{"product_id":"the-autopoiesis-of-architecture-volume-ii-9780470666166","title":"The Autopoiesis of Architecture Volume II","description":"\u003cb\u003eBook Synopsis\u003c\/b\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003cp\u003eThis is the second part of a major theoretical work by Patrik Schumacher, which outlines how the discipline of architecture should be understood as its own distinct \u003ci\u003esystem of communication\u003c\/i\u003e. \u003ci\u003eAutopoeisis\u003c\/i\u003e comes from the Greek and means literally self-production; it was first adopted in biology in the 1970s to describe the essential characteristics of life as a circular self-organizing system and has since been transposed into a theory of social systems. This new approach offers architecture an arsenal of general comparative concepts. It allows architecture to be understood as a distinct discipline, which can be analyzed in elaborate detail while at the same time offering insightful comparisons with other subject areas, such as art, science and political discourse. On the basis of such comparisons the book insists on the necessity of disciplinary autonomy and argues for a sharp demarcation of design from both art and engineering. Schumacher accordingly argues controversial\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003cb\u003eTable of Contents\u003c\/b\u003e\u003cbr\u003eIntroduction to Volume 2 1 \u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e6\u003c\/b\u003e. \u003cb\u003eThe Task of Architecture 5\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.1 Functions 7\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.1.1 Functions versus Capacities 11\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.1.2 Substantial versus Subsidiary Functions 17\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.1.3 Tectonics 19\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.1.4 The Categorization of Function-types 22\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.1.5 Problem-types (Function-types) vs Solution-types (Archetypes) 24\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.1.6 Patterns of Decomposition\/Composition 30\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.1.7 Functional Reasoning via Action-artefact Networks 32\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.1.8 Limitations of Functional Expertise 39\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.2 Order via Organization and Articulation 42\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.2.1 Organization and Articulation: Historical and Systematic 47\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.2.2 Architectural Order 52\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.2.3 A Definition of Organization for Contemporary Architecture 57\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.2.4 Complicated, Complex, Organized, Ordered 61\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.3 Organization 70\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.3.1 Relating Spatial to Social Organization 72\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.3.2 Territorialization and Integration 77\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.3.3 Systems, Configurations, Organizations 80\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.4 Supplementing Architecture with a Science of Configuration 88\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.4.1 Set Theory 88\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.4.2 Harnessing Network Theory 93\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.4.3 Excursion: Network Theory 99\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.4.4 A City is not a Tree 106\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.4.5 Space Syntax: Concepts and Tools of Analysis 112\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.4.6 Space Syntax: Theoretical Claims 125\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.4.7 From Organization to Articulation: Taking Account of Cognition 131\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.5 Articulation 134\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.5.1 Articulation vs Organization 134\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.5.2 The Problem of Orientation and the Problematic of Legibility 137\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.5.3 Articulate vs Inarticulate Organization 138\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.5.4 Articulation as the Core Competency of Architecture 139\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.5.5 Generalizing the Concept of Function 140\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.6 The Phenomenological vs the Semiological Dimension of Architecture 142\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.7 The Phenomenological Dimension of Architectural Articulation 145\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.7.1 The Perceptual Constitution of Objects and Spaces 147\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.7.2 Cognitive Principles of Gestalt-Perception 153\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.7.3 Parametric Figuration 165\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.8 The Semiological Dimension of Architectural Articulation 167\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.8.1 The Built Works of Architecture as Framing Communications 171\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.8.2 Analogy: Language and Built Environment as Media of Communication 176\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.8.3 Signs as Communications 181\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.8.4 Territory as Fundamental Semiological Unit 183\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.8.5 Saussure’s Insight: Language as System of Correlated Differences 189\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.8.6 Extra-Semiological Demands on Architecture’s Medial Substrate 193\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.8.7 Syntagmatic vs Paradigmatic Relations 196\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.9 Prolegomenon to Architecture’s Semiological Project 200\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.9.1 The Scope of Architecture’s Signified 201\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.9.2 The Composite Character of the Architectural Sign 206\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.9.3 Absolute and Relative Arbitrariness 210\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.9.4 Natural and Artificial Semiosis 215\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.9.5 Designing Architecture’s Semiological Project 222\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.9.6 Cognitive and Attentional Conditions of Architectural Communication 229\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.9.7 Speculation: Expanding the Expressive Power of Architectural Sign Systems 232\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.10 The Semiological Project and the General Project of Architectural Order 238\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.10.1 The Semiological Project in Relation to the Organizational and the Phenomenological Project 239\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.10.2 Relationship between Architectural Languages and Architectural Styles 244\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.10.3 The Requisite Variety of Architectural Articulation 246\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e7\u003c\/b\u003e. \u003cb\u003eThe Design Process 251\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.1 Contemporary Context and Aim of Design Process Theory 254\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.2 Towards a Contemporary Design Process Reflection and Design Methodology 257\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.2.1 Method vs Process 258\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.3 The Design Process as Problem-solving Process 263\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.3.1 The Design Process as Information-processing Process 264\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.3.2 The Structure of Information-processing Systems 269\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.3.3 Programmes 272\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.3.4 The Task Environment and its Representation as Problem Space 277\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.3.5 Problem Solving as Search in a State Space 284\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.3.6 Planning Spaces 295\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.3.7 Heuristic versus Exhaustive Problem-solving Methods 298\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.4 Differentiating Classical, Modern and Contemporary Processes 311\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.5 Problem Definition and Problem Structure 318\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.5.1 Wicked Problems 319\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.5.2 The Structure of Ill-structured Problems 323\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.5.3 An Information-processing Model for Information-rich Design Processes 332\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.6 Rationality: Retrospective and Prospective 337\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.6.1 Rational in Retrospect: Observing Innovative Design Practice 341\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.6.2 Prospective Rationality 355\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.6.3 Processing the Three Task Dimensions of Architecture 358\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.7 Modelling Spaces 361\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e8\u003c\/b\u003e. \u003cb\u003eArchitecture and Society 379\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.1 World Architecture within World Society 382\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.2 Autonomy vs Authority 385\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.3 Architecture’s Conception of Society 390\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.3.1 The Crisis of Modernism’s Conception of Society 394\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.3.2 Social Systems Theory and the Theory of Architectural Autopoiesis 396\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.4 Architecture in Relation to other Societal Subsystems 398\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.4.1 Architecture In Relation to the Economic System 401\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.4.2 The Economy and the Design-Principle of Economy of Means 402\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.4.3 Economic Conditions of Architectural Discourse 406\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.4.4 Architecture and Education 407\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.5 Architecture as Profession and Professional Career 410\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.5.1 Authorship, Reputation, Oeuvre 411\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.5.2 Centre-periphery Differentiation within Architecture 414\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.5.3 The Absorption of Uncertainty 418\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.5.4 The Architectural Design Studio as Organization 420\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.6 The Built Environment as Primordial Condition of Society 422\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.6.1 The Built Environment As Indispensable Substrate of Social Evolution 423\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.6.2 From Spatial Order to Conceptual Order 426\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.6.3 Beauty and the Evolution of Concepts of Order 434\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e9\u003c\/b\u003e. \u003cb\u003eArchitecture and Politics 439\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.1 Is Political Architecture Possible? 440\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.1.1 Political Vacuum 441\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.1.2 Normal vs Revolutionary Politics 445\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.2 Theorizing the Relationship between Architecture and Politics 448\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.2.1 The Incommensurability of Architecture and Politics 448\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.2.2 Architecture Responds to Political Agendas – Three Scenarios 450\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.2.3 Service Provisions Between Architecture and Politics 453\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.3 Architecture Adapts to Political Development 459\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.3.1 Modern Architecture Calls on Politics 461\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.3.2 The ABC Group: Political Agitation Within Architecture 462\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.3.3 The Vicissitudes of Political Polarization 466\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.4 The Limitations of Critical Practice in Architecture 470\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.4.1 General Political Critique and Macro-political Ambitions 470\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.4.2 Architecture’s ‘Micro-Political’ Agency: Manipulating Non-political Power 472\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.4.3 Who Controls the Power-distributing Capacity of Design? 474\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.4.4 Public Competitions As Structural Coupling between Architecture and Politics 477\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e10\u003c\/b\u003e. \u003cb\u003eThe Self-descriptions of Architecture 484\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.1 Theoretical Underpinnings 485\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.1.1 Reference as Self-reference 489\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.1.2 Levels of Self-reference 490\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.2 The Necessity of Reflection: Architectural Theory as Reflection Theory 496\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.2.1 Continuity vs Consistency 501\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.2.2 Categorical vs Variable Structures of Communication 504\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.3 Classic Treatises 509\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.3.1 Alberti’s \u003ci\u003eDe re aedificatoria\u003c\/i\u003e 511\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.3.2 Durand’s \u003ci\u003ePrécis des lecçns d’architecture\u003c\/i\u003e 543\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.3.3 Le Corbusier’s \u003ci\u003eVers une architecture\u003c\/i\u003e 568\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.3.4 \u003ci\u003eThe Autopoiesis of Architecture\u003c\/i\u003e 592\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.4 Architectural Historiography 606\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.4.1 History of Architecture’s Autonomization and Internal Structuration 608\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.4.2 History of Architectural Styles as Responses to Epochal Shifts in the Societal Environment 610\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.5 Architectural Criticism 615\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e11\u003c\/b\u003e. \u003cb\u003eParametricism – The Parametric Paradigm and the Formation of a New Style 617\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.1 Parametricism as Epochal Style 622\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.1.1 Historiographical Sketch: The Epochal Alignment of Styles 627\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.1.2 A Unified Style for the 21st Century 642\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.1.3 The Maturity of Parametricism 646\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.1.4 Polarized Confrontation: Parametricism versus Minimalism 648\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.1.5 Styles as Design Research Programmes 651\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.2 The Parametricist Research Programme 654\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.2.1 Conceptual Definition of Parametricism 654\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.2.2 Operational Definition of Parametricism: The Defining Heuristics of Parametricism 656\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.2.3 Genealogy of the Parametricist Heuristics 660\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.2.4 Analogies: Emulating Natural Systems 663\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.2.5 Agendas Advancing Parametricism 669\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.2.6 The Agenda of Ecological Sustainability 676\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.3 Parametricist vs Modernist Urbanism 680\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.3.1 Simple Order, Disorder, Complex Order 681\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.3.2 Implementing Parametricist Urbanism 686\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.4 Elegance 700\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e12\u003c\/b\u003e. \u003cb\u003eEpilogue – The Design of a Theory 710\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.1 Theoretical Foundation: Communication Theory vs Historical Materialism? 714\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.2 The Theory of Architectural Autopoiesis as Unified Theory of Architecture 719\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.3 Notes on the Architecture of the Theory 722\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.4 The Theory as the Result of Contingent Theory Design Decisions 726\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eConcluding Remarks 735\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAppendix 3: \u003ci\u003eThe Autopoiesis of Architecture in the Context of Three Classic Texts\u003c\/i\u003e 737\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAppendix 4: Theses 25–60 742\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 748\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIndex 759\u003c\/p\u003e","brand":"John Wiley \u0026 Sons Inc","offers":[{"title":"Default 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