{"product_id":"small-animal-microbiomes-and-nutrition-9781119862604","title":"Small Animal Microbiomes and Nutrition","description":"\u003cb\u003eBook Synopsis\u003c\/b\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003cb\u003eTable of Contents\u003c\/b\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003cp\u003ePreface xvii\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAbout the Companion Website xix\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eSection I Understanding a Microbiome 1\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e1 Common Definitions 3\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.1 Microbiome 3\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.2 Microbiota 4\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.3 Pathogens 5\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.4 Symbiosis 8\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.5 Dysbiosis 11\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.6 Probiotics 12\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.7 Prebiotics 15\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.8 Synbiotics 16\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.9 Biological Markers (Biomarkers) and Their Measurement 16\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.9.1 Genes, the Genome, and Genomics 17\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.9.2 Metabolites, the Metabolome, and Metabolomics 19\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.9.2.1 Metabonomics 22\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.9.3 The Proteome and Proteomics 23\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eGlossary 23\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 25\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e2 Functions of the Gastrointestinal Microbiome 32\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.1 What Is the Gastrointestinal Microbiome? 32\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.2 Metabolic Functions 32\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.2.1 Short-Chain Fatty Acids 33\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.2.2 Gases 35\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.2.3 Amino Acids 35\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.2.4 Vitamins and Minerals 36\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.3 Structural Functions 37\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.3.1 Tight Junctions and Intestinal Permeability 37\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.4 Protective Functions 38\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.4.1 Bacteriocins 38\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.4.2 Quorum-Sensing 39\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.4.3 Immune Response 39\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.5 Participation in Bidirectional Axis Communication 39\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.6 Chapter Summary 39\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 40\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e3 The Origin and Development of the Gastrointestinal Microbiome 44\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.1 In Utero 44\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.2 Factors Influencing the Initial Colonization of Microbiota 45\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.2.1 Presentation at Birth 46\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.2.2 Environmental Exposure 47\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.2.3 Diet Type and Method of Feeding 47\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.2.4 Age 48\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.3 Dysbiosis During Microbiome Development 49\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.4 Key Nutritional Factors 53\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.4.1 Maternal Colostrum and Maternal Milk 53\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.4.2 Prebiotics 53\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.4.3 Non-maternal Colostrum 54\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.4.4 Commercial Milk Replacer 55\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.5 Chapter Summary 55\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 55\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e4 Factors Affecting the Diversity and Density of the Microbiomes 59\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.1 Physiological Factors 60\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.1.1 Genetics 60\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.1.2 Age 60\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.1.3 Sex 62\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.1.4 Nutrition 62\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.1.5 Environment 64\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.2 Pathophysiological Factors 65\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.2.1 Stress 65\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.2.2 Pharmaceutical Therapy 65\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.2.2.1 Antimicrobials 65\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.2.2.2 Other Pharmaceuticals 67\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.3 Chapter Summary 67\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 68\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e5 Essential Nutrients and the Microbiota 73\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.1 Protein 74\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.1.1 Quantity 75\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.1.2 Quotient 75\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.1.3 Quality 76\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.2 Carbohydrates 77\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.2.1 Simple Carbohydrates 77\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.2.2 Complex Carbohydrates 78\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.2.2.1 Solubility 79\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.2.2.2 Fermentability 79\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.3 Fat 82\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.4 Vitamins and Minerals 82\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.4.1 Vitamins 83\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.4.1.1 Fat-Soluble Vitamins 83\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.4.1.2 Water-Soluble Vitamins 84\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.4.2 Minerals 86\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.5 Processing and Digestibility of Nutrients 87\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.6 Chapter Summary 88\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 89\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e6 Current Methods for Microbiome Analysis 96\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.1 Introduction 96\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.2 Why is it Important to Characterize the Microbiome? 99\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.3 Sample Collection and Preservation Methods 100\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.4 Current Methods for Microbiome Analysis 101\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.4.1 Microscopy 103\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.4.2 Cultivation 103\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.4.3 Molecular Methods 104\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.4.3.1 Quantitative PCR Panels 104\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.4.3.2 Amplicon Sequencing: 16S, 18S, and ITS 106\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.4.3.3 Metagenomic Sequencing 106\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.4.3.4 Metabolomics 107\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.5 Chapter Summary 108\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 108\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e7 Microbiome- Centric Management of Dysbiosis 112\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.1 Key Nutritional Factors 113\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.2 Probiotics 114\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.3 Fecal Microbiota Transplantation 115\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.4 Bacteriophages 117\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.5 Chapter Summary 118\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 118\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eSection II The Microbiome’s Involvement in Body Systems 127\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e8 The Immune System 129\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.1 Innate and Adaptive Immunity 129\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.1.1 Innate Immune System 129\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.1.1.1 Physical Barriers 130\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.1.1.2 Cellular Protection 130\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.1.1.3 Humoral Immune Response 131\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.1.2 Adaptive Immune System 131\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.1.2.1 Lymphocytes 131\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.1.2.2 Antibodies 132\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.1.3 Immune System Maturation 132\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.2 The Microbiome’s Involvement in Immunity 132\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.2.1 Germ- Free Animals 133\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.2.2 Intestinal Permeability’s Association with the Immune System 133\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.2.3 Cancer’s Association with the Immune System and GI Microbiome 134\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.2.3.1 Immunotherapy 135\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.3 Supportive Nutrients 136\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.3.1 Prebiotics 136\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.3.2 Probiotics 137\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.3.3 Postbiotics 137\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.3.3.1 Short Chain Fatty Acids 137\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.3.3.2 Colostrum (Bovine) 137\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.4 Chapter Summary 138\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 139\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e9 The Endocannabinoid System 141\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.1 Endocannabinoid System 141\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.2 The Endocannabinoidome Axis 142\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.3 Chapter Summary 145\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 146\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e10 Respiratory System Microbiome 148\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.1 The Respiratory System Microbiome 148\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.2 Factors Affecting Diversity and Density 149\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.3 Diseases Associated with Dysbiosis 152\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.3.1 Asthma 153\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.3.2 Bacterial Pneumonia 153\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.3.3 Upper Respiratory Infection 154\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.4 Key Nutritional Factors 155\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.4.1 Probiotics 155\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.4.2 Minerals, Vitamins, and Antioxidants 155\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.4.3 Omega 3 Fatty Acids 156\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.5 Chapter Summary 156\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 157\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e11 Oral Microbiomes 159\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.1 The Oral Microbiome 159\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.2 Factors Affecting Diversity and Density 160\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.3 Diseases Associated with Dysbiosis and Inflammation 162\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.3.1 Periodontal Disease 162\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.3.1.1 Stomatitis 164\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.3.1.2 Glossitis 164\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.3.2 Systemic Antimicrobials 164\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.4 Key Nutritional Factors 164\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.5 Chapter Summary 165\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 166\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e12 Aural Microbiome 167\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.1 The Aural Microbiome 167\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.2 Factors Affecting Diversity and Density 168\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.2.1 Influencing Factors 168\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.2.2 Biofilms 168\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.3 Diseases Associated with Dysbiosis 170\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.4 Key Nutritional Factors 173\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.5 Chapter Summary 173\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 174\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e13 Integumentary Microbiomes 175\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.1 The Cutaneous Microbiome 175\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.2 Factors Affecting Diversity and Density 176\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.2.1 Environment 176\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.2.2 Diet and the Gut Microbiome 178\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.2.3 Pharmaceuticals 178\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.3 Diseases Associated with Dysbiosis 178\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.3.1 Dysfunctional Barrier Syndrome 178\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.3.2 Atopic Dermatitis 181\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.4 Key Nutritional Factors 182\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.4.1 Protein 182\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.4.2 Essential Fatty Acids 183\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.4.3 Fiber 183\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.4.4 Vitamins 184\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.4.5 Minerals 184\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.5 Chapter Summary 184\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 185\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e14 Hepatic Circulation and Bile Acid Involvement with Microbiomes 189\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.1 Hepatic Circulation and Bile Acid Metabolism 189\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.1.1 Primary Bile Acids 190\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.1.1.1 Conjugation of Primary Bile Acids 190\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.1.2 The Function of the Gallbladder and Micelles 190\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.1.3 Recycling of Bile Acids 191\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.1.4 Secondary Bile Acids 192\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.2 Microbiota’s Role in Bile Acid Metabolism 192\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.2.1 Deconjugation 192\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.2.2 Dehydroxylation 193\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.2.3 Oxidation and Epimerization 193\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.2.4 Re- Conjugation 194\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.3 Bile and Bile Acids Fundamental Roles in the Regulation of Various Physiological Systems 195\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.3.1 Digestion 195\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.3.2 Metabolism 195\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.3.3 Cell Signaling 195\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.3.4 Microbiome Composition 195\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.3.5 Immune Homeostasis 195\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.3.6 Exogenous and Endogenous Substrate Disposal 196\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.3.7 Circulatory System Support 196\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.4 Nutrients in Bile 196\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.4.1 Fats (Cholesterol) 196\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.4.2 Proteins 196\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.4.3 Vitamins 197\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.4.4 Other 197\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.5 Liver–Gut–Brain Axis 197\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.6 Bile Acid Dysmetabolism 199\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.6.1 Diseases Associated with Bile Acid Dysmetabolism 201\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.6.1.1 Aging 201\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.6.1.2 Diabetes Mellitus 202\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.6.1.3 Bile Acid Diarrhea 203\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.7 Key Nutritional Factors 203\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.7.1 Water 203\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.7.2 Fat 204\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.7.3 Protein 204\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.7.4 Carbohydrates 204\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.7.5 Fiber 205\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.7.6 Probiotics 205\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.8 Chapter Summary 206\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 207\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e15 Gastrointestinal Microbiomes 210\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.1 The Gastrointestinal Microbiome 210\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.1.1 The Pharyngeal Microbiome 210\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.1.2 The Esophageal Microbiome 211\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.1.3 The Gastric Microbiome 212\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.1.4 The Intestinal Microbiome 213\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.2 The GI Microbiome’s Role in the Production of Vitamins 217\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.3 Conditions Affected by or Associated with the GI Microbiome 217\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.3.1 Chronic Enteropathies 219\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.3.1.1 Antibiotic- Responsive Enteropathy 219\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.3.1.2 Food- Responsive Enteropathy 220\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.3.1.3 Inflammatory Bowel Disease 220\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.3.2 Dietary Hypersensitivity and Atopy 221\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.3.3 Obesity 223\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.3.4 Diabetes Mellitus 223\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.3.5 Neoplasia 224\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.3.6 Congestive Heart Failure 225\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.3.7 Chronic Kidney Disease 225\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.4 Chapter Summary 226\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 226\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e16 Neurological Interactions with Microbiomes 234\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.1 The Nervous System 235\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.2 The Gut–Brain Communication Axis 237\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.2.1 Enteroendocrine and Neuroendocrine Cells 237\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.2.2 Microbial Metabolites 238\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.2.2.1 Gastrotransmitter – Gas Metabolites 239\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.2.2.2 Short- Chain Fatty Acids 240\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.2.2.3 Neurotransmitters 242\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.2.2.4 GI Microbiota- Derived Cellular Components 244\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.2.3 The Importance of Barrier Function 244\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.3 Anxiety 245\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.4 Cognitive Dysfunction 247\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.5 Psychobiotics 249\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.6 Nutrients 250\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.6.1 Simple Carbohydrates 250\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.6.2 Fat and Essential Fatty Acids 250\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.6.2.1 Medium- Chain Triglycerides (MCT) 250\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.6.2.2 Omega 3 Fatty Acids 251\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.6.3 Vitamin and Mineral “Brain Blend” 251\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.6.4 Fiber Sources – Oligosaccharides 252\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.7 Chapter Summary 252\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 254\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e17 Urinary System 258\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.1 GI–Renal Axis 258\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.2 Urobiome 261\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.2.1 Urinary Tract Infections 261\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.2.2 Biofilm in the Bladder 264\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.3 Defenses Against Urinary Tract Infections 265\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.3.1 Innate Immune System’s Role 265\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.3.1.1 Bacterial Interference 265\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.3.1.2 Pilicides and Curlicides 266\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.4 Key Nutritional Factors 266\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.4.1 Mannose (D- Mannose) 266\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.5 Chapter Summary 267\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 267\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eSection III Emerging Ingredients and Alternative Diets 269\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e18 Raw Ingredient Diets 273\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e18.1 Raw vs Cooking 274\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e18.1.1 Starches and Vegetables 274\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e18.1.2 Meat (Protein) 275\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e18.2 Comparing Extruded, Canned, and Raw 277\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e18.3 Antimicrobial Resistance 279\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e18.4 Fermented Products 282\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e18.5 Chapter Summary 283\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 284\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e19 Grain and Gluten- Free Diets 288\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e19.1 Grains 288\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e19.1.1 Nutrients from Grains 289\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e19.1.1.1 Fiber 289\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e19.1.1.2 Lipids 289\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e19.1.1.3 Phenolics 290\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e19.1.2 Obesity’s Relationship to Grains 290\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e19.1.3 Processing’s Effect on Grain Nutrient Profile 291\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e19.2 Gluten 291\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e19.3 Chapter Summary 291\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 292\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e20 Cannabinoids 293\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e20.1 Regulations on Cannabis Products 293\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e20.2 By- products of the Plant as an Ingredient Source 294\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e20.3 Concerns About the Health and Safety of Cannabis Products in Animal Feed 295\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e20.4 Cannabidiol Supplementation Effects on the Microbiome 295\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e20.5 Antimicrobial Effects of Cannabis 297\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e20.6 Current Diets on the World Pet Food Market 298\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e20.7 Chapter Summary 298\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 298\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e21 Insects 301\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e21.1 Black Soldier Fly Larvae 301\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e21.1.1 Adjustable Nutrient Profile 302\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e21.1.2 Natural Decomposers 302\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e21.1.3 Non- Disease Vector Species 302\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e21.1.4 Reduce Pathogen and Other Vermin on Decaying Matter 302\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e21.1.5 Production of Antimicrobial Peptides 302\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e21.1.6 BSFL GI Microbiome 303\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e21.1.7 Probiotics for BSFL 303\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e21.2 Heavy Metal and Mycotoxin Accumulation in Insects 304\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e21.3 Chitin 304\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e21.4 The Effects on the Host GI Microbiome 305\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e21.5 Chapter Summary 307\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 307\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eSection IV Communication and Nutrition Plans for Pet Parents 311\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e22 Communicating with Pet Parents 313\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e22.1 From the Pet Parent Perspective 313\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e22.2 How the Brain Processes New Information 314\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e22.2.1 The Protection Motivation Theory 314\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e22.2.1.1 Receipt of Knowledge 314\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e22.2.1.2 Threat Appraisal 316\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e22.2.1.3 Coping Appraisal 316\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e22.2.1.4 Behavior or Intention 317\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e22.3 Improving Action Results 318\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e22.3.1 Steps to Create a Successful Action Plan 318\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e22.3.1.1 Step 1 Identify the Threat 318\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e22.3.1.2 Step 2 Develop a Plan 318\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e22.4 Supporting Pet Parents Through the Decision- Making Process 319\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e22.4.1 Dr. Google 319\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e22.4.2 Provide Learning Tools 320\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e22.4.3 Understanding Financial Constraints 320\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e22.5 Improving Conversations 322\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e22.5.1 Lose the Judgment – Validate Pet Parents Emotions 322\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e22.6 Providing Continuing Support to Pet Parents 323\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e22.6.1 Staying in Touch 323\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e22.6.2 How Often to Request Contact 325\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e22.7 Chapter Summary 325\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 326\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e23 Documenting a Nutrition History 328\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e23.1 How to Ask the Right Questions 328\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e23.1.1 Closed- Ended Questions 328\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e23.1.2 Open- Ended Questions 329\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e23.1.3 Probing Questions 329\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e23.1.4 Using Appropriate Tone 330\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e23.1.5 Timing Is Everything 330\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e23.2 Nutrition Questionnaire 330\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e23.2.1 What to Include in a Nutrition History 331\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e23.2.1.1 A More In- Depth History Form Should Inquire about 332\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e23.3 Chapter Summary 333\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 334\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e24 Dietary Treatment Plans 335\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e24.1 Pet Parents Want Veterinary Nutrition Recommendations 335\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e24.2 Increasing the Value of Nutrition Plans 335\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e24.3 Components of a Nutrition Plan 336\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e24.3.1 Diet Recommendation 337\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e24.3.2 Caloric Goals 337\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e24.3.2.1 Main Meal(s) 337\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e24.3.2.2 Treat Goals 337\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e24.3.3 Timeline 337\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e24.3.3.1 Action Plan 338\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e24.3.3.2 Information About the Pet’s Condition or Life Stage 338\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e24.4 Chapter Summary 338\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 339\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e25 Calculations for the Nutrition Consultation 340\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e25.1 Energy Requirements 340\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e25.1.1 Resting Energy Requirements 340\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e25.1.2 Maintenance Energy Requirements 342\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e25.1.3 Calculation for Growth 342\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e25.1.4 Calculating for Pregnancy 342\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e25.1.5 Calculating for Lactation 343\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e25.2 Calculating kcal\/cup or kcal\/can from Energy Requirement 343\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e25.2.1 Formulations 344\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e25.2.1.1 Calculating Diet 1 kcal where a Set Percentage of the can\/cup or Multiple cans(cups) Volumes are Predetermined 344\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e25.3 Calculating kcal per day by Weight (grams) 344\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e25.4 Calculating Calories from Nutrients and Metabolizable Energy 345\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e25.4.1 Calculating NFE 345\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e25.4.2 Calculating % of kcals from the Macronutrients 345\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e25.4.3 Calculating Metabolizable Energy 345\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e25.5 Calculating Percentage of Body Weight Loss 346\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e25.6 Calculating Energy Requirements for a Critical Care Patient 346\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e25.7 Calculating Water Requirements 347\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e25.8 Calculating Metabolic Water 347\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e25.9 Feeding and Transition Plan Formulations 347\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e25.9.1 Calculating Meals by kcal per Meal 347\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e25.9.2 Calculating Meals by Volume per Meal 347\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e25.10 Creating a Feeding Plan 348\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e25.10.1 General Guidelines for Diet Transitions 348\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e25.10.2 Immediate Diet Transition (For Critical Care and Initial Calorie Restricted Diet Changes) 348\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e25.11 Chapter Summary 348\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 350\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIndex 351\u003c\/p\u003e","brand":"John Wiley and Sons Ltd","offers":[{"title":"Default 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