{"product_id":"reforming-early-retirement-in-europe-japan-and-the-usa-9780199553396","title":"Reforming Early Retirement in Europe Japan and the USA","description":"\u003cb\u003eBook Synopsis\u003c\/b\u003e\u003cbr\u003eSince the 1970s early exit from work has become a major challenge in modern welfare states. Governments, employers, and unions alike once thought of early retirement as a peaceful solution to the economic problems of mass unemployment and industrial restructuring. Today governments and international organizations advocate the postponement of retirement and an increase in activity among older workers. Comparing the USA, eight European countries, and Japan, this book demonstrates significant cross-national differences in early retirement across countries and over time. The study evaluates the impact of major variations in welfare regimes, production systems, and labor relations. It stresses the importance of the ''pull factor'' of extensive welfare state provisions, particularly in Continental Europe; the ''push factor'' of labor shedding strategies by firms, particularly in Anglo-American market economies; and the role of employers and worker representatives in negotiating retirement po\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003cb\u003eTable of Contents\u003c\/b\u003e\u003cbr\u003ePART 1: EXPLORING INTERESTS AND INSTITUTIONS  ; PART 2: COMPARING EARLY EXIT REGIMES  ; PART 3: REFORM OBSTACLES AND OPPORTUNITIES","brand":"Oxford University Press","offers":[{"title":"Default Title","offer_id":51742154654039,"sku":"9780199553396","price":999.99,"currency_code":"GBP","in_stock":false}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0817\/1739\/5799\/files\/9780199553396.jpg?v=1758380837","url":"https:\/\/bookcurl.com\/products\/reforming-early-retirement-in-europe-japan-and-the-usa-9780199553396","provider":"Book Curl","version":"1.0","type":"link"}