{"product_id":"static-headspacegas-chromatography-9780471749448","title":"Static HeadspaceGas Chromatography","description":"\u003cb\u003eBook Synopsis\u003c\/b\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003cb\u003eSTATIC HEADSPACE-GAS CHROMATOGRAPHY\u003c\/b\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eTHE ONLY REFERENCE TO PROVIDE BOTH CURRENT AND THOROUGH COVERAGE OF THIS IMPORTANT ANALYTICAL TECHNIQUE\u003c\/b\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eStatic headspace-gas chromatography (HS-GC) is an indispensable technique for analyzing volatile organic compounds, enabling the analyst to assay a variety of sample matrices while avoiding the costly and time-consuming preparation involved with traditional GC. \u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003ci\u003eStatic Headspace-Gas Chromatography: Theory and Practice\u003c\/i\u003e has long been the only reference to provide in-depth coverage of this method of analysis. The \u003ci\u003eSecond Edition\u003c\/i\u003e has been thoroughly updated to reflect the most recent developments and practices, and also includes coverage of solid-phase microextraction (SPME) and the purge-and-trap technique. Chapters cover: \u003c\/p\u003e\u003cul\u003e\n\u003cli\u003ePrinciples of static and dynamic headspace analysis, including the evolution of HS-GC methods and regulatory methods using static HS-GC\u003c\/li\u003e \u003cli\u003eBasic theory of headspace analysisphysicoche\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003cb\u003eTrade Review\u003c\/b\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\"This is an important resource on an increasingly useful technique. It should be in the library of any chromatographer...Essential.\" (\u003ci\u003eCHOICE\u003c\/i\u003e, November 2006)\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003cb\u003eTable of Contents\u003c\/b\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003cp\u003ePreface xi\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003ePreface to the First Edition xv\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eList of Acronyms and Symbols xix\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e1 General Introduction 1\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.1 Principles of Headspace Analysis 1\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.2 Types of Headspace Analysis 3\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.2.1 Principles of Static HS-GC 4\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.2.2 Principles of Dynamic HS-GC 5\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.2.2.1 The Trap 5\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.2.2.2 The Water Problem 7\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.2.2.3 The Flow Problem 7\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.2.2.4 The Time Problem 8\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.2.2.5 Comparison of Static HS-GC with P\u0026amp;T 9\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.3 The Evolution of the HS-GC Methods 10\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.4 HS-GS Literature 12\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.5 Regulatory Methods Utilizing (Static) HS-GC 13\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 15\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e2 Theoretical Background of HS-GC and Its Applications 19\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.1 Basic Theory of Headspace Analysis 19\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.2 Basic Physicochemical Relationships 23\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.3 Headspace Sensitivity 25\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.3.1 Influence of Temperature on Vapor Pressure and Partition Coefficient 26\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.3.1.1 Enhancement of Lower Boiling Compounds 28\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.3.2 Influence of Temperature on Headspace Sensitivity for Compounds with Differing Partition Coefficients 29\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.3.3 Influence of Sample Volume on Headspace Sensitivity for Compounds with Differing Partition Coefficients 34\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.3.3.1 Sample-to-Sample Reproducibility 36\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.3.4 Changing the Sample Matrix by Varying the Activity Coefficient 37\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.4 Headspace Linearity 42\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.5 Duplicate Analyses 43\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.6 Multiple Headspace Extraction (MHE) 45\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.6.1 Principles of MHE 45\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.6.2 Theoretical Background of MHE 46\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.6.3 Simplified MHE Calculation 49\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 49\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e3 The Technique of HS-GC 51\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.1 Sample Vials 53\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.1.1 Vial Types 53\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.1.2 Selection of the Vial Volume 54\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.1.3 Vial Cleaning 55\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.1.4 Wall Adsorption Effects 55\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.2 Caps 56\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.2.1 Pressure on Caps 58\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.2.2 Safety Closures 58\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.3 Septa 58\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.3.1 Septa Types 58\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.3.2 Septum Blank 60\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.3.3 Should a Septum Be Pierced Twice? 62\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.3.3.1 Closed-Vial versus Open-Vial Sample Introduction Technique 65\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.4 Thermostatting 66\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.4.1 Influence of Temperature 66\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.4.2 Working Modes 69\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.5 The Fundamental Principles of Headspace Sampling Systems 70\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.5.1 Systems Using Gas Syringes 70\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.5.2 Solid Phase Microextraction (SPME) 73\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.5.2.1 Comparison of the Sensitivities in HS-SPME and Direct Static HS-GC 80\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.5.3 Balanced Pressure Sampling Systems 81\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.5.4 Pressure\/Loop Systems 83\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.5.5 Conditions for Pressurization Systems 84\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.5.6 Volume of the Headspace Gas Sample 86\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.5.6.1 Sample Volume with Gas Syringes 87\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.5.6.2 Sample Volume with Loop Systems 87\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.5.6.3 Sample Volume with the Balanced Pressure System 88\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.6 Use of Open-Tubular (Capillary) Columns 89\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.6.1 Properties of Open-Tubular Columns for Gas Samples 89\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.6.2 Headspace Sampling with Split or Splitless Introduction 90\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.6.3 Comparison of Split and Splitless Headspace Sampling 93\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.6.4 Band Broadening During Sample Introduction 96\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.6.5 Influence of Temperature on Band Broadening 99\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.6.5.1 Conclusions 101\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.6.6 The Combination of Different Columns and Detectors 101\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.7 Enrichment Techniques in HS-GC 105\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.7.1 Systems for Cryogenic Trapping 108\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.7.1.1 Trapping by Cryogenic Condensation 109\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.7.1.2 Trapping by Cryogenic Focusing 110\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.7.1.3 Influence of Temperature on Cryogenic Focusing 118\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.7.1.4 Comparison of the Various Techniques of Cryogenic Trapping 122\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.7.2 Influence of Water in Cryogenic HS-GC 124\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.7.2.1 Water Removal in Static HS-GC 127\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.7.2.2 Applications 129\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.7.3 Enrichment by Adsorption 134\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.7.3.1 Water Removal from an Adsorption Trap 134\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.8 Special Techniques with the Balanced Pressure Systems 139\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.8.1 Instrumentation for MHE 139\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.8.2 Backflushing 140\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.9 Reaction HS-GC 143\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.9.1 Derivatization in the Headspace Vial 145\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.9.1.1 Methylation 146\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.9.1.2 Esterification 146\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.9.1.3 Transesterification 148\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.9.1.4 Acetylation 149\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.9.1.5 Carbonyl Compounds 149\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.9.2 Subtraction HS-GC 149\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.9.3 Special Reactions 153\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.9.4 HS-GC Analysis of Volatile Derivatives from Inorganic Compounds 158\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 160\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e4 Sample Handling in HS-GC 165\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.1 Equilibration 166\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.1.1 Gas Samples 167\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.1.2 Liquid Samples 168\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.1.2.1 General Properties 168\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.1.2.2 Reduction of the Equilibration Time for Liquid Samples 169\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.1.3 Solid Samples 171\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.2 Solution Approach 174\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.3 Sample Handling and Sample Introduction 177\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.3.1 Gas Samples 177\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.3.2 Liquid Samples 179\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.3.3 Solid Samples 180\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.4 Preparation of Standard Solutions 181\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.4.1 Preparation of a Standard Solution from a Liquid or Solid Substance 182\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.4.2 Preparation of a Standard Solution from a Gaseous Compound 184\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.5 Influence of the Matrix 186\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.5.1 Clean Matrix is Available 187\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.5.2 Matrix Effect Can Be Eliminated 187\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.5.3 Artificial Matrix Can Be Prepared 189\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.6 Methods Aiming at Complete Evaporation of the Analyte 189\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.6.1 The Total Vaporization Technique (TVT) 190\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.6.2 The Full Evaporation Technique (FET) 191\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.6.3 Calculation of the Extraction Yield in FET 194\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.6.4 Comparison of Headspace Sensitivities 195\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 195\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e5 Headspace Methods for Quantitative Analysis 197\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.1 Internal Normalization 199\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.2 Internal Standard Method 202\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.2.1 Blood Alcohol Determination 207\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.3 External Standard Method 207\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.4 Standard Addition Method 213\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.4.1 Single Addition 213\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.4.2 Handling of the Added Standard 214\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.4.3 Determination by Multiple Additions 218\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.5 Multiple Headspace Extraction (MHE) 221\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.5.1 Principles of MHE 221\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.5.2 Calibration in MHE 222\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.5.2.1 External Standard 222\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.5.2.2 Internal Standard 226\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.5.2.3 Standard Addition 226\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.5.3 The Use of Gaseous External Standards in MHE 227\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.5.3.1 Correction for Sample Volume 228\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.5.4 The Role of Quotient \u003ci\u003eQ \u003c\/i\u003e229\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.5.4.1 Relationship between \u003ci\u003eQ \u003c\/i\u003eand Pressures 229\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.5.4.2 Value of \u003ci\u003eQ \u003c\/i\u003ein the Case of Total Vaporization 230\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.5.4.3 The Relative Position of the MHE Plots as a Function of \u003ci\u003eQ \u003c\/i\u003e232\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.5.5 The Correlation Coefficient \u003ci\u003er \u003c\/i\u003e234\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.5.6 Evaluation of the Shape of the Regression Plot 234\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.5.7 Influence of \u003ci\u003eK\/\u003c\/i\u003eß 236\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.6 Analysis of Solid Samples (Adsorption Systems) 237\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.6.1 Suspension Approach 238\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.6.2 Surface-Modification Techniques 244\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.6.3 Highly Adsorptive Solid Samples 250\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.7 Calibration Techniques with Headspace Samples of Varying Volumes 252\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.8 Analysis of Gas Samples 253\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 255\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e6 Method Development in HS-GC 257\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.1 General Guidelines 258\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.2 Determination of the Residual Monomer Content of Polystyrene Pellets 259\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.2.1 First Approach: Use of Internal Standard with MHE 259\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.2.2 Second Approach: Single Determination with Internal Standard 262\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.2.3 Third Approach: Use of External Standard with MHE 263\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.2.4 Fourth Approach: Use of the Solution Approach 263\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.3 Determination of Residual Solvents in a Printed Plastic Film 263\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.3.1 First Approach: Use of External Standard with MHE 265\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.3.2 Second Approach: Use of Standard Addition with MHE 266\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.3.3 Third Approach: Use of Internal Standard 267\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.3.4 Fourth Approach: Use of Standard Addition 267\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.4 Determination of the Volatile Constituents of a Cathodic Electrolytic Plating Bath 268\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.4.1 First Approach: Use of External Standard with MHE 268\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.4.2 Second Approach: Dilution and Use of External Standard 269\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e7 Nonequilibrium Static Headspace Analysis 271\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.1 Accelerated Analysis 272\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.2 Heat-Sensitive Samples 274\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 277\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e8 Qualitative Analysis by HS-GC 279\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.1 The Use of HS-GC in “Fingerprinting” 282\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.2 The Use of Headspace Sampling in Hyphenated Systems 282\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.3 The Use of HS-GC in Microbiology 286\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 291\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e9 Special Measurements 293\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.1 Determination of Vapor Pressures 294\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.2 Determination of Activity Coefficients 299\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.3 Determination of Related Physicochemical Functions 302\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.4 Determination of Phase Distribution (Partition Coefficient) 303\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.4.1 The Vapor-Phase Calibration (VPC) Method 305\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.4.2 The Phase Ratio Variation (PRV) Method 308\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.4.2.1 Principles 309\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.4.2.2 Limitation of the PRV Method 311\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.4.3 MHE Methods for the Determination of the Partition Coefficient 312\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.4.3.1 VPC\/MHE Method 313\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.4.3.2 PRV\/MHE Method 316\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.5 Reaction Constant Measurements 316\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.6 Determination of Solute Solubility by MHE 319\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.7 Gas–Solid Systems 320\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.7.1 Determination of Adsorption Isotherms 320\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.7.2 Determination of the Rate of Release of a Volatile Analyte 321\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.8 Validation of Headspace Instrumentation: Investigation of Detector Linearity and Detection Limit 324\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.8.1 Definitions 325\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.8.2 Linear Range of the Detector 326\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.8.3 Precision of the Range 330\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.8.4 Minimum Detectability 330\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 332\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIndex 335\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003c\/ul\u003e","brand":"John Wiley \u0026 Sons Inc","offers":[{"title":"Default Title","offer_id":49402668777815,"sku":"9780471749448","price":116.06,"currency_code":"GBP","in_stock":true}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0817\/1739\/5799\/files\/9780471749448.jpg?v=1730481173","url":"https:\/\/bookcurl.com\/products\/static-headspacegas-chromatography-9780471749448","provider":"Book Curl","version":"1.0","type":"link"}