{"product_id":"solidstate-sensors-9781119473046","title":"SolidState Sensors","description":"\u003cb\u003eBook Synopsis\u003c\/b\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003cb\u003eSolid-State Sensors\u003c\/b\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eA thorough and up-to-date introduction to solid-state sensors, materials, fabrication processes, and applications\u003c\/b\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003ci\u003eSolid-State Sensors\u003c\/i\u003e provides a comprehensive introduction to the field, covering fundamental principles, underlying theories, sensor materials, fabrication technologies, current and possible future applications, and more. Presented in a clear and accessible format, this reader-friendly textbook describes the fundamentals and classification of all major types of solid-state sensors, including piezoresistive, capacitive, thermometric, optical bio-chemical, magnetic, and acoustic-based sensors.  \u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThroughout the text, the authors offer insight into how different solid-state methods complement each other as well as their respective advantages and disadvantages in relation to specific devices and a variety of state-of-the-art applications. Detailed yet  concise chapters include numerous visual illustrations and comparative tables o\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003cb\u003eTable of Contents\u003c\/b\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eAbout the Authors xv\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003ePreface xvii\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e1 Introduction 1\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.1 Overview 1\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.1.1 Growth in Solid-State Sensor Market 2\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.1.2 Solid-State Sensors: A Recipe for Smart Sensing Systems 5\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.2 Evolution of Solid-State Sensors 6\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.2.1 Origin and Early Developments in Detection Devices 6\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.2.2 Solid-State Electronics: Post Transistor Era 9\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.2.3 Emergence of New Technologies 12\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.2.3.1 Thin-Film Technology 14\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.2.3.2 Advancements in Micro- and Nanofabrication 14\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.2.3.3 Emergence of Nanotechnology 16\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.2.3.4 Printed Electronics on Flexible Substrates 17\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.2.3.5 Smart Devices with Artificial Intelligence 20\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.2.3.6 IoT-Enabled Sensors 21\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.2.4 Paradigm Shift in Solid-State Sensor Research 22\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.2.4.1 Organic Devices 23\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.2.4.2 Wearable Devices 24\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.2.4.3 Implantable Sensors 25\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.3 Outline 27\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 28\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e2 Classification and Terminology 35\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.1 Sensor Components 35\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.2 Classification of Solid-State Sensors 36\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.3 Sensor Terminology 40\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.3.1 Accuracy 40\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.3.2 Precision 41\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.3.3 Calibration Curve 41\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.3.4 Sensitivity 41\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.3.5 Threshold\/Minimum Detectable Limit 42\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.3.6 Null Offset 42\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.3.7 Dynamic Range 42\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.3.8 Nonlinearity 42\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.3.9 Hysteresis 43\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.3.10 Selectivity 43\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.3.11 Repeatability 43\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.3.12 Reproducibility 43\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.3.13 Resolution 43\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.3.14 Stability 43\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.3.15 Noise 44\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.3.16 Response and Recovery Time 44\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.3.17 Drift 45\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.4 Conclusion 45\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 45\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e3 Fabrication Technologies 47\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.1 Introduction 47\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.2 Deposition 48\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.2.1 Physical Vapor Deposition 49\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.2.1.1 Thermal Evaporation 50\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.2.1.2 Sputter Deposition 52\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.2.1.3 Electron-Beam PVD 55\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.2.1.4 Laser Ablation 58\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.2.2 Electroplating 59\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.2.3 Thermal Oxidation 61\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.2.4 Chemical Vapor Deposition 62\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.2.4.1 Atmospheric Pressure Chemical Vapor Deposition 62\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.2.4.2 Low-Pressure Chemical Vapor Deposition 63\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.2.4.3 Plasma-Enhanced Chemical Vapor Deposition 63\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.3 Exposure-Based Lithography Techniques 64\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.3.1 UV Lithography 65\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.3.1.1 Exposure Tool 65\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.3.1.2 Mask 66\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.3.1.3 Photoresist 67\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.3.2 Electron-Beam Lithography 68\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.3.3 X-Ray Lithography 71\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.3.4 Ion-Beam Lithography 71\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.4 Soft Lithography Techniques 72\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.4.1 Particle Replication in Nonwetting Templates 74\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.4.2 Microcontact Printing 75\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.4.3 Microfluidic Patterning 77\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.4.4 Laminar Flow Patterning 79\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.4.5 Step and Flash Imprint Lithography 80\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.4.6 Hydrogel Template 82\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.5 Etching 83\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.5.1 Wet Etching 85\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.5.2 Dry Etching 89\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.6 Doping 90\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.6.1 Diffusion 92\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.6.2 Ion Implantation 94\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.7 Solution Processed Methods 95\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.7.1 Inkjet Printing 95\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.7.2 Drop Dispensing 98\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.7.3 Spray Deposition 100\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.7.4 Screen Printing 101\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.7.5 Tape Casting 103\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.8 Conclusions 105\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 106\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e4 Piezoelectric Sensors 113\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.1 Overview 113\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.2 Theory of Piezoelectricity 115\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.2.1 Direct Piezoelectric Effect 115\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.2.2 Poling 116\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.2.3 Static Piezoelectricity 118\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.2.4 Anisotropic Crystals 118\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.3 Basic Mathematical Formulation 119\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.3.1 Contribution of Piezoelectric Effect to Elastic constant \u003ci\u003eC\u003c\/i\u003e 120\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.3.2 Contribution of Piezoelectric Effect to Dielectric Constant \u003ci\u003eε\u003c\/i\u003e 121\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.4 Constitutive Equations 122\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.4.1 Piezoelectric 122\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.4.2 Sensor Equations for Electrical Circuits 124\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.4.3 Piezoelectric Constants for a Material 126\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.4.3.1 Piezoelectric Strain Constant \u003ci\u003ed\u003c\/i\u003e 127\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.4.3.2 Piezoelectric Voltage Coefficient \u003ci\u003eg\u003c\/i\u003e 127\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.4.3.3 Piezoelectric Coupling Coefficients \u003ci\u003ek\u003c\/i\u003e 128\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.4.3.4 Mechanical Quality Factor \u003ci\u003eQ\u003c\/i\u003e\u003csub\u003eM\u003c\/sub\u003e 128\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.4.3.5 Acoustic Impedance 129\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.4.3.6 Aging Rate 129\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.4.3.7 Dielectric Constants \u003ci\u003eK\u003csup\u003eT\u003c\/sup\u003e\u003csub\u003eij\u003c\/sub\u003e\u003c\/i\u003e 129\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.5 Piezoelectric Materials 130\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.5.1 Natural Piezoelectric Materials 131\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.5.1.1 Piezoelectric Single Crystals 131\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.5.1.2 Organic Materials 133\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.5.1.3 Biopiezoelectric Materials 138\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.5.2 Man-made\/Synthetic Piezoelectric Material 141\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.5.2.1 Polymers 141\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.5.2.2 Ceramics 143\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.5.2.3 Piezoelectric Composites 146\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.5.2.4 Thin Film 150\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.5.2.5 Choice of Piezoelectric Material for Desired Applications 151\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.6 Uses of Piezoelectric Materials 151\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.6.1 Piezoelectric Transducer 152\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.6.2 Piezoelectric Actuator 153\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.6.3 Piezoelectric Generator 155\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.7 Piezoelectric Transducers as Sensors 157\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.7.1 Pressure Sensor 157\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.7.2 Accelerometer 158\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.7.3 Acoustic Sensor 159\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.8 Design of Piezoelectric Devices 163\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.8.1 Orientation of Piezo Crystals 163\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.8.2 Piezo Stacks 164\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.8.3 Bimorph Architecture 166\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.9 Application of Piezoelectric Sensors 167\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.9.1 Industrial Applications 167\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.9.1.1 Engine Knock Sensors 167\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.9.1.2 Tactile Sensors 168\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.9.1.3 Piezoelectric Motors 169\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.9.1.4 Sonar 171\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.9.2 Consumer Electronics 172\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.9.2.1 Piezoelectric Igniters 172\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.9.2.2 Drop on Demand Piezoelectric Printers 172\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.9.2.3 Speakers 173\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.9.2.4 Other Daily Use Products 173\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.9.3 Medical Applications 174\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.9.3.1 Ultrasound Imaging 174\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.9.3.2 Surgery and Ultrasound Procedures 175\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.9.3.3 Wound and Bone Fracture Healing 175\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.9.4 Defense Applications 176\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.9.4.1 Micro Robotics 176\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.9.4.2 Laser-Guided Bullets and Missiles 178\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.9.5 Musical Applications 179\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.9.5.1 Piezoelectric Pickups for Instruments 179\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.9.5.2 Microphones and Ear Pieces 179\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.9.6 Other Applications 180\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.9.6.1 Energy Harvesters 180\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.9.6.2 Sports-Tennis Racquets 184\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.10 Conclusions 184\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 188\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e5 Capacitive Sensors 193\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.1 Overview 193\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.1.1 A Capacitor 194\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.1.2 Capacitance of a Capacitor 195\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.2 Sensor Construction 196\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.2.1 Overlapping Electrode Area \u003ci\u003eA\u003c\/i\u003e 196\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.2.2 Dielectric Thickness \u003ci\u003ed\u003c\/i\u003e 197\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.2.3 Dielectric Material 199\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.2.4 Parallel Fingers and Fringing Fields 201\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.3 Sensor Architecture 203\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.3.1 Mixed Dielectrics 203\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.3.2 Multielectrode Capacitor 207\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.3.3 Geometry 209\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.4 Classifications of Capacitive Sensors 211\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.4.1 Displacement Capacitive Sensor 211\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.4.2 Overlapping Area Variation Based Capacitive Sensor 213\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.4.3 Effective Dielectric Permittivity Variation Based Capacitive Sensor 214\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.4.4 Fringing Field Capacitive Sensor 218\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.5 Flexible Capacitive Sensors 219\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.6 Applications 221\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.6.1 Motion Detection 221\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.6.1.1 Displacement Motion (\u003ci\u003ez\u003c\/i\u003e-Direction) 221\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.6.1.2 Shear Motion (\u003ci\u003ex\u003c\/i\u003e Direction) 221\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.6.1.3 Tilt Sensor 221\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.6.1.4 Rotary Motion Sensor 222\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.6.1.5 Finger Position (2D, \u003ci\u003ex\u003c\/i\u003e–\u003ci\u003ey\u003c\/i\u003e Direction) 222\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.6.2 Pressure 222\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.6.3 Liquid Level 223\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.6.4 Spacing 223\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.6.5 Scanned Multiplate Sensor 223\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.6.6 Thickness Measurement 223\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.6.7 Ice Detector 223\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.6.8 Shaft Angle or Linear Position 223\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.6.9 Lamp Dimmer Switch 223\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.6.10 Key Switch 223\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.6.11 Limit Switch 224\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.6.12 Accelerometers 224\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.6.13 Soil Moisture Measurement 224\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.7 Prospects and Limitations 224\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.7.1 Prospects 224\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.7.2 Limitations 224\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 226\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e6 Chemical Sensors 233\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.1 Introduction 233\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.1.1 Overview 233\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.1.2 Global Limelight 237\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.1.3 Evolution of Chemical Sensors 237\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.1.4 Requirements for Chemical Sensors 240\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.1.4.1 Selectivity 240\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.1.4.2 Stability 240\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.1.4.3 Sensitivity 241\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.1.4.4 Response Time 241\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.1.4.5 Limit of Detection 241\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.2 Materials for Chemical Sensing 241\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.2.1 Metal Oxides 241\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.2.1.1 Types of Metal Oxides 242\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.2.1.2 Chemical Sensing Mechanism 243\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.2.1.3 Metal Oxide Nanoparticles and Films as Sensor Materials 244\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.2.2 Honeycomb Structured Materials 245\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.2.2.1 Graphene 246\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.2.2.2 Carbon Nanotubes 248\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.2.2.3 Other 2D Materials 250\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.2.3 Biopolymers 251\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.2.3.1 On the Basis of Type 252\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.2.3.2 On the Basis of Origin 255\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.2.3.3 On the Basis of Monomeric Units 261\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.2.4 Functionalization 265\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.2.4.1 Covalent Functionalization 266\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.2.4.2 Noncovalent Functionalization 268\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.2.5 Biocomposites 270\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.3 Architectures in Chemical Sensors 272\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.3.1 Chemiresistors 272\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.3.2 ChemFET 275\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.4 Applications 277\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.4.1 Gas Sensors 277\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.4.2 Environmental Sensors 278\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.4.2.1 Pollutants\/Aerosols Sensors 279\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.4.2.2 Water Quality Monitoring Sensors 281\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.4.2.3 Humidity Detectors 282\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.4.2.4 UV Radiation Exposure Monitoring 283\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.4.3 Biomolecule Sensors 284\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.4.4 Food Quality Monitoring 284\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.4.4.1 Relative Humidity Monitoring 284\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.4.4.2 Gas Monitoring 285\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.4.4.3 Temperature Monitoring 285\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.4.4.4 Presence of Toxic Metals 286\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.4.5 Water Quality Management in Public Pools 286\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.4.6 Health Monitoring 287\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.4.7 Defense and Security 288\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.5 Conclusions 290\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 293\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e7 Optical Sensors 309\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.1 Introduction 309\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.2 Classifications of Optical Properties 311\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.2.1 Absorbance 311\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.2.2 Reflectance 312\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.2.3 Light Scattering 312\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.2.4 Luminescence 314\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.2.5 Fluorescence 314\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.2.6 Circular Dichroism 315\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.2.7 Z-Scan Technique 317\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.2.8 Förster Resonance Energy Transfer 317\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.3 Materials for Optical Sensing 319\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.3.1 Metal Oxide Materials 319\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.3.2 Polymer Materials 319\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.3.3 Carbon Materials 320\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.4 Optical Techniques for Sensing 320\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.4.1 SPR-Based Detection 321\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.4.2 Nanostructure Aggregation-Mediated Detection 323\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.4.3 Micro\/Nanofiber-Based Detection 323\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.4.4 Colorimetric Sensing 324\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.4.5 Spectroscopy Techniques Associated with Sensing 325\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.4.5.1 Raman Spectroscopy 326\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.4.5.2 Luminescence Spectroscopy 326\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.4.5.3 Absorption Spectroscopy 326\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.5 Fabrication Technique of Optical Sensors 327\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.5.1 Solution Process 327\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.5.2 Inkjet Printing 328\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.5.3 Screen Printing 328\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.6 Applications of Optical Sensing 328\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.6.1 Environment Monitoring and Gas Sensing 328\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.6.2 Health Monitoring 332\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.6.3 Fingerprint Detection 332\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.6.4 Defense and Security 333\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.6.5 Motion Detection 334\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.6.6 Water Quality Monitoring 334\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.6.7 e-Waste and Detection of Toxic Materials 335\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.6.8 Detection of Microorganisms 337\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.7 Prospects and Limitations 337\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 339\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e8 Magnetic Sensors 341\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.1 Introduction 341\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.2 Materials’ Magnetic Properties 342\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.2.1 Diamagnetism 343\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.2.2 Paramagnetism 343\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.2.3 Ferromagnetism and Antiferromagnetism 344\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.3 Nanomagnetism 347\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.3.1 Magnetic Anisotropy 347\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.3.2 Interlayer Exchange Coupling 347\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.3.3 Exchange Bias 347\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.3.4 Spin-Polarized Transport 347\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.4 Magnetic Sensing Techniques 349\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.4.1 Hall Effect Sensors 349\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.4.2 Magnetoresistive Sensors 354\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.4.2.1 Ordinary Magnetoresistance 354\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.4.2.2 Anisotropic Magnetoresistance 356\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.4.2.3 Giant Magnetoresistance 357\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.4.2.4 Tunnel Magnetoresistance 358\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.4.2.5 Colossal Magnetoresistance 360\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.5 Fabrication and Characterization Technologies 360\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.5.1 Conventional Fabrication 361\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.5.2 Solution Process 361\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.5.3 Printing Technologies 361\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.6 Magnetic Sensor Applications 361\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.6.1 Biosensors 361\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.6.2 Magnetic Storage and Read Heads 362\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.6.3 Current Sensing 362\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.6.4 Position and Angle Sensors 364\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.7 Prospects and Limitations 365\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 365\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e9 Interface Circuits 369\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.1 Introduction 369\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.1.1 Functions of Interface 369\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.1.2 Types of Sensor Interfacing Circuits 370\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.1.3 Battery 372\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.1.4 Battery Characteristics in System Analysis 373\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.1.5 Applications of an I\/O Interface Device 376\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.1.6 Importance of Input Impedance 377\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.2 Amplifier Circuits 378\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.2.1 Ideal Operational Amplifier (Op-amp) 378\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.2.2 Inverting and Noninverting Op-amps 379\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.2.3 Voltage Follower 380\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.2.4 Instrumentation Amplifier 381\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.2.5 Charge Amplifiers 382\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.2.6 Applications of Amplifiers 382\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.3 Excitation Circuits 383\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.3.1 Current Generators 383\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.3.2 Voltage Reference 383\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.3.3 Oscillators 385\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.3.4 Drivers 386\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.4 Analog-to-Digital Converters 386\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.4.1 Basic Concepts of ADC 386\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.4.2 V\/F Converter 387\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.4.3 Dual-Slope Converter 389\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.4.4 Successive Approximation Converter 390\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.4.5 Resolution Extension 391\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.5 Noise in Sensors and Circuits 391\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.5.1 Inherent Noise 392\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.5.2 Electric Shielding 393\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.5.3 Bypass Capacitor 394\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.5.4 Magnetic Shielding 394\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.5.5 Ground Planes 395\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.5.6 Ground Loops and Ground Isolation 396\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.6 Batteries for Low-Power Sensors and Wireless Systems 398\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.6.1 Primary Cells 400\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.6.2 Secondary Cells 401\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.6.3 Energy Harvesting for WSN 401\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 403\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIndex 409\u003c\/p\u003e","brand":"John Wiley \u0026 Sons Inc","offers":[{"title":"Default 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