{"product_id":"sustainable-plastics-9781119882060","title":"Sustainable Plastics","description":"\u003cb\u003eBook Synopsis\u003c\/b\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003cb\u003eTable of Contents\u003c\/b\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003cp\u003eAcknowledgements xv\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e1 Introduction to Sustainability 1\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.1 Sustainability Definition 1\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.1.1 Societal Impacts of Sustainability 3\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.1.2 Economic Impacts of Sustainability 4\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.1.3 Environmental Impacts of Sustainability 5\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.2 Green Chemistry Definitions 6\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.3 Green Engineering Definitions 8\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.4 Sustainability Definitions for Manufacturing 9\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.5 Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) 11\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.6 Lean and Green Manufacturing 11\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.7 Summary 11\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 12\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e2 Environmental Issues 15\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.1 The Planet Is Warming 15\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.2 Melting of Glaciers 19\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.3 Rising Seas 21\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.4 Causes of Global Warming 23\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.4.1 Increased Greenhouse Gases 23\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.4.2 Sources of CO2eq Emissions 23\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.4.3 Anti-Warming Theory 28\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.5 Ocean Pollution and Marine Debris 28\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.5.1 Plastic Marine Debris 30\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.5.1.1 Persistent Organic Pollutants 33\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.5.2 Worldwide Coastal Cleanup 34\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.5.3 US Coastal Cleanup 41\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.6 Chemical Pollution from Plastics 42\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.7 Landfill Trash 43\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.8 Summary 49\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 50\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e3 Life Cycle Information 57\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.1 Life Cycle Assessment for Environmental Hazards 57\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.2 Life Cycle Assessment Definitions 58\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.2.1 LCA Step 1: Goal and Scope Development 58\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.2.2 LCA Step 2: LCI Development 59\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.2.3 LCA Step 3: LCA Development 60\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.2.4 LCA Step 4: Interpretation of Results 60\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.3 ISO 14040\/14044 Life Cycle Assessment Standards 61\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.4 Sensitivity Analysis 62\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.5 Minimal Acceptable Framework for Life Cycle Assessments 64\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.6 Life Cycle Inventory for Petroleum-Based Plastics 65\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.6.1 LCI for PET Pellets 65\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.6.2 LCA Sensitivity Analysis 67\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.6.3 LCA for PET, GPPS, HDPE, and PP Pellets 67\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.7 Life Cycle Assessment for Biobased Poly Lactic Acid 67\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.7.1 LCA Sensitivity Analysis 69\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.8 Summary 70\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eChapter 3 70\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eLCI for PLA 70\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eLCI for PLA 71\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eLCI for PLA 71\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 72\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e4 Bio-Based and Biodegradable Plastics 75\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.1 Bio-Based Plastics Definition 75\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.2 Bagasse 76\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.3 Polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHAs) 77\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.4 Polylactic Acid (PLA) 82\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.5 Thermoplastic Starch (TPS) 85\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.6 Petroleum-Based Compostable Polymers 88\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.6.1 Ecoflex 88\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.6.2 Poly-\u003cb\u003eϵ\u003c\/b\u003e-Caprolactone, (PCL) 89\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.6.3 Poly(Butylene Succinate) (PBS) 90\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 91\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eWebsites 92\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e5 Bio-Based and Recycled Petroleum-Based Plastics 95\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.1 Bio-Based Conventional Plastics 95\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.1.1 Bio-Based Polyethylene 98\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.1.1.1 Composition 98\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.1.1.2 Chemistry 98\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.1.1.3 Mechanical Properties 99\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.1.1.4 Life Cycle Assessment for Bio-Based Polyethylene 100\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.1.2 Bio-Based Polypropylene 101\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.1.2.1 Composition 101\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.1.2.2 Chemistry 101\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.1.2.3 Mechanical Properties 102\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.1.3 Bio-Based Ethylene Vinyl Acetate 103\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.1.4 Bio-Based Polyethylene Terephthalate 103\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.1.4.1 Composition 103\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.1.4.2 Chemistry 104\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.1.4.3 Mechanical Properties 104\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.1.4.4 LCA of Bio-Based PET 106\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.2 Recycled Petroleum-Based Plastics 106\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.2.1 Mechanical Recycling 108\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.2.1.1 Plastics Mechanical Recycling Process 109\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.2.2 California Plastics Recycling 111\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.2.3 Society of Plastics Industry Recycling Codes 112\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.2.4 LCAs of Recycled Plastics 112\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.2.4.1 Life Cycle Inventory 113\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.2.4.2 Sustainable Recycled Plastic Products 114\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.3 Oxodegradable Additives for Plastics 114\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.4 Summary 115\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 115\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e6 End-of-Life Options for Plastics 119\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.1 US EPA WARM Program 119\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.2 Mechanical Recycling of Plastics 119\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.2.1 US Plastics Recycling 120\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.2.2 Plastics Recycling Process 120\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.3 Chemical Recycling 126\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.4 Composting 128\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.4.1 LCA of Composting Process 129\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.5 Waster to Energy 129\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.5.1 Municipal Solid Waste Combustion 130\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.5.2 Blast Furnace 132\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.5.3 Cement Kiln 133\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.5.4 Pollution Issues with Waste-to-Energy Process of Plastics 134\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.6 Landfill Operations 135\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.7 Life Cycle Assessment of End-of-Life Options 136\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.8 Summary 138\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 138\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e7 Sustainable Plastic Products 143\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.1 Introduction 143\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.2 Sustainable Plastic Packaging 144\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.2.1 LCAs of Sustainable Plastic Packaging 144\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.2.1.1 LCA Step 1. Creation of the LCA Goal for Plastic Packaging 144\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.2.1.2 LCA Step 2. Creation of the Life Cycle Inventories for Plastic Packaging 144\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.2.1.3 LCA Step 3. Creation of the LCAs for Plastic Packaging 145\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.2.1.4 LCA Step 4. Interpretation of the Three Previous Steps for Plastic Packaging 145\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.2.2 Literature Review of LCAs for Plastic Packaging 146\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.2.2.1 Case 1: LCA of Plastic Food Service Products 146\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.2.2.2 Case 2: LCA of Plastic Packaging Products 148\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.2.2.3 Case 3: LCA of Plastic Clamshell Products 149\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.2.3 LCA of Sustainable Plastic Containers Made from Bio-Based and Petroleum-Based Plastics 152\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.2.4 Greene Sustainability Index (GSI) of Sustainable Plastic Containers 153\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.3 Sustainable Plastic Grocery Bags 155\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.3.1 Literature Review of LCA of Plastic Bags 155\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.3.1.1 LCA of Plastic Bags from Boustead Consulting 156\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.3.1.2 Sensitivity Analysis 156\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.3.2 LCA of Plastic Bags from the Paper Industry in Hong Kong 157\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.3.2.1 Greene Sustainability Index of Plastic Bags 158\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.3.3 Reusable Plastic Bags 158\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.3.3.1 Australian LCA of Reusable rPET Bags 158\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.3.3.2 Scottish LCA of Reusable rPET Bags 160\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.3.3.3 New LCA Development for Reusable Plastic Bags: Step 1 – Development of the Goal 162\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.3.3.4 New LCA Development for Reusable Plastic Bags: Step 2 – LCI Development 163\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.3.3.5 Bags Step 3: Life Cycle Assessment 167\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.3.3.6 Greene Sustainability Index (GSI) of Reusable Plastic Bags 168\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.4 Life Cycle Assessment of Sustainable Plastic Bottles 169\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.4.1 LCAs Literature Review of Plastic Bottles 170\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.4.2 Greene Sustainability Index of Sustainable Plastic Bottles 171\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.4.3 Sensitivity Analysis 172\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.5 Summary 172\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 173\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e8 Biobased and Biodegradation Standards for Polymeric Materials 177\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.1 Introduction 177\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.1.1 Biodegradation Standards 178\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.1.2 Worldwide Biodegradation 178\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.1.2.1 Standards Agencies 178\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.1.3 Certification 179\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.2 Biobased Standard Test Method 180\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.2.1 US Biobased Standard 180\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.2.1.1 ASTM D6866-10 Standard Test Methods for Determining the Biobased Content of Solid, Liquid, and Gaseous Samples Using Radiocarbon Analysis 180\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.2.2 International Biobased Standards 181\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.3 Industrial Compost Environment 181\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.3.1 US Biodegradation Standards for Industrial Compost Environment 181\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.3.1.1 Biodegradation Performance Specification Standard: ASTM D6400-04. Standard Specification for Compostable Plastics 181\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.3.1.2 Biodegradation Performance Specification Standard: ASTM D6868–03. Standard Specification for Biodegradable Plastics Used as Coatings on Paper and Other Compostable Substrates 183\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.3.1.3 Biodegradation Test Method Standard: ASTM D5338-11. Standard Test Method for Determining Aerobic Biodegradation of Plastic Materials under Controlled Composting Conditions 185\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.3.2 International Biodegradation Standards for Industrial Compost Environment 186\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.3.2.1 Biodegradation Performance Specification Standard: EN 13432-2000. Packaging Requirements for Packaging Recoverable through Composting and Biodegradation Test Scheme and Evaluation Criteria for the Final Acceptance of Packaging 188\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.3.2.2 Biodegradation Performance Specification Standard: ISO 17088 (EN 13432). Plastics – Evaluation of compostability – Test Scheme and Specification 190\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.3.2.3 Biodegradation Test Method Standard: ISO 14855-2 (EN 14046) Packaging. Evaluation of the Ultimate Aerobic Biodegradability and Disintegration of Packaging Materials under Controlled Composting Conditions. Method by Analysis of Released Carbon Dioxide 192\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.3.2.4 ISO 16929 (EN14045:2003) Plastics – Determination of the Degree of Disintegration of Plastic Materials under Simulated Composting Conditions in a Pilot-Scale Test 193\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.3.2.5 ISO 20200 (EN14806:2005) Plastics – Determination of the Degree of Disintegration of Plastic Materials under Simulated Composting Conditions in a Laboratory-Scale Test 194\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.3.2.6 Australian Biodegradation Standards for Industrial Compost 195\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.3.2.7 Japanese Biodegradation Standards for Industrial Compost 196\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.4 Marine Environment 196\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.4.1 US Biodegradation Standards for Marine Environment 197\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.4.1.1 Biodegradation Performance Specification Standard: ASTM D-7081- 05. Nonfloating Biodegradable Plastic in the Marine Environment 197\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.4.1.2 Biodegradation Test Method Standard: ASTM D6691-09. Standard Test Method for Determining Aerobic Biodegradation of Plastic Materials in the Marine Environment by a Defined Microbial Consortium or Natural Seawater Inoculum 198\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.4.2 International Aqueous Biodegradation Standards 200\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.4.2.1 Biodegradation Test Method Standard: ISO 14852-1999 (EN14047). Determination of Ultimate Aerobic Biodegradability of Plastic Materials in an Aqueous Medium – Method by Analysis of Evolved Carbon 200\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.4.2.2 Biodegradation Test Method Standard: ISO 14851 (EN14048). Determination of Ultimate Aerobic Biodegradability of Plastic Materials in an Aqueous Medium – Method by Measuring the Oxygen Demand in a Closed Respirometer 201\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.5 Anaerobic Digestion 202\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.5.1 US Biodegradation Standards for Anaerobic Digestion 203\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.5.1.1 Biodegradation Test Method Standard: ASTM D5511-02. Standard Test Method for Determining Anaerobic Biodegradation of Plastic Materials under High Solids Anaerobic-Digestion Conditions 203\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.5.2 International Biodegradation Standards for Anaerobic Digestion 205\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.5.2.1 Biodegradation Test Method Standard: ISO 14853:2005 Plastics. Determination of Ultimate Anaerobic Biodegradation of Plastic Materials in an Aqueous System. Method of Biogas Production 205\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.6 Active Landfill 207\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.6.1 US Biodegradation Standards for Active Landfill 207\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.6.1.1 Biodegradation Test Method Standard: ASTM D5526-11. Determining Anaerobic Biodegradation of Plastic Materials under Accelerated Landfill Conditions 207\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.6.1.2 Biodegradation Test Method Standard: ASTM D7475-11.\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eDetermining Aerobic Degradation and Anaerobic Biodegradation of Plastic Materials under Accelerated Landfill Conditions 209\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.6.2 International Biodegradation Standards for Active Landfill 211\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.7 Home Compost 211\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.7.1 European Home Compost Certification 211\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.7.1.1 Summary 212\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.7.1.2 Procedures 212\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.7.1.3 Specifications 213\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.7.2 US Home Composting Standards 213\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.8 Soil Biodegradation 213\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.8.1 European Soil Biodegradation Certification 213\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.8.1.1 Summary 213\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.8.1.2 Procedures 214\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.8.1.3 Specifications 214\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.8.2 US Soil Biodegradation Standards 215\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.9 Summary 215\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 216\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e9 Commodity Plastics 217\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.1 Definition of Commodity Plastics 217\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.2 Commodity Plastics 218\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.2.1 Low-Density Poly(ethylene) (LDPE) 222\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.2.1.1 High-Density Poly(ethene) (HDPE) 223\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.2.2 Linear Low-Density Poly(ethene) (LLDPE) 226\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.2.3 Metallocene Linear Low-Densi t Poly(ethene) (mLLDPE) 228\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.2.3.1 Ultra-High Molecular Weight Polyethylene (UHMWPE) 228\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.2.3.2 Cross-Linkable Polyethylene (XLPE) 229\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.2.3.3 Copolymers of Polyethylene 229\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.2.4 Polypropylene (PP) 230\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.2.4.1 Polyvinyl Chloride (PVC) 232\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.2.4.2 PVC Plasticizers 233\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.2.4.3 Polystyrene (PS) 235\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.2.4.4 Blends and Alloys 239\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.2.4.5 Copolymers 239\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.2.4.6 Acrylics 241\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.2.4.7 Additives for Plastics 244\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 247\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eWebsites 248\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e10 Engineering Plastics 251\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.1 Engineering Plastics Definition 251\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.2 Acrylonitrile Butadiene Styrene 252\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.3 Acetal (Polyoxymethylene) 255\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.4 Liquid Crystal Polymer 257\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.5 PBT (Polybutylene Terephthalate) 260\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.6 PET (Polyethylene Terephthalate) 262\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.7 Nylon (Polyamide) 263\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.8 Polyimide 266\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.9 Polyarylate 268\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.10 Polycarbonate 268\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.11 Thermoplastic Polyurethane 270\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.12 Polyether-Ether-Ketone 271\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.13 PPO, PPS and PPE 273\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.14 Polytetrafluoroethylene 275\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 277\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e11 Thermoset Polymers 279\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.1 Automotive Thermoset Polymers 279\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.1.1 Polyester Resin 280\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.1.1.1 Mechanical Properties 284\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.1.1.2 Processing of Polyesters 284\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.1.1.3 Mechanical Properties 285\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.1.2 Epoxy 285\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.1.2.1 Epoxy Applications 286\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.1.2.2 Processing of Epoxies 287\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.1.3 Polyurethane 287\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.1.3.1 Processing of Polyurethane 287\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.1.3.2 Polyurethane Automotive Applications 289\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.1.4 Phenolics 290\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.1.4.1 Applications for Phenolics 293\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.1.4.2 Processing of Phenolics 293\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.1.4.3 Properties of Phenolics 293\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.1.5 Silicones 295\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.1.5.1 Silicone Rubber 297\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.1.5.2 Silicone Resin 297\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.1.5.3 Chemistry 298\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.1.6 Dicyclopentadiene 298\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.2 Aerospace Thermosets 299\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.2.1 Polyimides 300\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.2.2 Amino Plastics 302\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.3 Bio-Based Thermoset Polymers 305\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.3.1 Bio-Based Polyesters 305\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.3.2 Bio-Based Epoxies 306\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.3.3 Bio-Based Polyurethanes 308\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.3.4 Bio-Based Nylon-6 310\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.4 Conclusions 311\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 313\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eWebsites 315\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e12 Polymer Composites 317\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.1 Automotive Polymer Composites 317\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.2 Thermoset Polymer Composites 318\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.2.1 Thermoplastic Polymer Composites 320\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.2.2 Kevlar Composites 323\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.3 Nanocomposite 324\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.4 Fiber Materials for Composites 324\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.5 Carbon Fiber Manufacturing 328\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.6 Properties of Fibers 331\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.7 Rule of Mixtures 336\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.8 Sandwich and Cored Polymer Composite Structures 340\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.9 Polymer Pre-Preg Composites 346\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.10 Processing of Polymer Composites for Automotive Parts 346\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.11 Aerospace Polymer Composites 351\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.12 Processing of Polymer Composites for Aerospace Parts 351\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 354\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eWebsites 355\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e13 Natural Fiber Polymer Composites 357\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.1 Natural Fibers 357\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.2 Raw Material Information 358\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.3 Fiber Properties 360\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.4 Automotive Use of Natural Fibers 361\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.5 Processing of Natural Fibers 362\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.6 Test Results of Natural Fibers 371\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 375\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e14 Design Aspects in Automotive Plastics 377\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.1 Introduction 377\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.2 Design Process 378\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.3 Manufacturing Checklist for Quality 379\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.4 Plastic Materials for Automotive Use 380\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.5 Plastic Guidelines for Injection Molding 382\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.6 Plastic Prototypes and 3D Printing 385\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.7 SolidWorks Flow Simulation 387\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.8 Design for Manufacturing (DFM) with Plastics 387\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.9 Shrinkage in Plastics 388\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.10 Design Guidelines 388\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.11 Undercuts 402\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.12 Mold Stack Design 403\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.13 Mold Costs 405\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 407\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eWebsites 408\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e15 Future of Sustainable Plastics 411\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.1 Sustainable Biobased Plastics Made from Renewable Sources 411\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.2 Sustainable Traditional Plastics Made from Renewable Sources 415\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.3 Growth in Biobased Plastics with Development of Durable Goods 416\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.4 Growth in Biobased Plastics for Pharmaceuticals and Medical Applications 417\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.5 Summary 418\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 419\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIndex 423\u003c\/p\u003e","brand":"John Wiley \u0026 Sons Inc","offers":[{"title":"Default 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