ground Level Beds – Benches – Heating – Humidification..................................... 197\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eGround Level Beds within Greenhouses.................................................................. 197\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eGround Level Beds for Cold or Warm Callusing................................................. 197\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eWarm Callusing – Provision of Heat for Ground Level Beds.............................. 197\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eElectricity........................................................................................................ 197\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eHot Water......................................................................................................... 198\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eProviding Bottom Heat and Space Heating..................................................... 199\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eGrafting Beds.................................................................................................. 199\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eBottom Heat throughout the Entire Floor........................................................200\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eGrafts Housed on Benches........................................................................................ 201\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eBench Heating Systems........................................................................................202\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThermostats...............................................................................................................202\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThermostats – Electro-Mechanical......................................................................202\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThermostats – Digital (Electronic).......................................................................202\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eHumidification...........................................................................................................202\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eChapter 16 Hot-Pipe Facilities: Design and Construction...........................................................205\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eHot-Pipe – Heat Source.............................................................................................205\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eElectricity.............................................................................................................205\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eHot Water..............................................................................................................206\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe Heating Chamber...............................................................................................206\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eSlotted Cover........................................................................................................206\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eLayered Slotted Cover.....................................................................................208\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eSolid Cover (‘Sandwiched’ Cover).......................................................................208\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eExtruded Polystyrene Sheets Fabricated to Shape..........................................208\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eHalf-Round Plastic Rainwater Gutters............................................................209\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eSquare Section Rainwater Gutters................................................................... 211\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003ePlywood or Insulating Boards Fabricated to Shape........................................ 211\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eHot-Pipe – Stacked Assemblies............................................................................ 211\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eSeparate Assembly Stacking........................................................................... 211\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eIntegrated Assembly Stacking......................................................................... 212\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eAlternative Design for Aligned Chambers................................................................ 214\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e‘Economy’ Design..................................................................................................... 214\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eSummer Storage........................................................................................................ 215\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eTemperature Control for Hot-Pipe Systems.............................................................. 215\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eChapter 17 Growth Chambers for Grafts.................................................................................... 217\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003ePART FIVE Grafting Systems\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eChapter 18 Features and Management of Different Grafting Systems....................................... 221\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eSub-Cold Callusing (Hibernation Callusing)............................................................ 221\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eCold Callusing – For Deciduous Species..................................................................222\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eBare-Root Rootstocks...........................................................................................222\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003ePotted Rootstocks.................................................................................................223\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eModified Cold Callusing...........................................................................................224\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eWarm Callusing.........................................................................................................224\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eDormant Hardwood Species.................................................................................225\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eDeciduous Hardwoods in Summer Dormancy.....................................................225\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eDeciduous Hardwood Species in Active Growth (Early\/Mid-Summer\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eGrafting)...............................................................................................................226\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eDormant Evergreen Hardwoods...........................................................................226\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eSummer Dormant Evergreen Hardwoods............................................................226\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eSummer Active Evergreen Hardwoods................................................................227\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eSupported Warm Callusing Systems.........................................................................228\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eConifer Grafting........................................................................................................228\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eDeciduous Conifers..............................................................................................229\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eEvergreen Conifers...............................................................................................229\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003ePinaceae and Sciadopityaceae.........................................................................229\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eCupressaceae...................................................................................................230\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eAurucariaceae, Podocarpaceae and Taxaceae................................................. 231\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eSummer Dormant Conifers.................................................................................. 231\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eHot-Pipe (Hot Callusing) – Horticultural Management – Plant Material................. 231\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eOutput and Capacity............................................................................................. 233\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eRootstocks............................................................................................................ 233\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eGrafting Methods.................................................................................................234\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eTemperature and Timing...................................................................................... 235\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eCold Storage Post-Graft Union Formation...........................................................236\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eTop-Working..............................................................................................................236\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eFrame-Working......................................................................................................... 239\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eEnhanced Scion Production......................................................................................240\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eDouble-Working........................................................................................................240\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eMulti-Grafts..............................................................................................................240\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eRoot Grafting............................................................................................................242\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eSource, Specifications and Storage.......................................................................242\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eGrafting Methods and Tying-In............................................................................244\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eAftercare...............................................................................................................245\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eNurse Grafting..........................................................................................................245\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eNurse-Seed Grafting.................................................................................................246\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eGrafting Method...................................................................................................246\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eAftercare.......................................................................................................... 247\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eCuttings-Grafts.......................................................................................................... 247\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003ePre-Formed Roots................................................................................................ 247\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eUnrooted Stems....................................................................................................248\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e“Long John” Grafts...................................................................................................249\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eApproach Grafting; Grafting with Attached Scions.................................................250\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eDeciding upon the Best Grafting Strategy, Method and System..............................250\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eSmall Grafting Unit Concerned with Species Diversity......................................250\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eLarge, Specialised Grafting Unit Concerned with High Output.......................... 251\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003ePART SIX Role of Grafting in Conservation\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eChapter 19 Conservation.............................................................................................................. 255\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eConservation of Plants in Cultivation (Ex Situ)........................................................ 255\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eConservation of Plants in the Wild (In Situ)............................................................. 255\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003ePropagation for Conservation....................................................................................256\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eAttributes of Grafting for Conservation............................................................... 257\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eGenetic Integrity; Diversity; Selection............................................................ 257\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eTransport – Plant Health.................................................................................. 257\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eSuccessful Outcomes – Rejuvenation.............................................................. 257\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eOutput.............................................................................................................. 258\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eSpeed of Response........................................................................................... 258\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eFacility Requirements...................................................................................... 258\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eTechnical Input – Artisan Involvement – Skills Transfer................................ 258\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003ePractical Applications for Grafting in Conservation............................................ 258\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eRecovery of Endangered Species from the Wild............................................. 258\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eRecovery of Juvenility..................................................................................... 259\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eRetention of Genetic Integrity......................................................................... 259\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eSpeed and Quantity of Production................................................................... 259\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eNeed for Rapid Response................................................................................ 259\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eRootstock Selection to Overcome Environmental Challenges........................260\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eGrafting Potential for Red List Species....................................................................260\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eSetting Up a Grafting Facility................................................................................... 261\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe Future of Grafting in Conservation................................................................... 261\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003ePART SEVEN Genera Specific Requirements\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eIntroduction.....................................................................................................................................265\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eChapter 20 Abies (Pinaceae) – Fir............................................................................................... 267\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eIntroduction............................................................................................................... 267\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eCompatibility............................................................................................................. 267\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eTiming....................................................................................................................... 267\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eGrafting Methods...................................................................................................... 267\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eRootstocks................................................................................................................. 267\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eScion Wood...............................................................................................................268\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eSystems......................................................................................................................268\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003ePhysiological and Environmental Factors................................................................. 270\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eAfter Care.................................................................................................................. 270\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eGrowing On............................................................................................................... 271\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eChapter 21 Acer (Sapindaceae) – Maple...................................................................................... 273\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eIntroduction............................................................................................................... 273\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eCompatibility............................................................................................................. 273\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eTiming.......................................................................................................................280\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eGrafting Methods...................................................................................................... 281\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eRootstocks.................................................................................................................282\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003ePotted, Plug Grown and Bare-Root Rootstocks...................................................283\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eScion Wood...............................................................................................................284\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eSystems......................................................................................................................284\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eDormant Season Grafting....................................................................................284\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eHot-Pipe System...................................................................................................286\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eSummer Grafting..................................................................................................286\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003ePhysiological and Environmental Factors.................................................................287\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eTop-Worked Plants....................................................................................................288\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eAfter Care..................................................................................................................288\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003ePerformance Comparisons........................................................................................289\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eGrowing On...............................................................................................................289\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eChapter 22 Actinidia (Actinidiaceae) – Kiwi Fruit...................................................................... 291\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eIntroduction............................................................................................................... 291\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eCompatibility............................................................................................................. 291\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eTiming....................................................................................................................... 291\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eGrafting Methods...................................................................................................... 291\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eRootstocks................................................................................................................. 291\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eScion Wood...............................................................................................................292\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eSystems......................................................................................................................292\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003ePhysiological and Environmental Factors.................................................................292\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eGrowing On...............................................................................................................292\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eChapter 23 Aesculus (Sapindaceae) – Horse Chestnut \u0026amp; Buckeye.............................................293\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eIntroduction...............................................................................................................293\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eCompatibility.............................................................................................................293\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eTiming.......................................................................................................................293\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eGrafting Methods......................................................................................................294\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eRootstocks.................................................................................................................294\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eScion Wood...............................................................................................................294\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eSystems...................................................................................................................... 295\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003ePhysiological and Environmental Factors................................................................. 295\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eTop-Worked Trees..................................................................................................... 295\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eGrowing On............................................................................................................... 295\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eChapter 24 Amelanchier (Rosaceae) – Snowy Mespilus.............................................................297\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eIntroduction...............................................................................................................297\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eCompatibility.............................................................................................................297\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eTiming.......................................................................................................................297\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eGrafting Methods......................................................................................................297\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eRootstocks.................................................................................................................297\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eScion Wood...............................................................................................................297\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eSystems...................................................................................................................... 298\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003ePhysiological and Environmental Factors.................................................................298\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eGrowing On...............................................................................................................298\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eChapter 25 Aralia (Araliaceae)....................................................................................................299\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eIntroduction...............................................................................................................299\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eCompatibility.............................................................................................................299\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eTiming.......................................................................................................................299\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eGrafting Methods......................................................................................................299\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eRootstocks.................................................................................................................302\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eScion Wood...............................................................................................................302\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eSystems......................................................................................................................303\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003ePhysiological and Environmental Factors.................................................................303\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eGrowing On...............................................................................................................303\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eChapter 26 Berberis \u0026amp; Mahonia (Berberidaceae).......................................................................305\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eIntroduction...............................................................................................................305\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eCompatibility.............................................................................................................305\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eTiming.......................................................................................................................305\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eGrafting Methods......................................................................................................305\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eRootstocks.................................................................................................................306\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eScion Wood...............................................................................................................306\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eSystems......................................................................................................................306\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003ePhysiological and Environmental Factors.................................................................306\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eGrowing On...............................................................................................................306\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eChapter 27 Betula (Betulaceae) – Birch......................................................................................307\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eIntroduction...............................................................................................................307\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eCompatibility.............................................................................................................307\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eTiming.......................................................................................................................308\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eGrafting Methods......................................................................................................308\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eRootstocks.................................................................................................................309\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003ePlug Grown Rootstocks........................................................................................ 310\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eBare-Root Rootstocks........................................................................................... 311\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eScion Wood............................................................................................................... 311\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eMother Trees\/Storage........................................................................................... 311\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eSize\/Quality.......................................................................................................... 311\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eAlternative Scion Wood\/Scions for Multi-Stemmed Trees.................................. 312\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eSystems...................................................................................................................... 312\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eCold Callusing...................................................................................................... 313\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eWarm Callusing.................................................................................................... 313\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eHot-Pipe................................................................................................................ 313\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eLate Spring\/Early Summer – Late Summer Grafting.......................................... 313\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003ePhysiological and Environmental Factors................................................................. 313\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eRoot Pressure\/Drying Off.................................................................................... 313\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eTemperature.......................................................................................................... 314\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eGraft Infection Treatments................................................................................... 314\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eCare of Grafts before, during and after Union Formation........................................ 315\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eTop-Worked and Multi-Stemmed Trees.................................................................... 315\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003ePerformance Comparisons........................................................................................ 316\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eGrowing On............................................................................................................... 316\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eChapter 28 Camellia (Theaceae).................................................................................................. 317\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eIntroduction............................................................................................................... 317\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eCompatibility............................................................................................................. 317\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eTiming....................................................................................................................... 317\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eGrafting Methods...................................................................................................... 318\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eRootstocks................................................................................................................. 319\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eScion Wood............................................................................................................... 321\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eSystems...................................................................................................................... 321\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eContents \u003cb\u003exix\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eWarm Callusing.................................................................................................... 321\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eCuttings-Grafts..................................................................................................... 321\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eNurse Seed Grafting............................................................................................. 322\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003ePhysiological and Environmental Factors................................................................. 322\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eTop-Worked Patio Plants........................................................................................... 323\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003ePerformance Comparisons........................................................................................ 323\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eGrowing on................................................................................................................ 323\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eChapter 29 Carpinus (Betulaceae) – Hornbeam.......................................................................... 325\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eIntroduction............................................................................................................... 325\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eCompatibility............................................................................................................. 325\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eTiming....................................................................................................................... 326\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eGrafting Methods...................................................................................................... 326\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eRootstocks................................................................................................................. 327\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eScion Wood............................................................................................................... 327\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eSystems...................................................................................................................... 327\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003ePhysiological and Environmental Factors................................................................. 328\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003ePerformance Comparisons........................................................................................ 329\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eGrowing On............................................................................................................... 329\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eChapter 30 Cedrus (Pinaceae) – Cedar........................................................................................ 331\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eIntroduction............................................................................................................... 331\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eCompatibility............................................................................................................. 331\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eTiming....................................................................................................................... 331\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eGrafting Methods...................................................................................................... 331\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eRootstocks................................................................................................................. 331\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eScion Wood............................................................................................................... 332\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eSystems...................................................................................................................... 332\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003ePhysiological and Environmental Factors................................................................. 332\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eTop-Worked Patio Plants........................................................................................... 332\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eGrowing on................................................................................................................ 333\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eChapter 31 Cercis (Caesalpiniaceae) – Redbud, Judas Tree........................................................ 335\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eIntroduction............................................................................................................... 335\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eCompatibility............................................................................................................. 335\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eTiming....................................................................................................................... 335\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eGrafting Methods...................................................................................................... 336\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eRootstocks................................................................................................................. 337\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eScion Wood............................................................................................................... 337\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eSystems...................................................................................................................... 337\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003ePhysiological and Environmental Factors................................................................. 338\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eGrowing on................................................................................................................ 338\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eChapter 32 Chamaecyparis Including Xanthocyparis (Callitropsis) (Cupressaceae).................. 341\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eIntroduction............................................................................................................... 341\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eCompatibility............................................................................................................. 341\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eTiming....................................................................................................................... 342\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eGrafting Methods...................................................................................................... 342\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eRootstocks................................................................................................................. 342\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eScion Wood...............................................................................................................344\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eSystems......................................................................................................................344\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003ePhysiological and Environmental Factors.................................................................344\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eTop-Worked Patio Plants...........................................................................................344\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eGrowing on................................................................................................................344\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eChapter 33 Cornus (Cornaceae) – Dogwoods, Cornels............................................................... 345\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eIntroduction............................................................................................................... 345\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eCompatibility............................................................................................................. 345\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eTiming.......................................................................................................................346\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eGrafting Methods......................................................................................................346\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eRootstocks................................................................................................................. 347\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eScion Wood............................................................................................................... 347\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eSystems...................................................................................................................... 350\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003ePhysiological and Environmental Factors................................................................. 350\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003ePerformance Comparisons........................................................................................ 350\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eGrowing on................................................................................................................ 350\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eChapter 34 Corylus (Betulaceae) – Hazel.................................................................................... 351\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eIntroduction............................................................................................................... 351\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eCompatibility............................................................................................................. 351\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eTiming....................................................................................................................... 352\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eGrafting Methods...................................................................................................... 352\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eRootstocks................................................................................................................. 352\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eScion Wood............................................................................................................... 352\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eSystems...................................................................................................................... 352\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003ePhysiological and Environmental Factors................................................................. 353\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eGrowing on................................................................................................................ 353\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eChapter 35 Cupressus (Cupressaceae) – Cypress........................................................................ 355\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eIntroduction............................................................................................................... 355\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eCompatibility............................................................................................................. 355\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eTiming....................................................................................................................... 355\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eGrafting Methods...................................................................................................... 355\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eRootstocks................................................................................................................. 355\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eScion wood................................................................................................................ 356\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eSystems...................................................................................................................... 356\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003ePhysiological and Environmental Factors................................................................. 356\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eGrowing on................................................................................................................ 356\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eChapter 36 Daphne (Thymelaeaceae).......................................................................................... 357\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eIntroduction............................................................................................................... 357\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eCompatibility ............................................................................................................ 357\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eTiming....................................................................................................................... 357\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eContents \u003cb\u003exxi\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eGrafting Methods...................................................................................................... 357\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eRootstocks................................................................................................................. 358\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eScion Wood...............................................................................................................360\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eSystems......................................................................................................................360\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003ePhysiological and Environmental Factors................................................................. 361\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eGrowing on................................................................................................................ 361\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eChapter 37 Fagus (Fagaceae) – Beech......................................................................................... 363\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eIntroduction............................................................................................................... 363\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eCompatibility............................................................................................................. 363\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eTiming....................................................................................................................... 363\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eGrafting Methods......................................................................................................364\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eRootstocks ................................................................................................................364\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eScion Wood...............................................................................................................364\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eSystems......................................................................................................................365\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003ePhysiological and Environmental Factors.................................................................365\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eTop-Worked Trees.....................................................................................................365\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eGrowing on ...............................................................................................................366\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eChapter 38 Hamamelis (Hamamelidaceae) – Witch Hazel......................................................... 367\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eIntroduction............................................................................................................... 367\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eCompatibility............................................................................................................. 367\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eTiming.......................................................................................................................368\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eGrafting Methods......................................................................................................368\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eRootstocks.................................................................................................................368\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eScion Wood...............................................................................................................369\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eSystems...................................................................................................................... 370\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003ePhysiological and Environmental Factors................................................................. 371\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eGrowing on................................................................................................................ 371\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eChapter 39 Juglans (Juglandaceae) – Walnuts............................................................................. 373\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eIntroduction............................................................................................................... 373\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eCompatibility............................................................................................................. 373\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eTiming....................................................................................................................... 374\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eGrafting Methods...................................................................................................... 374\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eRootstocks................................................................................................................. 375\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eRootstock Propagation.......................................................................................... 376\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eBlackline Disease................................................................................................. 378\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eScion Wood............................................................................................................... 378\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eSystems...................................................................................................................... 379\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eWarm Callusing.................................................................................................... 379\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eWarm Callusing – Enclosed Conditions.......................................................... 379\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eWarm Callusing – Callusing Boxes................................................................. 379\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eRoot Grafting........................................................................................................380\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eHot-Pipe................................................................................................................ 381\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003ePhysiological and Environmental Factors................................................................. 381\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eGrowing on................................................................................................................ 383\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eChapter 40 Juniperus (Cupressaceae) – Juniper.......................................................................... 385\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eIntroduction............................................................................................................... 385\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eCompatibility............................................................................................................. 385\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eTiming.......................................................................................................................386\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eGrafting Methods......................................................................................................386\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eRootstocks................................................................................................................. 387\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eScion Wood...............................................................................................................388\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eSystems...................................................................................................................... 388\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003ePhysiological and Environmental Factors................................................................. 389\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003ePerformance Comparisons........................................................................................390\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eGrowing on................................................................................................................390\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eChapter 41 Magnolia (Magnoliaceae).......................................................................................... 391\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eIntroduction............................................................................................................... 391\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eCompatibility............................................................................................................. 391\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eTiming....................................................................................................................... 393\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eGrafting Methods...................................................................................................... 394\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eRootstocks................................................................................................................. 395\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eChoice of Alternatives.......................................................................................... 395\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eSeed-Raised Rootstocks....................................................................................... 396\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eCuttings Raised Rootstocks.................................................................................. 398\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eConclusions on Rootstocks...................................................................................399\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eScion Wood............................................................................................................... 401\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eSystems......................................................................................................................403\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003ePhysiological and Environmental Factors.................................................................404\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eGrowing on................................................................................................................404\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003ePerformance Comparisons........................................................................................405\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eChapter 42 Malus (Rosaceae) – Flowering Crabs and Orchard Apples......................................407\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eIntroduction...............................................................................................................407\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eCompatibility.............................................................................................................407\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eFlowering Crabs...................................................................................................407\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eTiming.......................................................................................................................408\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eGrafting Methods......................................................................................................408\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eRootstocks.................................................................................................................409\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eOrnamental Crabs................................................................................................409\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eOrchard Apples.....................................................................................................409\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eDouble-Working.............................................................................................. 410\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eScion Wood............................................................................................................... 410\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eSystems...................................................................................................................... 413\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003ePhysiological and Environmental Factors................................................................. 413\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eTop-Worked Trees..................................................................................................... 413\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eGrowing on................................................................................................................ 413\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eChapter 43 Paeonia (Paeoniaceae) – Tree Paeony....................................................................... 415\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eIntroduction............................................................................................................... 415\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eCompatibility............................................................................................................. 415\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eTiming....................................................................................................................... 415\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eGrafting Methods...................................................................................................... 415\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eRootstocks................................................................................................................. 416\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eScion Wood............................................................................................................... 417\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eSystems...................................................................................................................... 417\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003ePhysiological and Environmental Factors................................................................. 419\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eGrowing on................................................................................................................ 419\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eChapter 44 Picea (Pinaceae) – Spruce......................................................................................... 421\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eIntroduction............................................................................................................... 421\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eCompatibility............................................................................................................. 421\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eTiming....................................................................................................................... 421\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eGrafting Methods...................................................................................................... 422\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eRootstocks................................................................................................................. 423\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eScion Wood...............................................................................................................424\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eSystems...................................................................................................................... 425\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003ePhysiological and Environmental Factors................................................................. 426\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eTop-Worked Plants.................................................................................................... 428\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eGrowing on................................................................................................................ 429\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eChapter 45 Pinus (Pinaceae) – Pines........................................................................................... 431\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eIntroduction............................................................................................................... 431\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eCompatibility............................................................................................................. 431\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eTiming....................................................................................................................... 433\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eGrafting Methods...................................................................................................... 433\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eRootstocks................................................................................................................. 434\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eScion Wood............................................................................................................... 434\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eSystems...................................................................................................................... 435\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003ePhysiological and Environmental Factors................................................................. 437\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003ePerformance Comparisons........................................................................................ 437\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eTop-Worked Plants.................................................................................................... 438\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eGrowing on................................................................................................................ 438\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eChapter 46 Prunus (Rosaceae) – Ornamental Prunus................................................................. 439\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eIntroduction............................................................................................................... 439\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eCompatibility............................................................................................................. 439\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eTiming.......................................................................................................................442\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eGrafting Methods......................................................................................................442\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eRootstocks.................................................................................................................442\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eScion Wood...............................................................................................................443\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eSystems......................................................................................................................443\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003ePhysiological and Environmental Factors.................................................................444\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eTop-Worked Plants....................................................................................................444\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eGrowing on................................................................................................................444\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eChapter 47 Prunus (Rosaceae) – Almonds and Stone Fruits.......................................................445\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eIntroduction...............................................................................................................445\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eCompatibility.............................................................................................................445\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eTiming.......................................................................................................................445\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eGrafting Methods......................................................................................................445\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eRootstocks.................................................................................................................445\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eAlmonds...............................................................................................................446\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eApricots................................................................................................................446\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003ePeaches and Nectarines........................................................................................446\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003ePlums.................................................................................................................... 450\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eApriums and Pluots.............................................................................................. 450\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eSweet and Sour Cherries...................................................................................... 450\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eScion Wood............................................................................................................... 452\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eSystems...................................................................................................................... 452\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003ePhysiological and Environmental Factors................................................................. 452\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eChapter 48 Pyrus (Rosaceae) – Ornamental and Fruiting Pears................................................. 453\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eIntroduction............................................................................................................... 453\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eCompatibility............................................................................................................. 453\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eOrnamental Pears................................................................................................. 453\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eFruiting Pears....................................................................................................... 454\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eTiming....................................................................................................................... 455\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eGrafting Methods...................................................................................................... 456\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eRootstocks for Fruiting Pears.................................................................................... 456\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eScion Wood............................................................................................................... 457\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eSystems...................................................................................................................... 457\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003ePhysiological and Environmental Factors................................................................. 457\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eTop-Worked Plants.................................................................................................... 457\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eGrowing on................................................................................................................ 457\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eChapter 49 Quercus (Fagaceae) – Oaks....................................................................................... 459\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eIntroduction............................................................................................................... 459\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eCompatibility............................................................................................................. 459\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eFurther Discussion on Compatibility...................................................................460\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eSubgenus Cyclobalanopsis...............................................................................460\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eSubgenus Quercus: Section Cerris...................................................................462\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eSubgenus Quercus: Sections Mesobalanus and Quercus.................................462\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eSubgenus Quercus: Section Protobalanus........................................................463\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eSubgenus Quercus: Section Lobatae................................................................463\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eInter-Sectional Combinations – Potential Inter-Stems....................................463\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eEffects of Particular Combinations.................................................................464\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eTiming.......................................................................................................................464\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eGrafting Methods......................................................................................................464\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eRootstocks.................................................................................................................466\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003ePot and Plug Grown Rootstocks...........................................................................466\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eBare-Root Rootstocks...........................................................................................467\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eRoot Grafts...........................................................................................................467\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eScion Wood...............................................................................................................467\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eSystems......................................................................................................................468\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eWarm Callusing....................................................................................................468\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eHot-Pipe................................................................................................................469\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eRoot Grafting........................................................................................................469\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eNurse-Seed Grafting............................................................................................469\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003ePhysiological and Environmental Factors................................................................. 470\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003ePerformance Comparisons........................................................................................ 470\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eGrowing on................................................................................................................ 470\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eChapter 50 Rhododendron (Ericaceae)........................................................................................ 471\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eIntroduction............................................................................................................... 471\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eCompatibility............................................................................................................. 471\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eTiming....................................................................................................................... 473\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eGrafting Methods...................................................................................................... 473\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eRootstocks................................................................................................................. 475\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eRootstock Selection.............................................................................................. 475\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eRootstocks for Large Leaved Types..................................................................... 476\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eRootstock Stem..................................................................................................... 477\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003ePot Grown versus Bare-root................................................................................. 478\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eRaising Clonal Rootstocks................................................................................... 478\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eSpecifications........................................................................................................ 479\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eScion Wood............................................................................................................... 479\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eSystems...................................................................................................................... 481\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eManagement of Rootstock – Heading-back.........................................................482\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eSummer Grafting..................................................................................................482\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eCuttings-Grafts.....................................................................................................483\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eModified Cuttings-Grafts.....................................................................................485\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003ePhysiological and Environmental Factors.................................................................486\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eTop-Worked Plants....................................................................................................488\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eGrowing on................................................................................................................488\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eChapter 51 Sorbus (Rosaceae) – Mountain Ash, Whitebeam.....................................................489\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eIntroduction...............................................................................................................489\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eCompatibility.............................................................................................................489\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eTiming....................................................................................................................... 491\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eGrafting Methods......................................................................................................492\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eRootstocks.................................................................................................................492\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eScion Wood...............................................................................................................492\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eSystems......................................................................................................................492\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003ePhysiological and Environmental Factors.................................................................492\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eGrowing On...............................................................................................................492\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eChapter 52 Syringa (Oleaceae) – Lilac, French Lilac.................................................................. 493\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eIntroduction............................................................................................................... 493\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eCompatibility............................................................................................................. 493\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eTiming.......................................................................................................................494\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eGrafting Methods......................................................................................................494\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eRootstocks................................................................................................................. 495\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eScion Wood...............................................................................................................496\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eSystems......................................................................................................................496\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eField Planting........................................................................................................497\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003ePotting Up\/On.......................................................................................................497\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eSummer Grafting..................................................................................................497\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eCuttings-Grafts.....................................................................................................497\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003ePhysiological and Environmental Factors................................................................. 498\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eTop-Worked Plants.................................................................................................... 498\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eGrowing On............................................................................................................... 498\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eChapter 53 Tilia (Malvaceae) – Lime-trees, Lindens, Basswoods..............................................499\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eIntroduction...............................................................................................................499\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eCompatibility.............................................................................................................499\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eTiming.......................................................................................................................500\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eGrafting Methods......................................................................................................500\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eRootstocks.................................................................................................................502\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eScion Wood...............................................................................................................503\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eSystems......................................................................................................................503\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003ePhysiological and Environmental Factors.................................................................504\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eGrowing On...............................................................................................................504\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eChapter 54 Viburnum (Adoxaceae).............................................................................................505\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eIntroduction...............................................................................................................505\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eCompatibility.............................................................................................................505\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eTiming.......................................................................................................................506\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eGrafting Methods......................................................................................................507\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eRootstocks.................................................................................................................507\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eScion Wood...............................................................................................................508\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eSystems......................................................................................................................508\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003ePhysiological and Environmental Factors.................................................................508\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eTop-Worked Plants....................................................................................................508\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eGrowing On...............................................................................................................509\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eChapter 55 Vitis (Vitaceae) – Vines, Grapevines........................................................................ 511\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eIntroduction............................................................................................................... 511\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eCompatibility............................................................................................................. 511\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eTiming....................................................................................................................... 511\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eGrafting Methods...................................................................................................... 511\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eRootstocks................................................................................................................. 512\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eScion Wood............................................................................................................... 513\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eSystems...................................................................................................................... 513\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003ePhysiological and Environmental Factors................................................................. 515\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eGrowing On............................................................................................................... 516\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003ePART EIGHT Genera Grafting Guide Tables\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eChapter 56 Grafting Table List.................................................................................................... 519\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eIntroduction............................................................................................................... 519\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eAPPENDICES\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eAppendix A: List of Families and Genera Field Grafted.......................................................... 557\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eAppendix B: List of Families Bench Grafted and with Potential to Graft.............................. 559\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eAppendix C: Practice Holders..................................................................................................... 561\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eAppendix D: Outputs for Bench Grafting.................................................................................. 563\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eAppendix E: Knife Types Other than Tina................................................................................565\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eAppendix F: Knife Sharpening – Cutting Edge Grind Types.................................................. 567\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eAppendix G: Types of Sharpening Stones.................................................................................. 569\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eAppendix H: Honing - Strops and Honing Machines - Corrosion Prevention....................... 571\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eAppendix I: Sharpening Aids...................................................................................................... 573\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eAppendix J: Knife Sharpening Machines.................................................................................. 575\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eAppendix K: Grafting Machines and Grafting Tools............................................................... 577\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eAppendix L: Workstations: Integral, Static and Mobile.......................................................... 581\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eAppendix M: Grafting Bench Design and Construction.......................................................... 583\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eAppendix N: Seat Design.............................................................................................................. 585\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eAppendix O: Lighting Levels for Grafting Benches.................................................................. 587\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eAppendix P: Effect of Fungicides on Graft Success.................................................................. 589\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eAppendix Q: Design and Construction of Free-Standing, Walk-In Grafting Polytunnels......... 591\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eAppendix R: Hot-Pipe Solid Cover Heating Chamber Dimensions......................................... 593\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eAppendix S: ‘Economy’ Hot-Pipe Design................................................................................... 595\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eBibliography.................................................................................................................................. 597\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003ePlant Index..................................................................................................................................... 611\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eIndex............................................................................................................................................... 629\u003c\/p\u003e","brand":"Taylor \u0026 Francis Ltd","offers":[{"title":"Default Title","offer_id":48866430878039,"sku":"9781138046221","price":81.99,"currency_code":"GBP","in_stock":true}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0817\/1739\/5799\/files\/9781138046221.jpg?v=1722278612","url":"https:\/\/bookcurl.com\/products\/the-bench-grafters-handbook-9781138046221","provider":"Book Curl","version":"1.0","type":"link"}