{"product_id":"skin-microbiome-handbook-9781119592235","title":"Skin Microbiome Handbook","description":"\u003cb\u003eBook Synopsis\u003c\/b\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eThe book provides a comprehensive detailed summary of current status on skin microbiome research in health and disease as well as key regulatory and legal aspects.\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIn the past decade, interest and technology have greatly advanced to unravel the nature and effect of skin microbiome on our health. Diseases such as atopic dermatitis and acne are at the forefront of this research, but also other conditions such as skin cancer are under investigation. In addition, mapping of the skin microbiome has gone from basic to more detailed with attempts to correlate it to various ages, ethnicities and genders. In parallel to mapping it, a great deal of research is dedicated to understanding its functionality and communication (and hence effect) on human cells.\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe \u003ci\u003eSkin Microbiome Handbook\u003c\/i\u003e is a summary of current status of knowledge, research tools and approaches in skin microbiome, in health and disease. It contains the following categories: healthy skin microbiome and\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003cb\u003eTable of Contents\u003c\/b\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003ePreface xvii\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003ePart 1: Healthy Skin Microbiome and Oral-Skin Interactions 1\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e1 The Microbiome of Healthy Skin 3\u003cbr\u003e\u003c\/b\u003e\u003ci\u003eSamantha Samaras and Michael Hoptroff\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.1 Introduction 3\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.1.1 Retrospective 3\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.1.2 Next Generation Sequencing 6\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.2 The Skin Microbiome in Health 7\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.2.1 Composition 7\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.2.2 Diversity 10\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.2.3 Uniqueness 13\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.3 Healthy Skin is the Foundation of a Balanced Skin Microbiome 14\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.3.1 Physical Aspects of Skin Impacting the Microbiome 14\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.3.2 Biochemical and Defensive Aspects of Skin Impacting the Microbiome 16\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.3.2.1 The Acid Mantle 16\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.3.2.2 Antimicrobial Lipids (AMLs) 16\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.3.2.3 Antimicrobial Peptides (AMPs) 17\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.3.3 Nutritional and Microenvironmental Aspects of Skin Impacting the Microbiome 18\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.3.3.1 Amino Acids 18\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.3.3.2 Sebaceous Lipids 19\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.3.3.3 Organic Acids and Other Materials 19\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.4 A Balanced Skin Microbiome Supports the Normal Functioning of Healthy Skin 20\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.4.1 Pathogen Exclusion 20\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.4.2 Contribution to Skin pH 20\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.4.3 Microbial Contribution to Skin Barrier Integrity 21\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.5 Conclusion 22\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAcknowledgments 23\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 23\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e2 The Gut Microbiome-Skin Axis: Impact on Skin and Systemic Health 33\u003cbr\u003e\u003c\/b\u003e\u003ci\u003eDavid Drake\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.1 Introduction 34\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.2 The Gut-Skin Microbiome Axis 35\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.3 The Gut-Skin Microbiome Axis: Principle Pathways 35\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.4 Dysbiosis of the Gut Microbiome and Skin Dyshomeostasis 37\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.4.1 Acne Vulgaris 38\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.4.2 Atopic Dermatitis 39\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.5 Summary and Future Directions 39\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 40\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e3 The Skin and Oral Microbiome: An Examination of Overlap and Potential Interactions between Microbiome Communities 45\u003cbr\u003e\u003c\/b\u003e\u003ci\u003eSandra Buerger\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.1 Introduction 45\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.1.1 Focus of the Chapter 45\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.1.2 Definition of Skin Microbiome 47\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.1.3 Definition of Oral Microbiome 48\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.2 Characterization of the Microbiome 48\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.2.1 Variability and Stability of Skin and Oral Microbiome 48\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.2.2 Microbial Community 49\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.2.2.1 Permeant Mutualistic or Commensal Microbes 49\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.2.2.2 Non-Pathogenic Transient Microbes 50\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.2.2.3 Pathogenic Microbes 50\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.3 The Core Skin and Oral Microbiomes 51\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.3.1 Taxonomic Methodology 51\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.3.2 Subgroups of the Microbiome 52\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.3.2.1 Bacteriome 52\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.3.2.2 Mycobiome (and Other Eukaryotic Microbial Members) 52\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.3.2.3 Virome 53\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.4 Interactions Between Skin and Oral Microbiomes 54\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.4.1 Potential for Interactions 54\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.4.2 Quorum Sensing 54\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.4.3 Immune System Development 54\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.4.4 Future Directions 55\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.5 Conclusion 55\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAcknowledgments 56\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 56\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003ePart 2: Skin Microbiome Observational Research 59\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e4 Skin Microbiome Alterations in Skin Diseases 61\u003cbr\u003e\u003c\/b\u003e\u003ci\u003eTravis Whitfill, Gilles R. Dubé and Julia Oh\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.1 Introduction and Background 61\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.2 Interactions Between Microbes and Host 62\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.3 Summary of Known Associations Between Skin Dysbioses and Skin Diseases 64\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.3.1 The Role of \u003ci\u003eS. Aureus \u003c\/i\u003ein Skin Disease 64\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.3.2 Atopic Dermatitis 64\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.3.3 Acne Vulgaris 66\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.3.4 Psoriasis 67\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.4 Skin Dysbioses in Skin Health 68\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.5 Other Skin Conditions 68\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.6 Therapeutic Approaches to Dysbiosis-Associated Skin Diseases 69\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.6.1 Traditional Methods of Treating Dysbiosis-Associated Skin Diseases 69\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.6.1.1 Atopic Dermatitis 69\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.6.1.2 Acne Vulgaris 69\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.6.2 Emerging Therapeutic Approaches to Treating Dysbiosis-Associated Skin Diseases 70\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.7 Conclusion and Future Directions 71\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAcknowledgements 71\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 71\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e5 The Axillary Microbiome and its Relationship with Underarm Odor 79\u003cbr\u003e\u003c\/b\u003e\u003ci\u003eAlexander Gordon James\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.1 Introduction 80\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.2 Composition of the Axillary Microbiome 86\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.3 16-Androstene Steroids and Axillary Malodour 95\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.4 The Axillary Microbiome, VFAs and Malodour 96\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.5 The Axillary Microbiome, Thioalcohols and Malodour 100\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.6 Perturbation of the Axillary Microbiome 108\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.7 Human Genetics – Influence on Malodour and the Axillary Microbiome 112\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.8 Conclusions and Future Perspectives 115\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAcknowledgements 122\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 122\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e6 Infant Skin Microbiome 131\u003cbr\u003e\u003c\/b\u003e\u003ci\u003eGeorgios N. Stamatas\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.1 Introduction 131\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.2 Infant Skin Maturation 132\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.3 Infant Immune System Maturation 133\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.4 Infant Skin Microbiome Dynamics 134\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.5 Mother-Infant Microbial Transmission 137\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.6 Conclusion 138\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 139\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003ePart 3: Skin Microbiome in Disequilibrium and Disease 143\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e7 Microbiome of Compromised Skin 145\u003cbr\u003e\u003c\/b\u003e\u003ci\u003eSara Farahmand\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.1 Atopic Dermatitis 146\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.2 Psoriasis 148\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.2.1 Diversity 149\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.2.2 Microbiome Composition 151\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.3 Acne 152\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.4 Rosacea 153\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.5 Seborrheic Dermatitis and Dandruff 155\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.6 Exposome, Skin Barrier, and Skin Microbiome 157\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.6.1 Skin Irritation and Microbiome 157\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.6.2 Diaper Dermatitis 157\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.6.3 Occupational Hand Dermatitis 158\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.6.4 Allergic Contact Dermatitis (ACD) and Skin Microbiome 159\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.7 Conclusion 160\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 163\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e8 Human Cutaneous Ectoparasites: A Brief Overview and Potential Therapeutic Role for Demodex 171\u003cbr\u003e\u003c\/b\u003e\u003ci\u003eStephen L. Strobel\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.1 Introduction 171\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.2 Chiggers (Trombiculidae) 172\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.3 Bedbugs (Cimex lectularius and Hemipterus) 173\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.4 Lice 173\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.5 Scabies (Sarcoptes scabiei) 174\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.6 Demodex 175\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.7 The Association Between Demodex, Rosacea and Blepharitis 176\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.8 Hypothesis 177\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.9 Demodex Folliculorum as a Drug Delivery Agent for Early Skin Cancer 177\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.10 Limitations 179\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.11 Conclusion 180\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.12 Future Considerations 181\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 182\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e9 Dysbiosis of the Skin Microbiome in Atopic Dermatitis 185\u003cbr\u003e\u003c\/b\u003e\u003ci\u003eJoyce Cheng and Tissa Hata\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.1 Introduction 185\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.2 The Healthy Skin Microbiome 186\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.3 The Skin Microbiome in Atopic Dermatitis 187\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.4 Microbiome-Targeted Treatment Strategies 195\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.5 Conclusion 196\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 196\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e10 The Skin Microbiome of Inverse Psoriasis 203\u003cbr\u003e\u003c\/b\u003e\u003ci\u003eJennifer Chung, Bruce E. Strober and George M. Weinstock\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.1 Introduction 204\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.2 Methods 205\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.2.1 Subject Population 205\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.2.2 Patient Diagnosis and Characteristics of Populations 206\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.2.3 Specimen Collection 206\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.2.4 Sample DNA Extraction and Sequencing 207\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.2.5 Downstream Sequence Processing and Analysis 207\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.3 Results 208\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.3.1 Cohort Metadata 208\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.3.2 Sequencing Information 208\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.3.3 The Skin Microbiome of Intertriginous Lesion and Non-Lesional Sites on Inverse Psoriasis Subjects 208\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.3.3.1 Psoriasis Lesional Status is Associated with Relative Abundance and Presence of Specific Species 208\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.3.3.2 Psoriatic Lesions Trend to Decrease Taxonomic Diversity 210\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.3.3.3 Psoriatic Lesions are Characterized by Greater Intragroup Variability 212\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.3.4 Inverse Psoriasis vs. Plaque Psoriasis vs. Healthy (All Non-Lesion Sites) 212\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.4 Conclusions \u0026amp; Future Plans 212\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAcknowledgements 213\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 214\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003ePart 4: Skin’s Innate Immunity 217\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e11 Effects of Endogenous Lipids on the Skin Microbiome 219\u003cbr\u003e\u003c\/b\u003e\u003ci\u003eCarol L. Fischer and Philip W. Wertz\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.1 Introduction 219\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.2 Sebaceous Lipids -- Source of Fatty Acids 221\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.3 Stratum Corneum Lipids – Source of Long-Chain Bases 223\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.4 Antimicrobial Activity of Fatty Acids 226\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.5 Antimicrobial Activity of Long-Chain Bases 230\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.6 Conclusion 231\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 231\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e12 Innate Immunity in Epidermis 237\u003cbr\u003e\u003c\/b\u003e\u003ci\u003eMiroslav Blumenberg\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.1 Introduction 237\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.2 Skin Acts as an Anatomical Physical and Chemical Barrier to Infectious Agents 238\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.3 Epidermal Cells Recognize Conserved Features of Pathogens, as well as the Indicators of Tissue Damage 239\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.4 Defensive Antimicrobial Proteins AMPs 240\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.5 Cytokines, Specific Signals that Activate Inflammation and Further Cellular Protective Mechanisms 242\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.6 Specialized White Blood Cells Identify and Remove Pathogens 243\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.7 Complement System 246\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.8 Innate Immune System Activates the Adaptive Immune System 246\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.9 Antiviral Defenses 247\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.10 Innate Immunity Memory? 247\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.11 Cutaneous Microbiome: A Newly Surfaced Contributor to Innate Immunity 248\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.12 Conclusion 251\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.13 Future Perspectives 252\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 254\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003ePart 5: Testing and Study Design 261\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e13 Next Generation Sequencing Reveals the Skin Microbiome 263\u003cbr\u003e\u003c\/b\u003e\u003ci\u003eNiamh B O’Hara\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.1 Introduction 263\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.2 Current Approaches to Test the Microbiome 265\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.3 The Genomics Revolution and Metagenomics 266\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.4 Metagenomics and the Skin Microbiome 267\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.5 Our Work at Biotia 268\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.6 Challenges and Solutions in Metagenomics 269\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.7 The Microbial World is our Oyster 272\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.8 The Future of Metagenomics 273\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAcknowledgements 273\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 274\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e14 Three-Dimensional Human Skin Models to Investigate Skin Innate and Immune-Mediated Responses to Microorganisms 277\u003cbr\u003e\u003c\/b\u003e\u003ci\u003eMarisa Meloni and Silvia Balzaretti\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.1 State-of-the-Art and Limits of Skin Microbiota Research 277\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.2 Mechanism-Based Approach to Study Host Response to Associated Microbiome: 3D Skin Models 279\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.3 Understanding \u003ci\u003eS. epidermidis \u003c\/i\u003eand \u003ci\u003eS. aureus \u003c\/i\u003eBehavior and Role on Reconstructed Human Epidermis (RHE) 281\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.4 Immuno-Competent Atopic Dermatitis Model 284\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.5 Conclusion and Future Perspectives 286\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 286\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e15 \u003ci\u003eCutibacterium acnes \u003c\/i\u003e(formerly \u003ci\u003ePropionibacterium acnes\u003c\/i\u003e) \u003ci\u003eIn-Vivo \u003c\/i\u003eReduction Assay: A Pre-Clinical Pharmacodynamic Assay for Evaluating Antimicrobial\/Antibiotic Agents in Development for Acne Treatment 289\u003cbr\u003e\u003c\/b\u003e\u003ci\u003eStuart R. Lessin and James J. Leyden\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.1 Acne Pathogenesis and the Role of \u003ci\u003eCutibacterium acnes  \u003c\/i\u003e(formerly \u003ci\u003ePropionibacterium acnes\u003c\/i\u003e) 290\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.1.1 Introduction 290\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.1.2 Pathogenesis 290\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.1.3 The Role of \u003ci\u003eC. acnes \u003c\/i\u003eand its Microbiome 290\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.2 Current Therapies and Regulatory Approval 293\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.3 \u003ci\u003eIn-Vivo C. acnes \u003c\/i\u003eReduction Assay 294\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.4 Correlations of \u003ci\u003eC. acnes \u003c\/i\u003eReduction and Clinical Efficacy 297\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.5 Conclusion 300\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 300\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003ePart 6: Regulatory and Legal Aspects for Skin Microbiome Related Products 303\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e16 Intellectual Property Tools for Protecting, Developing and Growing a Skin Microbiome Brand 305\u003cbr\u003e\u003c\/b\u003e\u003ci\u003eJeffrey K. Mills\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.1 Introduction 305\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.2 The Tools of Intellectual Property 306\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.2.1 Patents 306\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.2.2 Trademarks 307\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.2.3 Copyrights 308\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.2.4 Trade Secrets\/Know-How 309\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.3 Building an Intellectual Property Portfolio for a Skin Microbiome Brand 310\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.3.1 Patents to Define “The Fence” 310\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.3.1.1 Patents “As Sticks” – Enforcement of Infringement 313\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.3.1.2 Patents “As Financial Boosts” – Licensing and Other Agreements 314\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.3.2 Trademarks to Establish Brand Recognition 315\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.3.3 Copyrights to Maintain Information 317\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.3.4 Trade Secrets\/Know-How to Keep A Competitive Edge 318\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.4 Conclusion 320\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e17 Regulatory Aspects of Probiotics and Other Microbial Products Intended for Skin Care: The European Approach 321\u003cbr\u003e\u003c\/b\u003e\u003ci\u003eAtte von Wright\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.1 Introduction 322\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.2 The Governing Bodies and Decision-Making in the EU 322\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.2.1 The Legal Instruments of the EU 323\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.3 Probiotic Foods and the European Regulations 324\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.3.1 The Safety Assessment of Microorganisms by EFSA, The QPS Concept 324\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.3.1.1 The Safety Assessment of Non-QPS Microorganisms 327\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.3.2 The Case of GMMs 328\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.3.3 Microorganisms as Novel Foods 329\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.3.4 Human Probiotics and Functional Claims 329\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.4 Probiotic Skin Care Products as Pharmaceuticals 330\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.4.1 The Authorization Procedure for Medicines 331\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.4.1.1 The Centralized Procedure 332\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.4.1.2 National Authorizations and Authorizations by Mutual Recognition or Decentralized Procedures 333\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.4.2 Bacteria as Medical Devices 334\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.5 Probiotics in Cosmetics 335\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.5.1 Safety Aspects 336\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.5.1.1 Microorganisms on Skin – Problems of Safety Evaluation 337\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.5.2 The Permissible Cosmetic Claims in the EU 338\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.6 Conclusions 338\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 340\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eLegal Acts and Guidance Documents 340\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e18 Regulation of Probiotic and Other Live Biologic Products: The United States Approach 343\u003cbr\u003e\u003c\/b\u003e\u003ci\u003eRonie M. Schmelz\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e18.1 Introduction 343\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e18.1.1 U.S. Legislative Landscape 344\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e18.1.2 Foods 345\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e18.1.2.1 Permissible Food Claims 350\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e18.1.2.2 Additional Regulatory Considerations 354\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e18.1.3 Dietary Supplements 355\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e18.1.3.1 Permissible Dietary Supplement Claims 357\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e18.1.3.2 Additional Regulatory Considerations 359\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e18.1.4 Drugs 360\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e18.1.4.1 Drug Approval Process 361\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e18.1.4.2 Additional Regulatory Considerations 364\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e18.1.5 Cosmetics 364\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e18.2 Summary of Product Categorization and Regulatory Requirements 365\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e18.3 Resources 369\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e18.4 Endnotes 369\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e19 \u003ci\u003eA Future Research Perspective \u003c\/i\u003eIs There a Connection Between Sun Exposure, Microbiome and Skin Cancer? 377\u003cbr\u003e\u003c\/b\u003e\u003ci\u003eNava Dayan\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e19.1 Introduction 378\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e19.2 Ultraviolet Light (UV) – The Skin Microbiome and Cancer 378\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e19.3 Conclusion 386\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAcknowledgment 386\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 387\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eGlossary 389\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIndex 399\u003c\/p\u003e","brand":"John Wiley \u0026 Sons Inc","offers":[{"title":"Default Title","offer_id":49407094456663,"sku":"9781119592235","price":161.06,"currency_code":"GBP","in_stock":true}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0817\/1739\/5799\/files\/9781119592235.jpg?v=1730498156","url":"https:\/\/bookcurl.com\/products\/skin-microbiome-handbook-9781119592235","provider":"Book Curl","version":"1.0","type":"link"}