{"product_id":"taphonomy-of-human-remains-9781118953327","title":"Taphonomy of Human Remains","description":"\u003cb\u003eBook Synopsis\u003c\/b\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003cp\u003eA truly interdisciplinary approach to this core subject within Forensic Science\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cul\u003e \u003cli\u003eCombines essential theory with practical crime scene work\u003c\/li\u003e \u003cli\u003eIncludes case studies\u003c\/li\u003e \u003cli\u003eApplicable to all time periods so has relevance for conventional archaeology, prehistory and anthropology\u003c\/li\u003e \u003cli\u003eCombines points of view from both established practitioners and young researchers to ensure relevance\u003c\/li\u003e \u003c\/ul\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003cb\u003eTable of Contents\u003c\/b\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003cp\u003eList of Contributors xix\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eNotes on Contributors xxvii\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eForeword xxix\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAcknowledgements xxxi\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eIntroduction 1\u003c\/b\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003ci\u003eEline M.J. Schotsmans, Nicholas Márquez-Grant and Shari L. Forbes\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eI.1 Efremov: from Taphonomy to Science Fiction 1\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eI.2 The Meaning of Taphonomy 2\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eI.3 The Rationale Behind this Volume 3\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eI.4 Challenges in Forensic Taphonomy 4\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eI.5 Organisation of the Volume 6\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 7\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003ePart I General Post-Mortem Processes: Degradation of Soft Tissue, Bone and Associated Materials 9\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e1 Gross Post-Mortem Changes in the Human Body 11\u003c\/b\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003ci\u003eStuart J. Hamilton and Michael A. Green\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.1 Introduction 11\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.2 The Immediate Post-Mortem Period 11\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.3 Subsequent Weeks 16\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.4 Other Post-Mortem Modifications 16\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.5 Skeletonisation 22\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.6 Conclusion and Future Research 22\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 23\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eCited court cases 25\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e2 Microscopic Post-Mortem Changes: the Chemistry of Decomposition 26\u003c\/b\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003ci\u003eShari L. Forbes, Katelynn A. Perrault and Jenna L. Comstock\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.1 Introduction 26\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.2 Autolysis 27\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.3 Putrefaction 27\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.4 Factors Affecting Autolysis and Putrefaction 31\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.5 Impact of the Decomposition Process on the Surrounding Environment 32\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.6 Conclusion 35\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 35\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e3 Profiling Volatile Organic Compounds of Decomposition 39\u003c\/b\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003ci\u003ePierre-Hugues Stefanuto, Elien Rosier, Jan Tytgat, Jean-François Focant and Eva Cuypers\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.1 Introduction 39\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.2 Matrices and Sampling Methods 40\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.3 Results and Discussion 46\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.4 Conclusion and Future Research 49\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 50\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e4 Blood Degradation and Bloodstain Age Estimation 53\u003c\/b\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003ci\u003eGerda J. Edelman and Maurice C.G. Aalders\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.1 Introduction: Forensic relevance of bloodstains 53\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.2 Blood Degradation 54\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.3 Mechanical and Morphological Changes 55\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.4 Optical Methods 55\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.5 Practical Implementation 59\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.6 Crime Scene Challenges of Bloodstain Age Estimation 60\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.7 Conclusion 62\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 62\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e5 DNA Degradation: Current Knowledge and Progress in DNA Analysis 65\u003c\/b\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003ci\u003eClaudio Ottoni, Bram Bekaert and Ronny Decorte\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.1 Introduction 65\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.2 Mechanisms of DNA Degradation 65\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.3 Preservation of DNA: Recommendations Concerning Sampling and Storage 68\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.4 Methodologies to Analyse Degraded DNA 70\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.5 Future Prospects 74\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.6 Conclusion 75\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 75\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e6 Taphonomic Alterations to Hair and Nail 81\u003c\/b\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003ci\u003eAndrew S. Wilson\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.1 Introduction 81\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.2 Structure of Hair and Nail 82\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.3 Changes to Hair and Nail 83\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.4 Processing and Storage of Hair 87\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.5 Conclusion 87\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAcknowledgements 88\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 88\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e7 Taphonomy of Teeth 92\u003c\/b\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003ci\u003eChristopher W. Schmidt, Robin Quataert, Fatma Zalzala and Ruggero D’Anastasio\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.1 Introduction 92\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.2 Mechanical Damage: Forensic Case Study 93\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.3 Effects of Thermal Damage 94\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.4 Thermal Damage: Archaeological Case Study 95\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.5 Caveats 97\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.6 Conclusion 98\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 98\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e8 The Taphonomy of Natural Mummies 101\u003c\/b\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003ci\u003eDario Piombino-Mascali, Heather Gill-Frerking and Ronald G. Beckett\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.1 Introduction 101\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.2 Post-Mortem Decay 102\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.3 Natural or Spontaneous Mummification 102\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.4 Soft Tissue Changes 103\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.5 Environment, Culture or Both? 104\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.6 Dry Environments 104\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.7 Bog Environments 109\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.8 Cold Environments 110\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.9 Anaerobic Environments 112\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.10 Differential Decomposition 113\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.11 Post-Depositional Factors and Taphonomic Impact 114\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.12 Conclusion 116\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 116\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e9 Degradation of Clothing in Depositional Environments 120\u003c\/b\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003ci\u003eBarbara H. Stuart and Maiken Ueland\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.1 Introduction 120\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.2 The Structures and Properties of Clothing Materials 120\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.3 Decomposition Mechanisms of Clothing Materials in Depositional Environments 124\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.4 The Influence of Clothing on the Decomposition Processes 127\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.5 Forensic and Archaeological Studies of Clothing Degradation 128\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.6 Protocols for Forensic and Archaeological Clothing Collection and Analysis 130\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.7 Conclusion and Future Research 131\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 131\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e10 Post-Mortem Interval Estimation: an Overview of Techniques 134\u003c\/b\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003ci\u003eTal Simmons\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.1 Introduction 134\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.2 Why Estimating the PMI is Important 134\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.3 Scientific Method versus Anecdote in PMI Estimation 135\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.4 Methods for Estimating PMI 137\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.5 Case Example 139\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.6 Conclusion and Future Research 140\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 141\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003ePart II The Depositional Environment 143\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e11 Relationships between Human Remains, Graves and the Depositional Environment 145\u003c\/b\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003ci\u003eEmily N. Junkins and David O. Carter\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.1 Introduction 145\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.2 The Taphonomy of Buried Human Remains 145\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.3 Factors that Influence Decomposition: Environmental and Intrinsic Variables 146\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.4 Decomposition Processes: Autolysis, Putrefaction and Decay 149\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.5 The Forensic Application of Taphonomy 150\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.6 Conclusion 151\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 152\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e12 Bacterial Symbionts and Taphonomic Agents of Humans 155\u003c\/b\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003ci\u003eFranklin E. Damann\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.1 Introduction 155\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.2 Bacterial Growth and Metabolism 156\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.3 Limiting Factors of Bacterial Growth and Function 156\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.4 Bacteria as Symbiotic Organisms 158\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.5 Bacteria as Taphonomic Agents 159\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.6 Putrefaction 159\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.7 Microbiology in Forensic Medicine 161\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.8 Conclusion 163\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 164\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e13 Forensic Entomology and Funerary Archaeoentomology 167\u003c\/b\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003ci\u003eStefano Vanin and Jean-Bernard Huchet\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.1 Introduction 167\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.2 Insects: Useful Information for Forensic Scientists and Archaeologists 168\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.3 Forensic Entomology and the Application of Insect Knowledge in Forensic Contexts 175\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.4 Insects Recovered from Graves or Associated with Human Remains in Archaeological Contexts 176\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.5 Body Alteration at the Crime Scene as a Result of Insect Activity 179\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.6 Bone Modifications due to Insect Activity 181\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.7 Conclusion 181\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAcknowledgements 182\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 182\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e14 Forensic Botany and Stomach Contents Analysis: Established Practice and Innovation 187\u003c\/b\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003ci\u003eJennifer Miller\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.1 Introduction 187\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.2 Forensic Applications of Botany 187\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.3 Conclusion 197\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 198\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e15 The Effects of Weathering on Bone Preservation 201\u003c\/b\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003ci\u003eSoren Blau\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.1 Introduction 201\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.2 A Brief History of Weathering Studies 201\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.3 Variables that Influence Weathering 202\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.4 The Value of Bone Weathering Analyses in Forensic Investigations 204\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.5 Conclusion 208\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAcknowledgements 208\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 208\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e16 The Effects of Terrestrial Mammalian Scavenging and Avian Scavenging on the Body 212\u003c\/b\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003ci\u003eAlexandria Young\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.1 Introduction 212\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.2 Terrestrial Mammalian Scavengers 213\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.3 Avian Scavengers 225\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.4 Applications to Crime Scene Investigation 226\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.5 Conclusion and Future Research 227\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 228\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e17 Decomposition in Aquatic Environments 235\u003c\/b\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003ci\u003eBarbara H. Stuart and Maiken Ueland\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.1 Introduction 235\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.2 Decomposition Processes in Aquatic Environments 236\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.3 Post-Mortem Submersion Interval 239\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.4 Factors Influencing Aquatic Decomposition Processes 240\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.5 Case Reports and Studies 244\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.6 Recovery Protocols 246\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.7 Conclusion and Future Research 247\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 247\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e18 Post-Mortem Differential Preservation and its Utility in Interpreting Forensic and Archaeological Mass Burials 251\u003c\/b\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003ci\u003eCaroline Barker, Esma Alicehajic and Javier Naranjo Santana\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e18.1 Introduction 251\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e18.2 Assessment of Taphonomic Change in Forensic and Archaeological Contexts 251\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e18.3 The Study of Taphonomy in Forensic and Archaeological Contexts 253\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e18.4 Taphonomic Assessment in Mass Burial Deposits 256\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e18.5 Taphonomic Processes and Differential Preservation in Mass Burials: Current Research and Application 258\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e18.6 Case Study 1: Differential Preservation of Human Remains and Artefacts in Archaeological Mass Graves of the Same PMI and its Utility to Establish Differences in Burial Environments over Time 262\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e18.7 Case Study 2: Differential Preservation of Human Remains in Forensic Mass Graves and its Use as an Evidentiary Tool 264\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e18.8 Conclusion and Future Research 266\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAcknowledgements 267\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 267\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e19 Reconstructing the Original Arrangement, Organisation and Architecture of Burials in Archaeology 277\u003c\/b\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003ci\u003eDominique Castex and Frédérique Blaizot\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e19.1 Introduction 277\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e19.2 The Reconstruction of Perishable Funerary Architecture and its Arrangement 278\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e19.3 Analysis of Several Individuals in the Same Pit 284\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e19.4 Conclusion 294\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAcknowledgements 294\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 295\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003ePart III Anti-, Peri- and Post-Mortem Modifications to the Body 297\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e20 Forensic Toxicology of Decomposed Human Remains 299\u003c\/b\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003ci\u003eRichard Lloyd and Julie Evans\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e20.1 Introduction 299\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e20.2 Toxicological Matrices 301\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e20.3 Case Study 307\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e20.4 Conclusion and Future Research 311\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 311\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e21 Thermal Alteration to the Body 318\u003c\/b\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003ci\u003eTim J.U. Thompson, David Gonçalves, Kirsty Squires and Priscilla Ulguim\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e21.1 Introduction 318\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e21.2 Soft Tissue Changes 318\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e21.3 Hard Tissue Changes 319\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e21.4 Conclusion and Future Research 328\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 329\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e22 Concealing the Crime: the Effects of Chemicals on Human Tissues 335\u003c\/b\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003ci\u003eEline M. J. Schotsmans and Wim Van de Voorde\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e22.1 Introduction 335\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e22.2 Corrosive Substances: Definitions and History 336\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e22.3 The Effect of Corrosive Substances on Human Tissues: Case Examples 337\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e22.4 Research on Corrosive Agents and Decomposition 341\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e22.5 Case Study: The Pandy Case 343\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e22.6 Conclusion 347\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAcknowledgements 347\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 348\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e23 Distinguishing between Peri- and Post-Mortem Trauma on Bone 352\u003c\/b\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003ci\u003eCristina Cattaneo and Annalisa Cappella\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e23.1 Introduction 352\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e23.2 Peri- and Post-Mortem Trauma 352\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e23.3 Alternative Solutions for Distinguishing Between Peri- and Post-Mortem Trauma on Bone 362\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e23.4 Conclusion 365\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 365\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e24 Collection Care and Management of Human Remains 369\u003c\/b\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003ci\u003eRebecca C. Redfern and Jelena J. Bekvalac\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e24.1 Introduction 369\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e24.2 Collection Origin and Deposition 369\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e24.3 Collection Management 371\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e24.4 Conclusion 378\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAcknowledgements 379\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 379\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003ePart IV Case Studies 385\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e25 The Use of Volatile Fatty Acid Biomarkers to Estimate the Post-Mortem Interval 387\u003c\/b\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003ci\u003eArpad A. Vass\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e25.1 Introduction 387\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e25.2 Methods and Collection 387\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e25.3 Conclusion 393\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 393\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e26 A Taphonomic Study Based on Observations of 196 Exhumations and 23 Clandestine Burials 394\u003cbr\u003e\u003c\/b\u003e\u003ci\u003eRoosje de Leeuwe and W.J. Mike Groen\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e26.1 Introduction 394\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e26.2 Background on the Exhumations Carried out by the NFI 394\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e26.3 Variables 395\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e26.4 Cemetery versus Clandestine Burials 400\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e26.5 Conclusion 401\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 401\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e27 Case Studies on Taphonomic Variation between Cemetery Burials 402\u003c\/b\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003ci\u003eKarl Harrison and Emily Cline\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e27.1 Introduction 402\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e27.2 Burial Taphonomy: Examples of Cemetery Burials 402\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e27.3 Conclusion 407\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 408\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e28 Forensic Entomology Case Studies from Mexico 410\u003c\/b\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003ci\u003eLeonardo R. Flores Pérez, Humberto Molina Chávez, Manuel Nava Hernández and Fray M. Pérez Villegas\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e28.1 Introduction 410\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e28.2 Case Study from Mexico City 410\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e28.3 Case Studies from Hidalgo State 414\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e28.4 Conclusion 417\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 417\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e29 Recovery of Skeletonised Human Remains and Textile Degradation: a Case Study 420\u003c\/b\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003ci\u003eRob C. Janaway and Nicholas Márquez-Grant\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e29.1 Introduction 420\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e29.2 Outdoor Recovery of Skeletonised Human Remains 420\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e29.3 Case Study 422\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e29.4 Conclusion 426\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAcknowledgements 428\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 428\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e30 Saponified Brains of the Spanish Civil War 429\u003c\/b\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003ci\u003eFernando Serrulla, Francisco Etxeberría, Lourdes Herrasti, José Luis Cascallana and Julio Del Olmo\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e30.1 Introduction: the Spanish Civil War (1936–1939) 429\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e30.2 Two Mass Graves 429\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e30.3 Methods and Materials 431\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e30.4 Results: Taphonomic Factors and Brain Analysis 431\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e30.5 Discussion and Conclusion 434\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAcknowledgements 436\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 436\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e31 Analysis and Interpretation of Burned Human Remains from a Homicide 438\u003c\/b\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003ci\u003eAnne Coulombeix and Yves Schuliar\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e31.1 Introduction 438\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e31.2 Background to the Case 438\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e31.3 Physical Evidence Recovered at the Crime Scene 439\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e31.4 Additional Experiments 440\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e31.5 Discussion 442\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e31.6 Conclusion 443\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAcknowledgements 443\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 443\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e32 A Soldier’s Story: Forensic Anthropology and Blast Injury 445\u003c\/b\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003ci\u003eMarie Christine Dussault, Martin Brown and Richard Osgood\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e32.1 Introduction 445\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e32.2 Background and Case History 445\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e32.3 Condition of the Remains and Inventory 446\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e32.4 Analysis Results 448\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e32.5 Discussion 449\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e32.6 Conclusion 451\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 451\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e33 Decomposition in an Unusual Environment: Body Sealed in Concrete 452\u003c\/b\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003ci\u003eMaria Cristina de Mendonça\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e33.1 Introduction 452\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e33.2 Case Report 452\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e33.3 Discussion and Conclusion 453\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e34 A Case Study from Los Angeles: Baby in Concrete 454\u003c\/b\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003ci\u003eChelsea Parham and Elissa Fleak\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e34.1 Introduction 454\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e34.2 Background to the Case 454\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e34.3 External Examination 455\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e34.4 Internal Examination 457\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e34.5 Discussion 458\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e34.6 Conclusion 459\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 459\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003ePart V Past, Present and Future Considerations 461\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e35 History and Development of the First Anthropology Research Facility, Knoxville, Tennessee 463\u003c\/b\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003ci\u003eGiovanna M. Vidoli, Dawnie W. Steadman, Joanne B. Devlin and Lee Meadows Jantz\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e35.1 Introduction 463\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e35.2 History of the ARF 463\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e35.3 Daily Operations of the FAC 465\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e35.4 Research at the ARF 468\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e35.5 Training Opportunities at the ARF 470\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e35.6 Conclusion 471\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 472\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e36 Crime Scene Investigation, Archaeology and Taphonomy: Reconstructing Activities at Crime Scenes 476\u003c\/b\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003ci\u003eW.J. Mike Groen and Charles E.H. Berger\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e36.1 Introduction 476\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e36.2 CSI Fundamentals 478\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e36.3 The Archaeological Paradigm 480\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e36.4 Assessing Archaeological Assemblages and Site Formation Processes 483\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e36.5 The CSI Practice, an Archaeological and Criminalistic Perspective 484\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e36.6 Conclusion 490\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAcknowledgements 491\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 491\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIndex 495\u003c\/p\u003e","brand":"John Wiley and Sons Ltd","offers":[{"title":"Default Title","offer_id":49406955094359,"sku":"9781118953327","price":89.06,"currency_code":"GBP","in_stock":true}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0817\/1739\/5799\/files\/9781118953327.jpg?v=1730497680","url":"https:\/\/bookcurl.com\/products\/taphonomy-of-human-remains-9781118953327","provider":"Book Curl","version":"1.0","type":"link"}