{"product_id":"satellite-technology-9781118636473","title":"Satellite Technology","description":"\u003cb\u003eBook Synopsis\u003c\/b\u003e\u003cbr\u003eFully updated edition of the comprehensive, single-source reference on satellite technology and its applications     Covering both the technology and its applications, Satellite Technology is a concise reference on satellites for commercial, scientific and military purposes.\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003cb\u003eTable of Contents\u003c\/b\u003e\u003cbr\u003ePreface xxi  \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003ePART I SATELLITE TECHNOLOGY\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e1 Introduction to Satellites and their Applications 3\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.1 Ever-expanding Application Spectrum 3\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.2 What is a Satellite? 4\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.3 History of the Evolution of Satellites 7\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.3.1 Era of Hot Air Balloons and Sounding Rockets 7\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.3.2 Launch of Early Artificial Satellites 8\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.3.3 Satellites for Communications, Meteorology and Scientific Exploration -- Early Developments 10\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.3.4 Non-geosynchronous Communication Satellites: Telstar and Relay Programmes 11\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.3.5 Emergence of Geosynchronous Communication Satellites 12\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.3.6 International Communication Satellite Systems 15\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.3.7 Domestic Communication Satellite Systems 16\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.3.8 Satellites for other Applications also made Rapid Progress 19\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.3.9 Small or Miniature Satellites 22\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.4 Evolution of Launch Vehicles 27\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.5 Future Trends 33\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.5.1 Communication Satellites 33\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.5.2 Weather Forecasting Satellites 33\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.5.3 Earth Observation Satellites 33\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.5.4 Navigational Satellites 34\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.5.5 Military Satellites 35\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eFurther Reading 35\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eGlossary 35\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e2 Satellite Orbits and Trajectories 37\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.1 Definition of an Orbit and a Trajectory 37\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.2 Orbiting Satellites -- Basic Principles 37\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.2.1 Newton’s Law of Gravitation 39\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.2.2 Newton’s Second Law of Motion 40\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.2.3 Kepler’s Laws 41\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.3 Orbital Parameters 44\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.4 Injection Velocity and Resulting Satellite Trajectories 61\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.5 Types of Satellite Orbits 67\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.5.1 Orientation of the Orbital Plane 67\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.5.2 Eccentricity of the Orbit 68\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.5.3 Distance from Earth 70\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.5.4 Sun-synchronous Orbit 73\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eFurther Readings 76\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eGlossary 76\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e3 Satellite Launch and In-orbit Operations 79\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.1 Acquiring the Desired Orbit 79\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.1.1 Parameters Defining the Satellite Orbit 80\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.1.2 Modifying the Orbital Parameters 83\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.2 Launch Sequence 95\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.2.1 Types of Launch Sequence 95\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.3 Launch Vehicles 100\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.3.1 Introduction 100\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.3.2 Classification 100\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.3.3 Anatomy of a Launch Vehicle 104\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.3.4 Principal Parameters 106\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.3.5 Major Launch Vehicles 108\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.4 Space Centres 127\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.4.1 Location Considerations 127\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.4.2 Constituent Parts of a Space Centre 128\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.4.3 Major Space Centres 129\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.5 Orbital Perturbations 144\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.6 Satellite Stabilization 146\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.6.1 Spin Stabilization 146\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.6.2 Three-axis or Body Stabilization 147\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.6.3 Comparison between Spin-stabilized and Three-axis Stabilized Satellites 149\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.6.4 Station Keeping 149\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.7 Orbital Effects on Satellite’s Performance 149\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.7.1 Doppler Shift 149\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.7.2 Variation in the Orbital Distance 150\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.7.3 Solar Eclipse 150\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.7.4 Sun Transit Outrage 150\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.8 Eclipses 150\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.9 Look Angles of a Satellite 154\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.9.1 Azimuth Angle 154\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.9.2 Elevation Angle 155\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.9.3 Computing the Slant Range 156\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.9.4 Computing the Line-of-Sight Distance between Two Satellites 158\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.10 Earth Coverage and Ground Tracks 166\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.10.1 Satellite Altitude and the Earth Coverage Area 166\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.10.2 Satellite Ground Tracks 167\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.10.3 Orbit Inclination and Latitude Coverage 170\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eFurther Readings 172\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eGlossary 172\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e4 Satellite Hardware 174\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.1 Satellite Subsystems 174\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.2 Mechanical Structure 175\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.2.1 Design Considerations 176\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.2.2 Typical Structure 176\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.3 Propulsion Subsystem 177\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.3.1 Basic Principle 178\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.3.2 Types of Propulsion System 178\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.4 Thermal Control Subsystem 185\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.4.1 Sources of Thermal Inequilibrium 186\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.4.2 Mechanism of Heat Transfer 186\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.4.3 Types of Thermal Control 187\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.5 Power Supply Subsystem 189\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.5.1 Types of Power System 189\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.5.2 Solar Energy Driven Power Systems 190\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.5.3 Batteries 195\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.6 Attitude and Orbit Control 199\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.6.1 Attitude Control 200\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.6.2 Orbit Control 200\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.7 Tracking, Telemetry and Command Subsystem 201\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.8 Payload 203\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.9 Antenna Subsystem 205\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.9.1 Antenna Parameters 207\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.9.2 Types of Antennas 210\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.10 Space Qualification and Equipment Reliability 224\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.10.1 Space Qualification 224\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.10.2 Reliability 225\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eFurther Readings 226\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eGlossary 227\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e5 Communication Techniques 229\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.1 Types of Information Signals 229\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.1.1 Voice Signals 230\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.1.2 Data Signals 230\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.1.3 Video Signals 230\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.2 Amplitude Modulation 231\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.2.1 Frequency Spectrum of the AM Signal 232\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.2.2 Power in the AM Signal 233\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.2.3 Noise in the AM Signal 233\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.2.4 Different Forms of Amplitude Modulation 235\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.3 Frequency Modulation 241\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.3.1 Frequency Spectrum of the FM Signal 243\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.3.2 Narrow Band and Wide Band FM 245\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.3.3 Noise in the FM Signal 246\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.3.4 Generation of FM Signals 250\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.3.5 Detection of FM Signals 252\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.4 Pulse Communication Systems 259\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.4.1 Analogue Pulse Communication Systems 259\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.4.2 Digital Pulse Communication Systems 261\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.5 Sampling Theorem 265\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.6 Shannon--Hartley Theorem 266\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.7 Digital Modulation Techniques 267\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.7.1 Amplitude Shift Keying (ASK) 268\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.7.2 Frequency Shift Keying (FSK) 268\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.7.3 Phase Shift Keying (PSK) 269\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.7.4 Differential Phase Shift Keying (DPSK) 270\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.7.5 Quadrature Phase Shift Keying (QPSK) 271\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.7.6 Offset QPSK 273\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.7.7 8PSK and 16PSK 274\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.7.8 Quadrature Amplitude Modulation (QAM) 274\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.7.9 Amplitude Phase Shift Keying (APSK) 276\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.8 Multiplexing Techniques 277\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.8.1 Frequency Division Multiplexing 277\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.8.2 Time Division Multiplexing 279\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.8.3 Code Division Multiplexing 281\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eFurther Readings 282\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eGlossary 283\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e6 Multiple Access Techniques 286\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.1 Introduction to Multiple Access Techniques 286\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.1.1 Transponder Assignment Modes 287\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.2 Frequency Division Multiple Access (FDMA) 288\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.2.1 Demand Assigned FDMA 290\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.2.2 Pre-assigned FDMA 290\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.2.3 Calculation of C\/N Ratio 290\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.3 Single Channel Per Carrier (SCPC) Systems 293\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.3.1 SCPC\/FM\/FDMA System 293\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.3.2 SCPC\/PSK\/FDMA System 294\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.4 Multiple Channels Per Carrier (MCPC) Systems 295\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.4.1 MCPC\/FDM\/FM\/FDMA System 295\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.4.2 MCPC\/PCM-TDM\/PSK\/FDMA System 296\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.5 Time Division Multiple Access (TDMA) 297\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.6 TDMA Frame Structure 297\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.6.1 Reference Burst 298\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.6.2 Traffic Burst 298\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.6.3 Guard Time 299\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.7 TDMA Burst Structure 299\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.7.1 Carrier and Clock Recovery Sequence 299\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.7.2 Unique Word 299\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.7.3 Signalling Channel 300\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.7.4 Traffic Information 301\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.8 Computing Unique Word Detection Probability 301\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.9 TDMA Frame Efficiency 302\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.10 Control and Coordination of Traffic 303\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.11 Frame Acquisition and Synchronization 305\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.11.1 Extraction of Traffic Bursts from Receive Frames 305\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.11.2 Transmission of Traffic Bursts 305\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.11.3 Frame Synchronization 305\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.12 FDMA vs. TDMA 307\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.12.1 Advantages of TDMA over FDMA 308\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.12.2 Disadvantages of TDMA over FDMA 308\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.13 Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA) 308\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.13.1 DS-CDMA Transmission and Reception 309\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.13.2 Frequency Hopping CDMA (FH-CDMA) System 311\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.13.3 Time Hopping CDMA (TH-CDMA) System 313\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.13.4 Comparison of DS-CDMA, FH-CDMA and TH-CDMA Systems 314\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.14 Space Domain Multiple Access (SDMA) 316\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.14.1 Frequency Re-use in SDMA 316\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.14.2 SDMA\/FDMA System 317\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.14.3 SDMA\/TDMA System 318\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.14.4 SDMA\/CDMA System 319\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eFurther Readings 319\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eGlossary 320\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e7 Satellite Link Design Fundamentals 322\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.1 Transmission Equation 322\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.2 Satellite Link Parameters 324\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.2.1 Choice of Operating Frequency 324\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.2.2 Propagation Considerations 324\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.2.3 Noise Considerations 325\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.2.4 Interference-related Problems 325\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.3 Frequency Considerations 326\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.3.1 Frequency Allocation and Coordination 326\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.4 Propagation Considerations 330\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.4.1 Free-space Loss 330\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.4.2 Gaseous Absorption 331\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.4.3 Attenuation due to Rain 333\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.4.4 Cloud Attenuation 334\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.4.5 Signal Fading due to Refraction 334\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.4.6 Ionosphere-related Effects 335\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.4.7 Fading due to Multipath Signals 338\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.5 Techniques to Counter Propagation Effects 341\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.5.1 Attenuation Compensation Techniques 341\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.5.2 Depolarization Compensation Techniques 342\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.6 Noise Considerations 342\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.6.1 Thermal Noise 342\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.6.2 Noise Figure 343\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.6.3 Noise Temperature 344\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.6.4 Noise Figure and Noise Temperature of Cascaded Stages 345\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.6.5 Antenna Noise Temperature 346\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.6.6 Overall System Noise Temperature 350\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.7 Interference-related Problems 353\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.7.1 Intermodulation Distortion 354\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.7.2 Interference between the Satellite and Terrestrial Links 357\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.7.3 Interference due to Adjacent Satellites 357\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.7.4 Cross-polarization Interference 361\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.7.5 Adjacent Channel Interference 361\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.8 Antenna Gain-to-Noise Temperature (G\/T) Ratio 365\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.9 Link Design 367\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.9.1 Link Design Procedure 368\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.9.2 Link Budget 368\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.10 Multiple Spot Beam Technology 371\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eFurther Readings 374\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eGlossary 375\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e8 Earth Station 378\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.1 Earth Station 378\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.2 Types of Earth Station 380\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.2.1 Fixed Satellite Service (FSS) Earth Station 381\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.2.2 Broadcast Satellite Service (BSS) Earth Stations 382\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.2.3 Mobile Satellite Service (MSS) Earth Stations 383\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.2.4 Single Function Stations 384\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.2.5 Gateway Stations 385\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.2.6 Teleports 386\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.3 Earth Station Architecture 386\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.4 Earth Station Design Considerations 387\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.4.1 Key Performance Parameters 388\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.4.2 Earth Station Design Optimization 390\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.4.3 Environmental and Site Considerations 391\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.5 Earth Station Testing 392\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.5.1 Unit and Subsystem Level Testing 392\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.5.2 System Level Testing 392\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.6 Earth Station Hardware 398\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.6.1 RF Equipment 398\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.6.2 IF and Baseband Equipment 408\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.6.3 Terrestrial Interface 409\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.7 Satellite Tracking 412\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.7.1 Satellite Tracking System -- Block Diagram 412\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.7.2 Tracking Techniques 412\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.8 Some Representative Earth Stations 419\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.8.1 Goonhilly Satellite Earth Station 419\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.8.2 Madley Communications Centre 421\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.8.3 Madrid Deep Space Communications Complex 421\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.8.4 Canberra Deep Space Communications Complex 422\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.8.5 Goldstone Deep Space Communications Complex 423\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.8.6 Honeysuckle Creek Tracking Station 424\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.8.7 Kaena Point Satellite Tracking Station 426\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.8.8 Bukit Timah Satellite Earth Station 426\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.8.9 INTELSAT Teleport Earth Stations 426\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.8.10 SUPARCO Satellite Ground Station 428\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.8.11 Makarios Satellite Earth Station 428\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.8.12 Raisting Earth Station 428\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.8.13 Indian Deep Space Network 429\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eGlossary 430\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e9 Networking Concepts 433\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.1 Introduction 433\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.2 Network Characteristics 433\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.2.1 Availability 434\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.2.2 Reliability 434\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.2.3 Security 435\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.2.4 Throughput 436\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.2.5 Scalability 437\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.2.6 Topology 437\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.2.7 Cost 437\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.3 Applications and Services 437\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.3.1 Satellite and Network Services 438\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.3.2 Satellite Services 438\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.3.3 Network Services 438\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.3.4 Internet Services 439\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.4 Network Topologies 442\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.4.1 Bus Topology 442\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.4.2 Star Topology 443\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.4.3 Ring Topology 444\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.4.4 Mesh Topology 444\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.4.5 Tree Topology 445\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.4.6 Hybrid Topology 446\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.5 Network Technologies 447\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.5.1 Circuit Switched Networks 447\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.5.2 Packet Switched Networks 448\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.5.3 Circuit Switched versus Packet Switched Networks 449\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.6 Networking Protocols 450\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.6.1 Common Networking Protocols 450\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.6.2 The Open Systems Interconnect (OSI) Reference Model 453\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.6.3 Internet Protocol (IP) 456\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.6.4 Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) 457\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.6.5 Hyper Text Transfer Protocol (HTTP) 457\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.6.6 File Transfer Protocol (FTP) 457\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.6.7 Simple Mail Transfer Protocol (SMTP) 458\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.6.8 User Datagram Protocol (UDP) 458\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.6.9 Asynchronous Transfer Mode (ATM) 459\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.7 Satellite Constellations 459\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.7.1 Constellation Geometry 459\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.7.2 Major Satellite Constellations 460\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.8 Internetworking with Terrestrial Networks 465\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.8.1 Repeaters, Bridges, Switches and Routers 465\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.8.2 Protocol Translation, Stacking and Tunnelling 466\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.8.3 Quality of Service 466\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eFurther Readings 467\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eGlossary 467\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003ePART II SATELLITE APPLICATIONS\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e10 Communication Satellites 473\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.1 Introduction to Communication Satellites 473\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.2 Communication-related Applications of Satellites 474\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.2.1 Geostationary Satellite Communication Systems 475\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.2.2 Non-geostationary Satellite Communication Systems 475\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.3 Frequency Bands 475\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.4 Payloads 475\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.4.1 Types of Transponders 477\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.4.2 Transponder Performance Parameters 478\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.5 Satellite versus Terrestrial Networks 479\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.5.1 Advantages of Satellites Over Terrestrial Networks 479\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.5.2 Disadvantages of Satellites with Respect to Terrestrial Networks 480\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.6 Satellite Telephony 481\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.6.1 Point-to-Point Trunk Telephone Networks 482\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.6.2 Mobile Satellite Telephony 482\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.7 Satellite Television 484\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.7.1 A Typical Satellite TV Network 484\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.7.2 Satellite--Cable Television 485\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.7.3 Satellite--Local Broadcast TV Network 486\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.7.4 Direct-to-Home Satellite Television 487\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.7.5 Digital Video Broadcasting (DVB) 490\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.7.6 DVB-S and DVB-S2 Standards 491\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.7.7 DVB-RCS and DVB-RCS2 Standards 493\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.7.8 DVB-T and DVB-T2 Standards 493\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.7.9 DVB-H and DVB-SH Standards 494\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.8 Satellite Radio 496\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.9 Satellite Data Communication Services 496\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.9.1 Satellite Data Broadcasting 496\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.9.2 VSATs (Very Small Aperture Terminals) 497\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.10 Important Missions 502\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.10.1 International Satellite Systems 502\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.10.2 Regional Satellite Systems 512\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.10.3 National Satellite Systems 513\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.11 Future Trends 514\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.11.1 Development of Satellite Constellations in LEO Orbits 516\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.11.2 Development of Personal Communication Services (PCS) 516\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.11.3 Use of Higher Frequency Bands 517\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.11.4 Development of Light Quantum Communication Techniques 517\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.11.5 Development of Broadband Services to Mobile Users 517\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.11.6 Development of Hybrid Satellite\/Terrestrial Networks 517\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.11.7 Advanced Concepts 518\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eFurther Readings 519\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eGlossary 521\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e11 Remote Sensing Satellites 524\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.1 Remote Sensing -- An Overview 524\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.1.1 Aerial Remote Sensing 525\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.1.2 Satellite Remote Sensing 525\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.2 Classification of Satellite Remote Sensing Systems 526\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.2.1 Optical Remote Sensing Systems 526\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.2.2 Thermal Infrared Remote Sensing Systems 528\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.2.3 Microwave Remote Sensing Systems 529\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.3 Remote Sensing Satellite Orbits 531\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.4 Remote Sensing Satellite Payloads 531\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.4.1 Classification of Sensors 531\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.4.2 Sensor Parameters 534\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.5 Passive Sensors 535\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.5.1 Passive Scanning Sensors 536\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.5.2 Passive Non-scanning Sensors 539\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.6 Active Sensors 540\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.6.1 Active Non-scanning Sensors 540\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.6.2 Active Scanning Sensors 540\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.7 Types of Images 542\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.7.1 Primary Images 542\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.7.2 Secondary Images 542\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.8 Image Classification 545\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.9 Image Interpretation 546\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.9.1 Interpreting Optical and Thermal Remote Sensing Images 546\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.9.2 Interpreting Microwave Remote Sensing Images 547\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.9.3 GIS in Remote Sensing 547\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.10 Applications of Remote Sensing Satellites 548\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.10.1 Land Cover Classification 548\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.10.2 Land Cover Change Detection 549\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.10.3 Water Quality Monitoring and Management 550\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.10.4 Flood Monitoring 551\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.10.5 Urban Monitoring and Development 552\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.10.6 Measurement of Sea Surface Temperature 552\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.10.7 Deforestation 553\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.10.8 Global Monitoring 553\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.10.9 Predicting Disasters 555\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.10.10 Other Applications 558\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.11 Major Remote Sensing Missions 558\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.11.1 Landsat Satellite System 558\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.11.2 SPOT Satellite System 561\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.11.3 Radarsat Satellite System 564\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.11.4 Indian Remote Sensing Satellite System 565\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.12 Future Trends 573\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eFurther Readings 574\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eGlossary 575\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e12 Weather Satellites 577\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.1 Weather Forecasting -- An Overview 577\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.2 Weather Forecasting Satellite Fundamentals 580\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.3 Images from Weather Forecasting Satellites 580\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.3.1 Visible Images 580\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.3.2 IR Images 582\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.3.3 Water Vapour Images 583\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.3.4 Microwave Images 584\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.3.5 Images Formed by Active Probing 585\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.4 Weather Forecasting Satellite Orbits 586\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.5 Weather Forecasting Satellite Payloads 587\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.5.1 Radiometer 588\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.5.2 Active Payloads 589\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.6 Image Processing and Analysis 592\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.6.1 Image Enhancement Techniques 592\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.7 Weather Forecasting Satellite Applications 593\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.7.1 Measurement of Cloud Parameters 594\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.7.2 Rainfall 594\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.7.3 Wind Speed and Direction 595\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.7.4 Ground-level Temperature Measurements 596\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.7.5 Air Pollution and Haze 596\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.7.6 Fog 596\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.7.7 Oceanography 596\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.7.8 Severe Storm Support 597\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.7.9 Fisheries 598\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.7.10 Snow and Ice Studies 598\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.8 Major Weather Forecasting Satellite Missions 599\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.8.1 GOES Satellite System 599\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.8.2 Meteosat Satellite System 605\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.8.3 Advanced TIROS-N (ATN) NOAA Satellites 608\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.9 Future of Weather Forecasting Satellite Systems 612\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eFurther Readings 612\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eGlossary 613\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e13 Navigation Satellites 614\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.1 Development of Satellite Navigation Systems 614\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.1.1 Doppler Effect based Satellite Navigation Systems 615\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.1.2 Trilateration-based Satellite Navigation Systems 615\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.2 Global Positioning System (GPS) 621\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.2.1 Space Segment 621\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.2.2 Control Segment 622\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.2.3 User Segment 623\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.3 Working Principle of the GPS 625\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.3.1 Principle of Operation 625\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.3.2 GPS Signal Structure 627\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.3.3 Pseudorange Measurements 628\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.3.4 Determination of the Receiver Location 629\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.4 GPS Positioning Services and Positioning Modes 631\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.4.1 GPS Positioning Services 631\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.4.2 GPS Positioning Modes 632\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.5 GPS Error Sources 634\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.6 GLONASS Satellite System 637\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.6.1 GLONASS Segments 638\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.6.2 GLONASS Signal Structure 639\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.7 GPS-GLONASS Integration 641\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.8 EGNOS Satellite Navigation System 642\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.9 Galileo Satellite Navigation Systems 645\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.9.1 Three-Phase Development Programme 645\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.9.2 Services 646\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.10 Indian Regional Navigational Satellite System (IRNSS) 647\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.11 Compass Satellite Navigation System 648\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.12 Hybrid Navigation Systems 648\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.13 Applications of Satellite Navigation Systems 650\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.13.1 Military Applications 650\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.13.2 Civilian Applications 651\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.14 Future of Satellite Navigation Systems 654\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eFurther Readings 655\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eGlossary 656\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e14 Scientific Satellites 658\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.1 Satellite-based versus Ground-based Scientific Techniques 658\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.2 Payloads on Board Scientific Satellites 659\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.2.1 Payloads for Studying Earth’s Geodesy 659\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.2.2 Payloads for Earth Environment Studies 660\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.2.3 Payloads for Astronomical Studies 661\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.3 Applications of Scientific Satellites -- Study of Earth 665\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.3.1 Space Geodesy 665\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.3.2 Tectonics and Internal Geodynamics 669\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.3.3 Terrestrial Magnetic Fields 670\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.4 Observation of the Earth’s Environment 670\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.4.1 Study of the Earth’s Ionosphere and Magnetosphere 671\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.4.2 Study of the Earth’s Upper Atmosphere (Aeronomy) 677\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.4.3 Study of the Interaction between Earth and its Environment 679\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.5 Astronomical Observations 680\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.5.1 Observation of the Sun 681\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.6 Missions for Studying Planets of the Solar System 686\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.6.1 Mercury 691\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.6.2 Venus 692\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.6.3 Mars 694\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.6.4 Outer Planets 697\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.6.5 Moon 703\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.6.6 Asteroids 705\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.6.7 Comets 706\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.7 Missions Beyond the Solar System 707\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.8 Other Fields of Investigation 710\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.8.1 Microgravity Experiments 710\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.8.2 Life Sciences 711\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.8.3 Material Sciences 712\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.8.4 Cosmic Ray and Fundamental Physics Research 713\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.9 Future Trends 714\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eFurther Readings 715\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eGlossary 715\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e15 Military Satellites 717\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.1 Military Satellites -- An Overview 717\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.1.1 Applications of Military Satellites 718\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.2 Military Communication Satellites 718\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.3 Development of Military Communication Satellite Systems 719\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.3.1 American Systems 720\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.3.2 Russian Systems 724\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.3.3 Satellites Launched by other Countries 725\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.4 Frequency Spectrum Utilized by Military Communication Satellite Systems 726\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.5 Dual-use Military Communication Satellite Systems 727\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.6 Reconnaisance Satellites 728\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.6.1 Image Intelligence or IMINT Satellites 728\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.7 SIGINT Satellites 732\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.7.1 Development of SIGINT Satellites 733\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.8 Early Warning Satellites 735\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.8.1 Major Early Warning Satellite Programmes 736\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.9 Nuclear Explosion Satellites 738\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.10 Military Weather Forecasting Satellites 738\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.11 Military Navigation Satellites 739\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.12 Space Weapons 739\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.12.1 Classification of Space Weapons 740\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.13 Strategic Defence Initiative 745\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.13.1 Ground Based Programmes 746\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.13.2 Directed Energy Weapon Programmes 749\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.13.3 Space Programmes 751\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.13.4 Sensor Programmes 752\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.14 Directed Energy Laser Weapons 752\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.14.1 Advantages 753\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.14.2 Limitations 753\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.14.3 Directed Energy Laser Weapon Components 754\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.14.4 Important Design Parametres 755\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.14.5 Important Laser Sources 756\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.14.6 Beam Control Technology 763\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.15 Advanced Concepts 764\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.15.1 New Surveillance Concepts Using Satellites 765\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.15.2 Long Reach Non-lethal Laser Dazzler 765\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.15.3 Long Reach Laser Target Designator 766\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eFurther Readings 767\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eGlossary 767\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e16 Emerging Trends 769\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.1 Introduction 769\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.2 Space Tethers 769\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.2.1 Space Tethers -- Different Types 770\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.2.2 Applications 774\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.2.3 Space Tether Missions 775\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.2.4 Space Elevator 779\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.3 Aerostat Systems 781\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.3.1 Components of an Aerostat System 782\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.3.2 Types of Aerostat Systems 782\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.3.3 Applications 783\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.4 Millimetre Wave Satellite Communication 784\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.4.1 Millimetre Wave Band 784\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.4.2 Advantages 785\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.4.3 Propagation Considerations 787\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.4.4 Applications 788\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.4.5 Millimetre Wave Satellite Missions 789\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.5 Space Stations 793\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.5.1 Importance of Space Stations 794\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.5.2 Space Stations of the Past 794\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.5.3 Currently Operational Systems 797\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.5.4 Planned Space Stations 799\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.5.5 Emerging Space Station Concepts 801\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eFurther Readings 803\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eGlossary 804\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIndex 807\u003c\/p\u003e","brand":"John Wiley 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