{"product_id":"seafaring-expeditions-to-punt-in-the-middle-kingdom-excavations-at-mersa-wadi-gawasis-egypt-9789004368507","title":"Seafaring Expeditions to Punt in the Middle Kingdom: Excavations at Mersa\/Wadi Gawasis, Egypt","description":"\u003cb\u003eBook Synopsis\u003c\/b\u003e\u003cbr\u003eIn the 12th Dynasty (ca. 1985-1773 BC) the Egyptian state sent a number of seafaring expeditions to the land of Punt, located somewhere in the southern Red Sea region, in order to bypass control of the upper Nile by the Kerma kingdom. Excavations at Mersa\/Wadi Gawasis on the Red Sea coast of Egypt from 2001 to 2011 have uncovered evidence of the ancient harbor (Saww) used for these expeditions, including parts of ancient ships, expedition equipment and food – all transported ca. 150 km across the desert from Qift in Upper Egypt to the harbor. This book summarizes the results of these excavations for the organization of these logistically complex expeditions, and evidence at the harbor for the location of Punt.    “[There] is no shortage of analysis relating to the Punt expeditions, much of which is likely to become the new ‘standard’ account of these voyages and of the huge logistical and ideological undertaking they represented. The volume will therefore be of immense value to scholars and students of ancient Egypt, and of ancient seafaring more generally.” - Julian Whitewright, University of Southampton, in: The International Journal of Nautical Archaeology 48.2 (2019)\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003cb\u003eTrade Review\u003c\/b\u003e\u003cbr\u003e“[There] is no shortage of analysis relating to the Punt expeditions, much of which is likely to become the new ‘standard’ account of these voyages and of the huge logistical and ideological undertaking they represented. The volume will therefore be of immense value to scholars and students of ancient Egypt, and of ancient seafaring more generally.” - Julian Whitewright, University of Southampton, in: The International Journal of Nautical Archaeology 48.2 (2019)\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003cb\u003eTable of Contents\u003c\/b\u003e\u003cbr\u003ePreface  Acknowledgements  List of Illustrations  1 Egyptian Long-distance Trade, Pharaonic Expeditions and Direct Control of Sources of Raw Materials in Northeast Africa and the Sinai in the Middle Kingdom   Introduction   Mining Turquoise and Copper in the Sinai   The Harbor Site at Ayn Soukhna   Mining Galena at Gebel Zeit   Mining Gold and Quarrying Stone in the Wadi Hammamat   Nubian Resources and Egyptian Occupation   The Harbor at Mersa\/Wadi Gawasis    2 Archaeological Investigations at Mersa\/Wadi Gawasis   The Pharaonic Harbor at Mersa\/Wadi Gawasis   Archaeological Investigations at Mersa\/Wadi Gawasis   Evidence of Ships and Cargo Boxes   Sealings, Stelae and Ostraca   Ceramics   Stone Tools   Plant and Animal Remains   Environmental Context of the Harbor Site   Chronology of the Harbor Site   Summary: Archaeological and Geological Investigations at Mersa\/Wadi Gawasis  3 Spatial Use of the Mersa\/Wadi Gawasis Harbor in the 12th Dynasty   Overview   The Eastern Terrace   The Harbor   Central Terrace and Western Terrace Top   Western Terrace Slope   Western Terrace Slope, North   Western Terrace Slope, South   Caves 2 and 3   Cave 5   Cave 7 and the Alcove Shrine   Harbor Edge   Production Area   Ramps (slipways?)   Western Terrace, Southern Slope   Beach Area above the Harbor   Stelae Associated with the Gallery-Caves   Spatial Organization of the Harbor of Saww Compared to the Harbors at Ayn Soukhna and Wadi El-Jarf  4 Organization of Mersa\/Wadi Gawasis Seafaring Expeditions in the 12th Dynasty: The Textual Evidence   Textual Evidence at Mersa\/Wadi Gawasis   Stelae   Cargo Box Inscriptions   Sealings and Papyri   Ostraca   Two Wooden Tags   Dates of Known Expeditions Based on Textual Evidence   Translation by Eugene Cruz-Uribe† of the Hieroglyphic Text of the Ankhu Stela (Eastern Jamb, Central Block, and Western Jamb) Found at Mersa\/Wadi Gawasis by A.M. Sayed and Recorded in These Articles  5 Organization of Seafaring Expeditions from Mersa\/Wadi Gawasis in the 12th Dynasty: Archaeological Evidence at the Harbor   Archaeological Evidence of Seafaring Expeditions at Mersa\/Wadi Gawasis   Shipbuilding   Ship Technology   Ship Wood   Cargo Boxes   Rope\/Ship Rigging   Linen: Ship Sails, Caulking(?), and Clothing   Copper Alloy Strips for Ship Timber Fastenings   Other Expedition Supplies: Clothing, Footwear, Camp Furnishings   Egyptian Ceramics at the Harbor Site   Non-Egyptian Ceramics at the Harbor Site   Shelter for Expedition Members   Food Supplies and Storage, Food Processing and Baking\/Cooking   Local Production of Stone Tools   Non-Egyptian Stone Tools at the Harbor Site   Summary  Appendix: Bread Baking Experiments   Ancient Egyptian Bread Making   Evidence of Bread Making at Mersa\/Wadi Gawasis   Experimenting with Middle Kingdom Bread Making   Conclusions    6 Interpreting Ideology at Saww: Ritual Practices, Memorial Shrines, and Commemorative Stelae   Ceremonial Shrines and Commemorative Stelae at Mersa\/Wadi Gawasis   Shrines Constructed along the Red Sea Coast   Shrines\/Monuments on the Terrace Top Overlooking Wadi Gawasis   The Alcove Shrine along the Western Terrace Slope   Stelae   Stelae in Monumental Structures   Stelae at Mersa Gawasis   Stelae Placed in Niches Carved in the Western Terrace Wall   Use of Stelae at Saww   Mersa\/Wadi Gawasis Stelae and the Gods   Archaeology of Ritual and Religion at Mersa\/Wadi Gawasis  7 The Land of Punt: A View from Mersa\/Wadi Gawasis    Punt and Mersa\/Wadi Gawasis   The Land of Punt: Egyptian Evidence   Location of Punt: Natural Resources (Figure 41)   The Land of Punt: Cultural Evidence (Figure 43)   Punt and Bia-Punt, and the Evidence from Mersa\/Wadi Gawasis: Inscriptions   Punt and the Evidence from Mersa\/WadiGawasis: Paleoethnobotanical Remains and Lithics   Punt and the Evidence from Mersa\/Wadi Gawasis: Exotic Ceramics   Location of Bia-Punt and Punt: Ceramic Evidence at Mersa\/Wadi Gawasis  8 Long-distance Routes Involved in the Punt Expeditions    Routes from Egypt to Punt\/Bia-Punt   The Levant and Maritime Trade with Punt   Land Routes from the Nile Valley to the Red Sea Coast   Sea Route to and from the Southern Red Sea   Land Routes in Punt\/Bia-Punt   Maritime Expeditions to Punt\/Bia-Punt  9 The 12th Dynasty Punt\/Bia-Punt Expeditions from Mersa\/Wadi Gawasis  References  Index","brand":"Brill","offers":[{"title":"Default Title","offer_id":53210752057687,"sku":"9789004368507","price":150.4,"currency_code":"GBP","in_stock":false}],"url":"https:\/\/bookcurl.com\/products\/seafaring-expeditions-to-punt-in-the-middle-kingdom-excavations-at-mersa-wadi-gawasis-egypt-9789004368507","provider":"Book Curl","version":"1.0","type":"link"}