{"product_id":"solar-engineering-of-thermal-processes-photovoltaics-and-wind-9781119540281","title":"Solar Engineering of Thermal Processes","description":"\u003cb\u003eBook Synopsis\u003c\/b\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003cb\u003eTable of Contents\u003c\/b\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003cp\u003ePreface xi\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003ePreface to the Fourth Edition xiii\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003ePreface to the Third Edition xv\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003ePreface to the Second Edition xvii\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003ePreface to the First Edition xix\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003ePart I Fundamentals 1\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e1 Solar Radiation 3\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.1 The Sun 3\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.2 The Solar Constant 5\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.3 Spectral Distribution of Extraterrestrial Radiation 6\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.4 Variation of Extraterrestrial Radiation 8\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.5 Definitions 9\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.6 Direction of Beam Radiation 12\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.7 Angles for Tracking Surfaces 20\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.8 Ratio of Beam Radiation on Tilted Surface to That on Horizontal Surface 24\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.9 Shading 30\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.10 Extraterrestrial Radiation on a Horizontal Surface 37\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.11 Summary 41\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 43\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e2 Available Solar Radiation 45\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.1 Definitions 45\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.2 Pyrheliometers and Pyrheliometric Scales 46\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.3 Pyranometers 50\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.4 Measurement of Duration of Sunshine 55\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.5 Solar Radiation Data 56\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.6 Atmospheric Attenuation of Solar Radiation 61\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.7 Estimation of Average Solar Radiation 66\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.8 Estimation of Clear-Sky Radiation 70\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.9 Distribution of Clear and Cloudy Days and Hours 73\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.10 Beam and Diffuse Components of Hourly Radiation 76\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.11 Beam and Diffuse Components of Daily Radiation 79\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.12 Beam and Diffuse Components of Monthly Radiation 81\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.13 Estimation of Hourly Radiation from Daily Data 83\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.14 Radiation on Sloped Surfaces 86\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.15 Radiation on Sloped Surfaces: Isotropic Sky 91\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.16 Radiation on Sloped Surfaces: Anisotropic Sky 92\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.17 Radiation Augmentation 98\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.18 Beam Radiation on Moving Surfaces 103\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.19 Average Radiation on Sloped Surfaces: Isotropic Sky 104\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.20 Average Radiation on Sloped Surfaces: KT Method 108\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.21 Effects of Receiving Surface Orientation on \u003ci\u003eH\u003csub\u003eT\u003c\/sub\u003e\u003c\/i\u003e 114\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.22 Utilizability 116\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.23 Generalized Utilizability 120\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.24 Daily Utilizability 128\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.25 Summary 134\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 136\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e3 Selected Heat Transfer Topics 141\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.1 The Electromagnetic Spectrum 141\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.2 Photon Radiation 142\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.3 The Blackbody: Perfect Absorber and Emitter 142\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.4 Planck’s Law and Wien’s Displacement Law 143\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.5 Stefan-Boltzmann Equation 144\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.6 Radiation Tables 145\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.7 Radiation Intensity and Flux 147\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.8 Infrared Radiation Exchange Between Gray Surfaces 149\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.9 Sky Radiation 150\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.10 Radiation Heat Transfer Coefficient 151\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.11 Natural Convection Between Flat Parallel Plates and Between Concentric Cylinders 152\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.12 Convection Suppression 157\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.13 Vee-Corrugated Enclosures 161\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.14 Heat Transfer Relations for Internal Flow 162\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.15 Wind Convection Coefficients 166\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.16 Heat Transfer and Pressure Drop in Packed Beds and Perforated Plates 168\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.17 Effectiveness-NTU Calculations for Heat Exchangers 171\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.18 Summary 173\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 174\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e4 Radiation Characteristics of Opaque Materials 177\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.1 Absorptance and Emittance 178\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.2 Kirchhoff’s Law 180\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.3 Reflectance of Surfaces 181\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.4 Relationships Among Absorptance, Emittance, and Reflectance 185\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.5 Broadband Emittance and Absorptance 186\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.6 Calculation of Emittance and Absorptance 187\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.7 Measurement of Surface Radiation Properties 190\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.8 Selective Surfaces 192\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.9 Mechanisms of Selectivity 196\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.10 Optimum Properties 199\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.11 Angular Dependence of Solar Absorptance 200\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.12 Absorptance of Cavity Receivers 201\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.13 Specularly Reflecting Surfaces 202\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.14 Advanced Radiation Heat Transfer Analysis 203\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.15 Summary 205\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 206\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e5 Radiation Transmission through Glazing: Absorbed Radiation 209\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.1 Reflection of Radiation 209\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.2 Absorption by Glazing 213\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.3 Optical Properties of Cover Systems 213\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.4 Transmittance for Diffuse Radiation 218\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.5 Transmittance-Absorptance Product 220\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.6 Angular Dependence of (𝜏𝛼) 221\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.7 Spectral Dependence of Transmittance 222\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.8 Effects of Surface Layers on Transmittance 225\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.9 Absorbed Solar Radiation 226\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.10 Monthly Average Absorbed Radiation 230\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.11 Absorptance of Rooms 236\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.12 Absorptance of Photovoltaic Cells 238\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.13 Summary 241\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 243\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e6 Flat-Plate Collectors 244\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.1 Description of Flat-Plate Collectors 244\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.2 Basic Flat-Plate Energy Balance Equation 245\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.3 Temperature Distributions in Flat-Plate Collectors 246\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.4 Collector Overall Heat Loss Coefficient 248\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.5 Temperature Distribution Between Tubes and the Collector Efficiency Factor 262\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.6 Temperature Distribution in Flow Direction 269\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.7 Collector Heat Removal Factor and Flow Factor 270\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.8 Critical Radiation Level 274\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.9 Mean Fluid and Plate Temperatures 275\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.10 Effective Transmittance-Absorptance Product 276\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.11 Effects of Dust and Shading 279\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.12 Heat Capacity Effects in Flat-Plate Collectors 280\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.13 Liquid Heater Plate Geometries 283\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.14 Air Heaters 288\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.15 Measurements of Collector Performance 295\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.16 Collector Characterizations 296\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.17 Collector Tests: Efficiency, Incidence Angle Modifier, and Time Constant 297\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.18 Test Data 307\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.19 Thermal Test Data Conversion 310\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.20 Flow Rate Corrections to \u003ci\u003eF\u003csub\u003eR\u003c\/sub\u003e\u003c\/i\u003e (𝜏𝛼)\u003csub\u003en\u003c\/sub\u003e and \u003ci\u003eF\u003csub\u003eR\u003c\/sub\u003eU\u003csub\u003eL\u003c\/sub\u003e\u003c\/i\u003e 313\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.21 Flow Distribution in Collectors 316\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.22 In Situ Collector Performance 317\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.23 Practical Considerations for Flat-Plate Collectors 318\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.24 Putting It All Together 321\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.25 Summary 326\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 327\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e7 Concentrating Collectors 331\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.1 Collector Configurations 332\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.2 Concentration Ratio 334\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.3 Thermal Performance of Concentrating Collectors 336\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.4 Optical Performance of Concentrating Collectors 343\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.5 Cylindrical Absorber Arrays 344\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.6 Optical Characteristics of Nonimaging Concentrators 346\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.7 Orientation and Absorbed Energy for CPC Collectors 354\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.8 Performance of CPC Collectors 358\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.9 Linear Imaging Concentrators: Geometry 360\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.10 Images Formed by Perfect Linear Concentrators 363\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.11 Images from Imperfect Linear Concentrators 368\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.12 Ray-Trace Methods for Evaluating Concentrators 370\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.13 Incidence Angle Modifiers and Energy Balances 370\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.14 Paraboloidal Concentrators 376\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.15 Central-Receiver Collectors 377\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.16 Practical Considerations 378\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.17 Summary 379\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 380\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e8 Energy Storage 382\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.1 Process Loads and Solar Collector Outputs 382\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.2 Energy Storage in Solar Thermal Systems 384\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.3 Water Storage 385\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.4 Stratification in Storage Tanks 388\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.5 Packed-Bed Storage 393\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.6 Storage Walls 401\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.7 Seasonal Storage 403\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.8 Phase Change Energy Storage 405\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.9 Chemical Energy Storage 410\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.10 Battery Storage 411\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.11 Hydroelectric and Compressed Air Storage 415\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.12 Summary 418\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 419\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e9 Solar Process Loads 422\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.1 Examples of Time-Dependent Loads 423\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.2 Hot-Water Loads 424\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.3 Space Heating Loads, Degree-Days, and Balance Temperature 425\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.4 Building Loss Coefficients 428\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.5 Building Energy Storage Capacity 430\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.6 Cooling Loads 430\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.7 Swimming Pool Heating Loads 431\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.8 Summary 433\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 434\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e10 System Thermal Calculations 436\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.1 Component Models 437\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.2 Collector Heat Exchanger Factor 438\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.3 Duct and Pipe Loss Factors 440\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.4 Controls 443\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.5 Collector Arrays: Series Connections 445\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.6 Performance of Partially Shaded Collectors 447\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.7 Series Arrays with Sections Having Different Orientations 449\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.8 Use of Modified Collector Equations 451\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.9 System Models 455\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.10 Solar Fraction and Solar Savings Fraction 458\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.11 Summary 459\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 461\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e11 Solar Process Economics 462\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.1 Costs of Solar Process Systems 462\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.2 Design Variables 465\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.3 Economic Figures of Merit 467\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.4 Discounting and Inflation 469\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.5 Present-Worth Factor 471\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.6 Life-Cycle Savings Method 474\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.7 Evaluation of Other Economic Indicators 479\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.8 The \u003ci\u003eP\u003c\/i\u003e\u003csub\u003e1\u003c\/sub\u003e, \u003ci\u003eP\u003c\/i\u003e\u003csub\u003e2\u003c\/sub\u003e Method 482\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.9 Uncertainties in Economic Analyses 487\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.10 Economic Analysis Using Solar Savings Fraction 490\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.11 Summary 491\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 491\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003ePart II Applications 493\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e12 Solar Water Heating: Active and Passive 495\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.1 Water Heating Systems 495\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.2 Freezing, Boiling, and Scaling 499\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.3 Auxiliary Energy 502\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.4 Forced-Circulation Systems 504\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.5 Low-Flow Pumped Systems 505\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.6 Natural-Circulation Systems 507\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.7 Integral Collector Storage Systems 510\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.8 Retrofit Water Heaters 512\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.9 Water Heating in Space Heating and Cooling Systems 512\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.10 Testing and Rating of Solar Water Heaters 513\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.11 Economics of Solar Water Heating 514\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.12 Swimming Pool Heating 517\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.13 Summary 518\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 519\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e13 Building Heating: Active 521\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.1 Historical Notes 522\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.2 Solar Heating Systems 523\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.3 CSU House III Flat-Plate Liquid System 528\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.4 CSU House II Air System 531\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.5 Heating System Parametric Study 533\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.6 Solar Energy–Heat Pump Systems 537\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.7 Phase Change Storage Systems 542\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.8 Seasonal Energy Storage Systems 545\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.9 Solar and Off-Peak Electric Systems 549\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.10 Solar System Overheating 550\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.11 Solar Heating Economics 551\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.12 Architectural Considerations 554\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 556\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e14 Building Heating: Passive and Hybrid Methods 559\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.1 Concepts of Passive Heating 560\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.2 Comfort Criteria and Heating Loads 561\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.3 Movable Insulation and Controls 561\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.4 Shading: Overhangs and Wingwalls 562\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.5 Direct-Gain Systems 566\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.6 Collector-Storage Walls and Roofs 571\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.7 Sunspaces 575\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.8 Active Collection–Passive Storage Hybrid Systems 577\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.9 Other Hybrid Systems 578\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.10 Passive Applications 579\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.11 Heat Distribution in Passive Buildings 584\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.12 Costs and Economics of Passive Heating 585\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.13 Summary 587\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 588\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e15 Solar Cooling 590\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.1 Solar Absorption Cooling 591\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.2 Theory of Absorption Cooling 593\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.3 Combined Solar Heating and Cooling 599\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.4 Simulation Study of Solar Air Conditioning 600\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.5 Operating Experience with Solar Cooling 603\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.6 Applications of Solar Absorption Air Conditioning 606\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.7 Solar Desiccant Cooling 606\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.8 Ventilation and Recirculation Desiccant Cycles 609\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.9 Solar-Mechanical Cooling 611\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.10 Solar-Related Air Conditioning 614\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.11 Passive Cooling 615\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 616\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e16 Solar Industrial Process Heat 619\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.1 Integration with Industrial Processes 619\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.2 Mechanical Design Considerations 620\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.3 Economics of Industrial Process Heat 621\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.4 Open-Circuit Air Heating Applications 622\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.5 Recirculating Air System Applications 626\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.6 Once-Through Industrial Water Heating 628\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.7 Recirculating Industrial Water Heating 630\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.8 Shallow-Pond Water Heaters 632\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.9 Summary 634\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 634\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e17 Solar Thermal Power Systems 636\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.1 Thermal Conversion Systems 636\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.2 Gila Bend Pumping System 637\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.3 Luz Systems 639\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.4 Central-Receiver Systems 643\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.5 Solar One and Solar Two Power Plants 645\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.6 Summary 648\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 648\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e18 Solar Ponds: Evaporative Processes 650\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e18.1 Salt-Gradient Solar Ponds 650\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e18.2 Pond Theory 652\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e18.3 Applications of Ponds 654\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e18.4 Solar Distillation 655\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e18.5 Evaporation 661\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e18.6 Direct Solar Drying 662\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e18.7 Summary 662\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 663\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003ePart III Design Methods 665\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e19 Simulations in Solar Process Design 667\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e19.1 Simulation Programs 668\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e19.2 Utility of Simulations 668\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e19.3 Information from Simulations 669\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e19.4 TRNSYS: Thermal Process Simulation Program 671\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e19.5 Simulations and Experiments 677\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e19.6 Meteorological Data 678\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e19.7 Limitations of Simulations 681\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 681\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e20 Design of Active Systems: \u003ci\u003ef\u003c\/i\u003e-Chart 683\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e20.1 Review of Design Methods 683\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e20.2 The \u003ci\u003ef\u003c\/i\u003e-Chart Method 684\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e20.3 The \u003ci\u003ef\u003c\/i\u003e-Chart for Liquid Systems 688\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e20.4 The \u003ci\u003ef\u003c\/i\u003e-Chart for Air Systems 694\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e20.5 Service Water Heating Systems 698\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e20.6 The \u003ci\u003ef\u003c\/i\u003e-Chart Results 700\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e20.7 Parallel Solar Energy-Heat Pump Systems 701\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e20.8 Summary 705\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 705\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e21 Design of Active Systems by Utilizability Methods 707\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e21.1 Hourly Utilizability 708\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e21.2 Daily Utilizability 711\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e21.3 The \u003ci\u003e𝜙\u003c\/i\u003e, \u003ci\u003ef\u003c\/i\u003e-Chart Method 714\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e21.4 Summary 724\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 725\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e22 Design of Passive and Hybrid Heating Systems 726\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e22.1 Approaches to Passive Design 726\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e22.2 Solar-Load Ratio Method 727\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e22.3 Unutilizability Design Method: Direct Gain 736\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e22.4 Unutilizability Design Method: Collector-Storage Walls 742\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e22.5 Hybrid Systems: Active Collection with Passive Storage 750\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e22.6 Other Hybrid Systems 757\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e22.7 Summary 758\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 758\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e23 Design of Photovoltaic Systems 760\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e23.1 Photovoltaic Converters 761\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e23.2 PV Generator Characteristics and Models 762\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e23.3 Cell Temperature 773\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e23.4 Load Characteristics and Direct-Coupled Systems 775\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e23.5 Controls and Maximum Power Point Trackers 778\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e23.6 Applications 779\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e23.7 Design Procedures 780\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e23.8 High-Flux PV Generators 786\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e23.9 Summary 786\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 787\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e24 Wind Energy 789\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e24.1 Introduction 789\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e24.2 Wind Resource 793\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e24.3 One-Dimensional Wind Turbine Model 801\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e24.4 Estimating Wind Turbine Average Power and Energy Production 806\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e24.5 Summary 810\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 810\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eAppendixes 811\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eA Problems 811\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eB Nomenclature 870\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eC International System of Units 875\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eD Meteorological Data 877\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIndex 885\u003c\/p\u003e","brand":"John Wiley \u0026 Sons Inc","offers":[{"title":"Default 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