{"product_id":"spacecraft-lithiumion-battery-power-systems-9781119772149","title":"Spacecraft LithiumIon Battery Power Systems","description":"\u003cb\u003eBook Synopsis\u003c\/b\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003cb\u003eTable of Contents\u003c\/b\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003cp\u003eAbout the Editor xvii\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAbout the Contributors xix\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eList of Reviewers xxiii\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eForeword by \u003ci\u003eAlbert H. Zimmerman\u003c\/i\u003e and \u003ci\u003eRalph E. White\u003c\/i\u003e xxv\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003ePreface xxvii\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAcronyms and Abbreviations xxix\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e1 Introduction 1\u003cbr\u003e\u003c\/b\u003e\u003ci\u003eThomas P. Barrera\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.1 Introduction 1\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.2 Purpose 1\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.2.1 Background 2\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.2.2 Knowledge Management 2\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.3 History of Spacecraft Batteries 3\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.3.1 The Early Years – 1957 to 1975 3\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.3.1.1 Silver- Zinc 4\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.3.1.2 Silver- Cadmium 4\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.3.1.3 Nickel- Cadmium 5\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.3.2 The Next Generation – 1975 to 2000 5\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.3.2.1 Nickel- Hydrogen 6\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.3.2.2 Sodium- Sulfur 7\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.3.2.3 Transition to Lithium- Ion 7\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.3.3 The Li- ion Revolution – 2000 to Present 8\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.3.3.1 First Space Applications 8\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.3.3.2 Advantages and Disadvantages 10\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.4 State of Practice 11\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.4.1 Raw Materials Supply Chain 11\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.4.2 COTS and Custom Li- ion Cells 12\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.4.3 Hazard Safety and Controls 12\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.4.4 Acquisition Strategies 13\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.5 About the Book 13\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.5.1 Organization 14\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.5.2 Li- ion Cells and Batteries 14\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.5.3 Electrical Power System 14\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.5.4 On- Orbit LIB Experience 15\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.5.5 Safety and Reliability 15\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.5.6 Life Cycle Testing 15\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.5.7 Ground Processing and Mission Operations 15\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.6 Summary 16\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 16\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e2 Space Lithium- Ion Cells 19\u003cbr\u003e\u003c\/b\u003e\u003ci\u003eYannick Borthomieu, Marshall C. Smart, Sara Thwaite, Ratnakumar V. Bugga, and Thomas P. Barrera\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.1 Introduction 19\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.1.1 Types of Space Battery Cells 19\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.1.2 Rechargeable Space Cells 20\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.1.3 Non- Rechargeable Space Cells 20\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.1.4 Specialty Reserve Space Cells 21\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.2 Definitions 22\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.2.1 Capacity 22\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.2.2 Energy 23\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.2.3 Depth- of- Discharge 23\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.3 Cell Components 24\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.3.1 Positive Electrode 24\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.3.1.1 Lithium Cobalt Oxide 25\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.3.1.2 Lithium Nickel Cobalt Aluminum Oxide 25\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.3.1.3 Lithium Nickel Manganese Cobalt Oxide 25\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.3.1.4 Lithium Manganese Oxide 25\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.3.1.5 Lithium Iron Phosphate 26\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.3.2 Negative Electrode 26\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.3.2.1 Solid Electrolyte Interphase 26\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.3.2.2 Coke 27\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.3.2.3 Hard Carbon 27\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.3.2.4 Graphite 27\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.3.2.5 Mesocarbon Microbead 27\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.3.2.6 Si- C Composites 28\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.3.2.7 Low- Voltage Resilience 28\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.3.3 Electrolytes 28\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.3.3.1 Room Temperature Electrolytes 28\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.3.3.2 Low- Temperature Electrolytes 29\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.3.4 Separators 30\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.3.5 Safety Devices 31\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.3.5.1 Pressure Vents 31\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.3.5.2 Current Interrupt Devices 32\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.3.5.3 Positive Temperature Coefficient 33\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.3.5.4 Shutdown Separator 33\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.4 Cell Geometry 33\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.4.1 Standardization 34\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.4.2 Cylindrical 34\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.4.3 Prismatic 35\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.4.4 Elliptical–Cylindrical 35\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.4.5 Pouch 35\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.5 Cell Requirements 36\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.5.1 Specification 36\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.5.2 Capacity and Energy 36\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.5.3 Operating Voltage 37\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.5.4 Mass and Volume 37\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.5.5 dc Resistance 37\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.5.6 Self- Discharge Rate 37\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.5.7 Environments 38\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.5.7.1 Operating and Storage Temperature 38\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.5.7.2 Vibration, Shock, and Acceleration 38\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.5.7.3 Thermal Vacuum 39\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.5.7.4 Radiation 39\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.5.8 Lifetime 39\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.5.9 Cycle Life 39\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.5.10 Safety and Reliability 40\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.6 Cell Performance Characteristics 40\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.6.1 Charge and Discharge Voltage 40\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.6.2 Capacity 41\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.6.3 Energy 42\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.6.4 Internal Resistance 42\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.6.5 Depth of Discharge 43\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.6.6 Life Cycle 44\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.7 Cell Qualification Testing 46\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.7.1 Test Descriptions 46\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.7.1.1 Electrical 46\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.7.1.2 Environmental 47\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.7.1.3 Safety 48\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.7.1.4 Life- Cycle Testing 48\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.8 Cell Screening and Acceptance Testing 49\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.8.1 Screening 49\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.8.2 Lot Definition 50\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.8.3 Acceptance Testing 50\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.9 Summary 52\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAcknowledgments 52\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 53\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e3 Space Lithium- Ion Batteries 59\u003cbr\u003e\u003c\/b\u003e\u003ci\u003eSara Thwaite, Marshall C. Smart, Eloi Klein, Ratnakumar V. Bugga, Aakesh Datta, Yannick Borthomieu, and Thomas P. Barrera\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.1 Introduction 59\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.2 Requirements 59\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.2.1 Battery Requirements Specification 60\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.2.2 Statement of Work 61\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.2.3 Voltage 62\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.2.4 Capacity 62\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.2.5 Mass and Volume 62\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.2.6 Cycle Life 63\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.2.7 Environments 63\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.3 Cell Selection and Matching 63\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.3.1 Selection Methodologies 64\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.3.2 Matching Process 64\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.4 Mission- Specific Characteristics 64\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.4.1 LIB Sizing 65\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.4.2 GEO Missions 65\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.4.3 LEO Missions 67\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.4.4 MEO and HEO Missions 69\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.4.5 Lagrange Orbit Missions 69\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.5 Interfaces 70\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.5.1 Electrical 70\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.5.2 Mechanical 70\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.5.3 Thermal 70\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.6 Battery Design 71\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.6.1 Electrical 71\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.6.1.1 S- P and P- S Design 72\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.6.1.2 Analysis 75\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.6.2 Mechanical 75\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.6.2.1 Packaging 76\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.6.2.2 Structural Mechanical Analysis 76\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.6.3 Thermal 77\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.6.3.1 Design 78\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.6.3.2 Analysis 79\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.6.4 Materials, Parts, and Processes 80\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.6.4.1 Parts 81\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.6.4.2 Cleanliness 81\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.6.5 Safety and Reliability 82\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.6.5.1 Human- Rated and Unmanned Missions 82\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.6.5.2 Safety Features and Devices 83\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.7 Battery Testing 84\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.7.1 Test Requirements and Planning 84\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.7.2 Test Articles and Events 85\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.7.3 Qualification Test Descriptions 86\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.7.3.1 Capacity 86\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.7.3.2 Resistance 87\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.7.3.3 Charge Retention 88\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.7.3.4 Vibration 88\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.7.3.5 Shock 89\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.7.3.6 Thermal Cycle 89\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.7.3.7 Thermal Vacuum 90\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.7.3.8 Electromagnetic Compatibility 91\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.7.3.9 Life Cycle 92\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.7.3.10 Safety 93\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.7.4 Acceptance Test Descriptions 93\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.8 Supply Chain 94\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.8.1 Battery Parts and Materials 94\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.8.2 Space LIB Suppliers 94\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.9 Summary 94\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 95\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e4 Spacecraft Electrical Power Systems 99\u003cbr\u003e\u003c\/b\u003e\u003ci\u003eThomas P. Barrera\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.1 Introduction 99\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.2 EPS Functional Description 101\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.2.1 Power Generation 101\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.2.2 Energy Storage 102\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.2.3 Power Management and Distribution 102\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.2.4 Harness 103\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.3 EPS Requirements 103\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.3.1 Requirements Specification 104\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.3.2 Orbital Mission Profile 105\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.3.3 Power Capability 106\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.3.4 Mission Lifetime 106\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.4 EPS Architecture 106\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.4.1 Bus Voltage 107\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.4.2 Direct Energy Transfer 108\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.4.2.1 Unregulated Bus 108\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.4.2.2 Partially- Regulated Bus 108\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.4.2.3 Fully- Regulated Bus 109\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.4.3 Peak- Power Tracker 109\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.4.4 Direct Energy Transfer and Peak- Power Tracker Trades 110\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.5 Battery Management Systems 111\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.5.1 Autonomy 111\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.5.2 Battery Charge Management 111\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.5.3 Battery Cell Voltage Balancing 112\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.5.3.1 Passive Cell Balancing 113\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.5.3.2 Active Cell Balancing 114\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.5.4 EPS Telemetry 114\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.6 Dead Bus Events 114\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.6.1 Orbital Considerations 115\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.6.2 Survival Fundamentals 115\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.7 EPS Analysis 115\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.7.1 Energy Balance 116\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.7.2 Power Budget 116\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.7.2.1 Inputs 118\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.7.2.2 Outputs 118\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.8 EPS Testing 119\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.8.1 Assembly, Integration, and Test 119\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.8.2 Bus Integration 120\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.8.3 Functional Test 121\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.9 Summary 122\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 122\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e5 Earth- Orbiting Satellite Batteries 125\u003cbr\u003e\u003c\/b\u003e\u003ci\u003ePenni J. Dalton, Eloi Klein, David Curzon, Samuel P. Russell, Keith Chin, David J. Reuter, and Thomas P. Barrera\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.1 Introduction 125\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.2 Earth Orbit Battery Requirements 126\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.3 NASA International Space Station – LEO 127\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.3.1 Introduction 127\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.3.2 Electrical Power System 127\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.3.3 Ni- H 2 Battery Heritage 128\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.3.4 Transition to Lithium- Ion Battery Power Systems 129\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.4 NASA Goddard Space Flight Center Spacecraft 130\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.4.1 Introduction 130\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.4.2 Solar Dynamics Observatory – GEO 131\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.4.3 Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter – Lunar 133\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.4.4 Global Precipitation Measurement – LEO 133\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.5 Van Allen Probes – HEO 134\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.5.1 Mission Objectives 134\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.5.2 Electrical Power System 134\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.5.3 LIB Architecture 135\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.6 GOES Communication Satellites – GEO 136\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.6.1 Mission Objectives 136\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.6.2 Battery Heritage 136\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.6.3 LIB and Power System Architecture 136\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.7 James Webb Space Telescope – Earth–Sun Lagrange Point 2 137\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.7.1 Mission Objectives 137\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.7.2 Lagrange Orbit 138\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.7.3 Electrical Power System 138\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.7.4 LIB Architecture 139\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.8 CubeSats – LEO 140\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.8.1 Introduction 140\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.8.2 Electrical Power System and Battery Architecture 141\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.8.3 Advanced Hybrid EPS Systems 142\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.9 European Space Agency Spacecraft 143\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.9.1 Introduction 143\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.9.2 Sentinel- 1 Mission Objectives 143\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.9.3 Galileo Mission Objectives – MEO 144\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.10 NASA Astronaut Battery Systems 146\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.10.1 Introduction 146\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.10.2 EMU Long- Life Battery 146\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.10.3 Lithium- Ion Rechargeable EVA Battery Assembly 147\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.10.4 Lithium- Ion Pistol- Grip Tool Battery 148\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.10.5 Simplified Aid for EVA Rescue 149\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.11 Summary 151\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAcknowledgment 151\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 151\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e6 Planetary Spacecraft Batteries 155\u003cbr\u003e\u003c\/b\u003e\u003ci\u003eMarshall C. Smart and Ratnakumar V. Bugga\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.1 Introduction 155\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.2 Planetary Mission Battery Requirements 155\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.2.1 Service Life and Reliability 156\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.2.2 Radiation Tolerance 156\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.2.3 Extreme Temperature 156\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.2.4 Low Magnetic Signature 157\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.2.5 Mechanical Environments 157\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.2.6 Planetary Protection 157\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.3 Planetary and Space Exploration Missions 158\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.3.1 Earth Orbiters 158\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.3.2 Lunar Missions 158\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.3.2.1 Gravity Recovery and Interior Laboratory 159\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.3.2.2 Lunar Crater Observation and Sensing Satellite 159\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.3.3 Mars Missions 159\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.3.3.1 Mars Orbiters 160\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.3.3.2 Mars Landers 161\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.3.3.3 Mars Rovers 166\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.3.3.4 Mars Helicopters, CubeSats, and Penetrators 174\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.3.4 Missions to Jupiter 177\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.3.4.1 NASA Juno Mission 177\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.3.5 Missions to Comets and Asteroids 179\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.3.5.1 Hayabusa (MUSES- C) 179\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.3.5.2 ESA Rosetta Lander Philae 180\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.3.5.3 NASA OSIRIS- REx Mission 180\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.3.6 Missions to Deep Space and Outer Planets 180\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.4 Future Missions 180\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.4.1 The Planned NASA Europa Clipper Mission 181\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.4.2 ESA JUICE Mission 183\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.5 Mars Sample Return Missions 183\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.6 Summary 184\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAcknowledgment 184\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 184\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e7 Space Battery Safety and Reliability 189\u003cbr\u003e\u003c\/b\u003e\u003ci\u003eThomas P. Barrera and Eric C. Darcy\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.1 Introduction 189\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.1.1 Space Battery Safety 189\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.1.2 Industry Lessons Learned 190\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.2 Space LIB Safety Requirements 191\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.2.1 Nasa Jsc- 20793 192\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.2.2 Range Safety 192\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.2.3 Design for Minimum Risk 193\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.3 Safety Hazards, Controls, and Testing 193\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.3.1 Electrical 194\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.3.1.1 Overcharge 194\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.3.1.2 Overdischarge 194\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.3.1.3 External Short Circuit 195\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.3.1.4 Internal Short Circuit 195\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.3.2 Mechanical 196\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.3.3 Thermal 196\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.3.3.1 Overtemperature 197\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.3.3.2 Low Temperature 198\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.3.4 Chemical 198\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.3.5 Safety Testing 199\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.4 Thermal Runaway 200\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.4.1 Likelihood and Severity 200\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.4.2 Characterization 201\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.4.3 Testing 202\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.4.3.1 Single Cell 202\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.4.3.2 Module and Battery 204\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.5 Principles of Safe- by- Design 204\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.5.1 Field Failures Due to ISCs 204\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.5.2 Cell Design 205\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.5.3 Cell Manufacturing and Quality Audits 205\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.5.4 Cell Testing and Operation 206\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.6 Passive Propagation Resistant LIB Design 207\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.6.1 PPR Design Guidelines 207\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.6.1.1 Control of Side Wall Rupture 207\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.6.1.2 Cell Spacing and Heat Dissipation 208\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.6.1.3 Current- Limiting Cells 208\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.6.1.4 Ejecta Path 208\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.6.1.5 Flame Suppression 208\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.6.2 PPR Verification 209\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.6.2.1 Trigger Cell Selection 209\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.6.2.2 PPR LIB Unit Design and Manufacturing 210\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.6.2.3 PPR LIB Test Execution 210\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.6.2.4 Post- Test Analysis and Reporting 211\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.6.3 Case Study – NASA US Astronaut Spacesuit LIB Redesign 211\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.7 Battery Reliability 215\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.7.1 Requirements 215\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.7.1.1 Battery Reliability Analysis 215\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.7.1.2 Hazard Analysis 216\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.7.2 Battery Failure Rates 217\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.7.2.1 Failure Rate in Time 217\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.7.2.2 Failure Rate Characteristics 218\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.8 Summary 218\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 219\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e8 Life- Cycle Testing and Analysis 225\u003cbr\u003e\u003c\/b\u003e\u003ci\u003eSamuel Stuart, Shriram Santhanagopalan, and Lloyd Zilch\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.1 Introduction 225\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.1.1 Test- Like- You- Fly 225\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.1.2 Design of Test 226\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.1.3 Test Article Selection 226\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.1.4 Personnel, Equipment, and Facilities 227\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.2 LCT Planning 228\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.2.1 Test Plan 228\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.2.2 Test Procedures 228\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.2.3 Test Readiness Review 229\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.2.4 Sample Size Statistics 229\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.3 Charge and Discharge Test Conditions 229\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.3.1 Charge and Discharge Rates 229\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.3.2 Capacity and DOD 230\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.3.3 Voltage Limits 230\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.3.4 Charge and Discharge Control 230\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.3.5 Parameter Margin 231\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.4 Test Configuration and Environments 231\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.4.1 Test Article Configuration 231\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.4.2 Test Environments 232\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.4.2.1 Temperature Controlled Chambers 232\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.4.2.2 Thermal Vacuum Chambers 232\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.4.2.3 Cold Plates 233\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.5 Test Equipment and Safety Hazards 233\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.5.1 Test Equipment Configuration 234\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.5.1.1 Hardware 234\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.5.1.2 Software 235\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.5.2 Test Safety Hazards 236\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.5.2.1 Test Articles 237\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.5.2.2 Equipment Induced 238\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.5.2.3 Laboratory Induced 238\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.5.2.4 Test Control Mitigations 239\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.5.2.5 Physical Mitigations 239\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.6 Real- Time Life- Cycle Testing 239\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.6.1 Test Article Selection 240\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.6.2 Test Execution and Monitoring 240\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.6.3 LCT End- of- Life Management 240\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.7 Calendar and Storage Life Testing 241\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.7.1 Calendar Life 241\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.7.2 Storage Life 241\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.7.3 Test Methodology 242\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.8 Accelerated Life- Cycle Testing 242\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.8.1 Accelerated Life Test Methodologies 242\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.8.2 Lessons Learned 243\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.9 Data Analysis 244\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.9.1 LCT Data Analysis 244\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.9.2 Trend Analysis and Reporting 245\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.10 Modeling and Simulation 246\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.10.1 Modeling and Simulation in Battery- Life Testing 247\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.10.2 Empirical Approaches 248\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.10.3 First Principles of Physics- Based Models 249\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.10.4 Systems Engineering Models 249\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.10.5 Models for Tracking Test Progress 250\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.10.6 Parameterization Approaches 252\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.10.7 Data Requirements 252\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.10.8 Lifetime and Performance Prediction 253\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.11 Summary 255\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 255\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e9 Ground Processing and Mission Operations 257\u003cbr\u003e\u003c\/b\u003e\u003ci\u003eSteven E. Core, Scott Hull, and Thomas P. Barrera\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.1 Introduction 257\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.1.1 Satellite Systems Engineering 257\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.1.2 Ground and Space Satellite EPS Requirements 258\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.2 Ground Processing 258\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.2.1 Storage 258\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.2.2 Transportation and Handling 259\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.3 Launch Site Operations 260\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.3.1 Launch Site Processing 260\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.3.2 Pre- Launch Operations 263\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.3.3 Launch Operations 264\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.4 Mission Operations 264\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.4.1 GEO Transfer Orbit 265\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.4.2 GEO On- Station Operations 266\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.4.3 On- Orbit Maintenance Operations 267\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.4.4 Contingency Operations 269\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.4.4.1 Safe Mode 269\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.4.4.2 Dead Bus Survival 270\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.4.4.3 Dead Bus Recovery 270\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.4.5 End- of- Life Operations 271\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.5 End- of- Mission Operations 272\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.5.1 Satellite Disposal Operations 273\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.5.1.1 LEO Disposal Operations 273\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.5.1.2 GEO Disposal Operations 274\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.5.2 Passivation Requirements 274\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.5.2.1 United States Passivation Guidance 275\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.5.2.2 International Passivation Guidance 276\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.5.3 Satellite EPS Passivation Operations 276\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.5.3.1 Hard Passivation Operations 277\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.5.3.2 Soft Passivation Operations 278\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.5.3.3 lv Orbital Stage EPS Passivation Operations 279\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.6 Summary 279\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 280\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAppendix A: Terms and Definitions 283\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIndex 293\u003c\/p\u003e","brand":"John Wiley \u0026 Sons Inc","offers":[{"title":"Default Title","offer_id":49407147082071,"sku":"9781119772149","price":99.0,"currency_code":"GBP","in_stock":true}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0817\/1739\/5799\/files\/9781119772149.jpg?v=1730498333","url":"https:\/\/bookcurl.com\/products\/spacecraft-lithiumion-battery-power-systems-9781119772149","provider":"Book Curl","version":"1.0","type":"link"}