{"product_id":"research-essentials-9780470181096","title":"Research Essentials","description":"\u003cb\u003eBook Synopsis\u003c\/b\u003e\u003cbr\u003eThis is an accessible and practical introduction to research that addresses the broadest spectrum of research methodologies of interest to the student or new research, from experimental and survey approaches to program evaluation and ethnography. Research Essentials includes key interpretive and qualitative strategies. The book shows the role that research plays in the social sciences and education, followed by an overview of research traditions. It offers practical examples and relevant resources across the disciplines. Other features include study questions, lists of relevant journals, web sites, and organizations.\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003cb\u003eTable of Contents\u003c\/b\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003cp\u003eTables, Figures, and Exhibits xvii\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003ePreface xix\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIntroduction xxiii\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe Editors xxvii\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe Authors xxix\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e1 Research Ethics and the Use of Human Participants 1\u003cbr\u003e\u003c\/b\u003e\u003ci\u003eK. Larson\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eKey Ideas 1\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eEthical Standards 3\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe Genesis of Research Standards 3\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eFederal Regulations for Ethical Research 4\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eInstitutional Review Boards 5\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eMinimizing Risks to Participants 6\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eInformed Consent 6\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eDeception 9\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eDebriefing 11\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eConfidentiality and Anonymity 12\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003ePublishing Research 13\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSocial Consequences of Unethical Research 14\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReading and Evaluating Studies 15\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSummary 15\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eKey Terms 15\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eFurther Readings and Resources 16\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e2 Understanding Literature Reviews 19\u003cbr\u003e\u003c\/b\u003e\u003ci\u003eG. McAllister and A. Furlong\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eKey Ideas 19\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eWhat Is a Literature Review? 20\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eBasic Elements of a Literature Review 21\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eTypes of Literature Reviews 22\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eLiterature Reviews and Rigor 24\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eHow to Read a Literature Review 25\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eValue of the Studies 27\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReadability 27\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eWriting a Literature Review 29\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eMuck About 29\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSet Your Parameters 29\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eConduct Your Research 30\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAnalyze the Literature 30\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eFocus on the Purpose of Your Literature Review 31\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eWrite Up the Literature Review 31\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSummary 32\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eKey Terms 32\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eFurther Readings and Resources 33\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e3 Essential Elements of Experimental and Quasi-Experimental Research 35\u003cbr\u003e\u003c\/b\u003e\u003ci\u003eW. E. Martin Jr. and K. D. Bridgmon\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eKey Ideas 35\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eExperimental Research Today 36\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eEssential Elements of Experimental Research 37\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eProcesses of Designing and Conducting Experimental Research 38\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eFormulating Experimental Conditions and Procedures 41\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReducing Imprecision in Measurement 44\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eControlling Extraneous Experimental Influences 47\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eExperimental Designs 50\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eRandomized Posttest Only Control Group Design 51\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eRandomized Pretest-Posttest Control Group Design 51\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eRandomized Multiple Treatments and Control with Pretest Design 51\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eRandomized Longitudinal Design 51\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eExternal Validity 52\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eQuasi-Experimental Research 54\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eNonequivalent Control Group Design 54\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eUntreated Control Group Design with Dependent Pretest and Posttest Samples Using a Double Pretest 54\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eMultiple Time-Series Design 55\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSummary 56\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eKey Terms 56\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eFurther Readings and Resources 57\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e4 Nonexperimental Quantitative Research 59\u003cbr\u003e\u003c\/b\u003e\u003ci\u003eG. Belli\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eKey Ideas 59\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eOverview of Nonexperimental Research 60\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eVariables and Their Measurement 61\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eDefining Variables 62\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003ePhrasing Questions 64\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eClassifying Nonexperimental Research 64\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eClassification Based on Purpose (Dimension 1) 65\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eClassification Based on Time (Dimension 2) 66\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eCombining Classification Dimensions 68\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eCausal Explanations and Nonexperimental Studies 71\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eRequirements for Causality 72\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eRuling Out Alternative Hypotheses 73\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAnalysis and Interpretation in Nonexperimental Studies 75\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSummary 76\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eKey Terms 76\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eFurther Readings and Resources 77\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e5 A Primer of Survey Methods 79\u003cbr\u003e\u003c\/b\u003e\u003ci\u003eM. Berends and G. Zottola\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eKey Ideas 79\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eWhat Is Survey Research? 80\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSurveys You Know 80\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe Research Process 81\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eChoosing a Topic 82\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eFocusing the Research: Concepts and Constructs 82\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eHypotheses, Variables, and Operationalization 82\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIndependent Versus Dependent Variables 83\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eWriting Good Survey Questions 84\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003ePiloting and Cognitive Interviews 87\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSampling, Response Rates, and Nonresponse 88\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eProbability or Random Sampling 89\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSimple, Stratified, and Systemic Samples 89\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eNonprobability Sampling 90\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eResponse Rates and Nonresponse 91\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIs the Framework Intact? 92\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eData Reduction 92\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eTypes of Surveys 93\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eFace-to-Face Interviews 93\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eTelephone Surveys 94\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eMail Surveys 95\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eInternet and Web-Based Surveys 95\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eEthical Issues in Survey Research 96\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eWays to Ensure Confidentiality and Increase Anonymity 96\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eInformed Consent 97\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eEthics Beyond Data Collection 98\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSummary 98\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eKey Terms 99\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eFurther Readings and Resources 99\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e6 Quantitative Data Analysis 103\u003cbr\u003e\u003c\/b\u003e\u003ci\u003eM. T. Quartaroli\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eKey Ideas 103\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eWhat Do Those Numbers Mean? 104\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eMeanings of Numbers 104\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSummarizing Data: Descriptive Statistics 105\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eFrequency Distributions 105\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eDistribution Patterns 107\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eTypes of Numerical Data 111\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eMeasures of Central Tendency 113\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eMeasures of Variability 117\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eMeasures of Relative Position 120\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eMeasures of Relationship 122\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eDescriptive Statistics Are Important 124\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eGeneralizing Results: Inferential Statistics 124\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eTests of Significance 125\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSelection of the Statistical Tests 126\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eUsing Inferential Statistics for Decision Making 127\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eEvaluating Reports with Quantitative Data 128\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSummary 129\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eKey Terms 129\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eFurther Readings and Resources 130\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e7 Understanding Meta-Analyses 131\u003cbr\u003e\u003c\/b\u003e\u003ci\u003eG. V Glass\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eKey Ideas 131\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eWhat Is Meta-Analysis? 132\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eMeta-Analysis Illustrated 132\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eEvaluating Meta-Analyses 138\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAnother Example 140\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSummary 143\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eKey Terms 143\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eFurther Readings and Resources 144\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e8 Evaluating Historical Research 145\u003cbr\u003e\u003c\/b\u003e\u003ci\u003eL. M. Hines\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eKey Ideas 145\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eBasics of Historical Research 146\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eHow Are Questions Posed, or “So What?” 148\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIntriguing and Important Questions 148\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eFilling a Gap 149\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eInterpretive Differences 149\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eExploring Current Policy 150\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eWhat Data Are Used, or “How Do You Know?” 151\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003ePrimary Sources 152\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSecondary Sources 156\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eWhat Is the Interpretation, or “Why Do You Think That?” 157\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eFoci of Historical Studies 157\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003ePerspective on History 159\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eCategories of Analysis 160\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eTypes of Historical Research 160\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eLearning More 162\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSummary 163\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eKey Terms 163\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eFurther Readings and Resources 164\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e9 Case Study Research 165\u003cbr\u003e\u003c\/b\u003e\u003ci\u003eS. D. Lapan and S. W. J. Armfield\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eKey Ideas 165\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003ePurposes of Program Case Studies 167\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eProgram Case Study Designs 168\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eOne-Shot or Snapshot Design 168\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eLongitudinal Design 168\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eComparison Design 169\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIdentifying the Case 169\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003ePlanning and Conducting Case Studies 170\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eCase Study Example: The Sentinel Middle School TILE Program 171\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eCase Study Question 1: Influence on Instructional Planning 173\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eCase Study Question 2: Student Thinking in Classroom Discussions 174\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eCommon Case Study Characteristics 177\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eLearning from Case Studies 177\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eTrusting Case Study Reports 178\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSummary 179\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eKey Terms 179\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eFurther Readings and Resources 179\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e10 Program Evaluation 181\u003cbr\u003e\u003c\/b\u003e\u003ci\u003eS. D. Lapan and C. M. Haden\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eKey Ideas 181\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eWhat Is Evaluation? 182\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe Logic of Evaluation 182\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eQualitative Versus Quantitative Data 183\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eForms of Evaluation 183\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eDefinition of a Program 184\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003ePurposes of Program Evaluation 185\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eProgram Evaluation History 186\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eHow Is Evaluation Done? 187\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eEvaluation Agreement 188\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eCriteria and Standard Selection 188\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eMeasuring Through Data Collection 190\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSynthesizing and Reporting Study Results 193\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eTrusting Program Evaluation Findings 194\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eEthics in Evaluation Studies 195\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eJudging Program Evaluation Studies 196\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eEvaluator Qualifications 196\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eEvaluation Planning 197\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eEvaluation Design 197\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eEvaluation Process 197\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eData Richness 198\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eStudy Validity 198\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eStudy Report 199\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eStudy Use 199\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSummary 200\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eKey Terms 200\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eFurther Readings and Resources 200\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e11 Ethnography Research 203\u003cbr\u003e\u003c\/b\u003e\u003ci\u003eF. J. Riemer\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eKey Ideas 203\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eGroping in the Dark 204\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eWhat Is Ethnography Research? 204\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eEthnography Is Descriptive 206\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eEthnographic Methods 207\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eData Collection 209\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eRisks of Ethnography Research 210\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eEthnographic Data Analysis 211\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eWriting Up Field Notes 213\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eWriting Up Ethnography Research 214\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eProblems of Representation 215\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReading Ethnography 217\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eWhat Should a Reader Do? 217\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003ePractice Your Reading Skills 218\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSummary 218\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eKey Terms 218\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eFurther Readings and Resources 219\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e12 Feminism(S): Critique and Transformation 223\u003cbr\u003e\u003c\/b\u003e\u003ci\u003eR. Lalik and C. B. Felderman\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eKey Ideas 223\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eFeminism in Academic and Popular Discourse 224\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eVariability Among Feminisms 225\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eWaves of Feminism 225\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAfrican American Feminists Broaden the Conversation 226\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eFeminism(s) and the Critique of Science 228\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eCritique Related to Women’s Participation in Scientific Endeavors 229\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eCritique Related to the Erasure of Knowledge About Successful Women Scientists 229\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eCritique Related to the Patriarchal Nature of Science 230\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eCritique Related to the Epistemology of Science 231\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003ePossibilities for a Feminist Epistemology 232\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eFeminism(s) and Research Method and Methodology 235\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eResisting a Doctrine of Neutrality 235\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eInterrupting Efforts to Simplify and Universalize Knowledge 236\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eStudying How Women and Other Marginalized People Experience Life 237\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eResearching with Intention to Transform Society 238\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSummary 239\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eKey Terms 239\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eFurther Readings and Resources 240\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e13 Using Multiple Methods Approaches 243\u003cbr\u003e\u003c\/b\u003e\u003ci\u003eP. A. Schutz, S. L. Nichols and K. A. Rodgers\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eKey Ideas 243\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eWhat is Multimethod Research? 244\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003ePotential Benefits of Multimethod Research 245\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAn Early Comment on the Benefits of Multiple Methods Research 245\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAdaptability of Multimethod Research 246\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eStrength and Quality of Inferencing 248\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSummary of Benefits 251\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eMultimethod Research Design 251\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eDesigns 252\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSampling Schemes 254\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eMultimethod Sampling 255\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eResearch Design Conclusion 256\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSummary 256\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eKey Terms 257\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eFurther Readings and Resources 257\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e14 Qualitative Data Analysis 259\u003cbr\u003e\u003c\/b\u003e\u003ci\u003eM. T. Quartaroli\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eKey Ideas 259\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eWords, Words, Words—Now What? 260\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eOrganizing the Data 261\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eDescribing the Data 264\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eCoding the Data 264\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eHow Patterns Emerge 267\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eRepresenting the Findings 269\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eWriting Memos 269\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eCreating Vignettes 269\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eDeveloping Metaphors 269\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eCreating Diagrams or Displays 270\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eBuilding Theory 270\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eData Analysis Is Iterative 271\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eEvaluating Reports with Qualitative Data 271\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSummary 273\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eKey Terms 273\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eFurther Readings and Resources 273\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e15 Applying Research Methods to Professional Practice 275\u003cbr\u003e\u003c\/b\u003e\u003ci\u003eD. Hopkins and E. Ahtaridou\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eKey Ideas 275\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eWhat Is Action Research? 276\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eModels of Action Research 278\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eKemmis Model 278\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eElliott Model 278\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eEbbutt Model 280\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eMethods of Action Research 282\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eDeveloping a Focus 283\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003ePractitioner Reflection in Action 283\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eData Collection Methods 284\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eA Framework for Data Analysis 289\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eData Collection 289\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eValidation 289\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eInterpretation 290\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAction 290\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSummary 291\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eKey Terms 292\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eFurther Readings and Resources 292\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e16 Research, Policy, and Practice: The Great Disconnect 295\u003cbr\u003e\u003c\/b\u003e\u003ci\u003eD. C. Berliner\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eKey Ideas 295\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eOrigins of Faith and Apostasy in Research as a Guide to Practice 296\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eExamples of the Problem 298\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eCase 1 298\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eCase 2 299\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eCase 3 300\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eCase 4 301\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eWhy the Disconnect? 302\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe Privacy Problem 302\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe Changed Roles Problem 303\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe Problem of Complexity in Classrooms and Other Social Settings 303\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe Problem of Science When It Delves into the Arts 304\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe Problem of Quality in Research 305\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe Problem of Relevance 306\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe Problem of Accessibility to Ideas by Practitioners 307\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe Problems of Stability and Instability in the Education System 307\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eHow Might Things Change? 309\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSummary 312\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eKey Terms 313\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 315\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIndex 327\u003c\/p\u003e","brand":"Wiley","offers":[{"title":"Default Title","offer_id":53515415388503,"sku":"9780470181096","price":71.06,"currency_code":"GBP","in_stock":true}],"url":"https:\/\/bookcurl.com\/products\/research-essentials-9780470181096","provider":"Book Curl","version":"1.0","type":"link"}