{"product_id":"quantitative-environmental-risk-analysis-for-human-health-second-edition-9781119675327","title":"Quantitative Environmental Risk Analysis for","description":"\u003cb\u003eBook Synopsis\u003c\/b\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003cb\u003eTable of Contents\u003c\/b\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003cp\u003eList of Variables with Common Example Units xvii\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003ePreface to Second Edition xxvii\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003ePreface to First Edition xxix\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e1 Introduction 1\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.1 Risk Analysis 2\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.2 Risk 4\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.3 Contaminants in the Environment 8\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.4 Uses of Environmental Risk Assessment 9\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.5 Risk Assessment Process 13\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.5.1 Problem Statement 13\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.5.2 System Description 14\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.5.3 Risk Calculation 14\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.5.4 Integration and Iteration 18\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 19\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAdditional Reading 20\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eProblems 21\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e2 Fundamental Aspects of Environmental Modeling 23\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.1 Introduction 23\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.2 Modeling Process 24\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.2.1 Model Development 24\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.2.2 Modeling Assurance 28\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.2.3 Environmental Modeling in Phases 30\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.3 Physical and Mathematical Basis for Risk Assessment Models 31\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.3.1 Mass Balances 31\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.3.2 Simple Models 40\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.4 Contaminant Transport Equation 47\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.4.1 Transport Processes 48\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.4.2 Derivation of the Contaminant Transport Equation 49\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.4.3 Zero-dimensional Solutions of the Contaminant Transport Equation 52\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 58\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAdditional Reading 59\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eProblems 59\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e3 Release Assessment 64\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.1 Introduction 64\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.2 Conceptual Model 65\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.3 Contaminant Identification 66\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.4 Emission-Rate Quantification 72\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.4.1 Release Probability 74\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.4.2 Contaminant Emission Rate 79\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 83\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAdditional Reading 84\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eProblems 84\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e4 Environmental Transport Theory 87\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.1 Introduction 87\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.2 One-Dimensional Solutions of the Contaminant Transport Equation 89\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.2.1 One-dimensional Advection 89\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.2.2 One-dimensional Advection and Dispersion 95\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.3 Three-Dimensional Contaminant Transport 99\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.4 Advanced Solution Methods 100\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.4.1 Numerical Techniques 100\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.4.2 Superposition Integral 101\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 103\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAdditional Reading 104\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eProblems 104\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e5 Surface Water Transport 107\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.1 Introduction 107\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.2 Types of Surface Water Bodies 109\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.2.1 Rivers and Streams 109\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.2.2 Lakes 111\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.2.3 Reservoirs on Rivers 111\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.2.4 Estuaries 111\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.2.5 Oceans 111\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.3 Sorption 112\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.3.1 Distribution Coefficient 112\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.3.2 Fraction Sorbed 116\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.3.3 Inclusion of Sorption in Transport Models 117\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.4 Transport Modeling 119\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.4.1 Lakes 119\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.4.2 Rivers and Streams 123\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 128\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAdditional Reading 129\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eProblems 129\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e6 Groundwater Transport 132\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.1 Introduction 132\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.2 Subsurface Characterization 134\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.3 Saturated Flow in Porous Media 135\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.3.1 Groundwater Speed and Direction 135\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.3.2 Porosity and Hydraulic Conductivity 138\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.3.3 Dispersion 138\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.4 Sorption 143\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.5 Subsurface Contaminant Transport Modeling 144\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.5.1 Linear Equilibrium Model of Subsurface Contaminant Transport 144\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.5.2 Saturated-Zone Transport Solutions 148\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.6 Other Considerations in Groundwater Transport 153\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.6.1 Vadose Zone Transport 153\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.6.2 Colloidal Transport 155\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.6.3 Transformations 155\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.6.4 NonAqueous-Phase Liquids 156\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 158\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAdditional Reading 159\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eProblems 159\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e7 Atmospheric Transport 163\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.1 Introduction 163\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.2 Atmospheric Dispersion 164\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.3 Atmospheric Transport Models 168\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.3.1 Constant Emission Rate: Gaussian Plume Model 168\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.3.2 Long-Term Averages 175\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.3.3 Infinite Line Source 179\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.3.4 Instantaneous Emission: Gaussian Puff Model 179\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.4 Other Considerations 180\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.4.1 Effective Release Height and Plume Rise 180\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.4.2 Building Wake 181\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.4.3 Release with Inversion Aloft 182\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.4.4 Nonconservative Processes 184\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 186\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAdditional Reading 187\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eProblems 187\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e8 Food Chain Transport 191\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.1 Introduction 191\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.2 Concentration in Soil 195\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.2.1 Conceptual Model 195\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.2.2 Atmospheric Deposition 197\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.2.3 Irrigation Deposition 197\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.2.4 Atmospheric Resuspension 198\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.3 Concentration in Vegetation 199\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.4 Concentration in Animals 204\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 206\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAdditional Reading 207\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eProblems 207\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e9 Exposure Assessment 210\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.1 Introduction 210\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.2 Dose 212\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.2.1 Chemical Dose 212\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.2.2 Radiological Dose 214\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.3 Contaminant Intake 215\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.3.1 Inhalation 216\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.3.2 Ingestion 216\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.3.3 Dermal Absorption 218\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.4 Dose Calculations 220\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.4.1 Chemical Dose Calculations 220\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.4.2 Radiological Dose Calculations 222\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 227\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAdditional Reading 228\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eProblems 228\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e10 Basic Human Toxicology 230\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.1 Introduction 230\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.2 Fundamentals of Anatomy and Physiology 231\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.2.1 Cellular Anatomy and Physiology 232\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.2.2 Cellular Mechanisms of Toxicity 237\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.2.3 Major Organ Systems 239\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.3 Mechanisms and Effects of Toxicity 250\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.3.1 Systemic Effects 250\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.3.2 Carcinogenic Effects 252\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.3.3 Teratogenic Effects 256\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.3.4 Hereditary Effects 258\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 259\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eProblems 261\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e11 Dose–Response and Risk Characterization 263\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.1 Introduction 263\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.2 Biological Basis of Dose–Response Modeling 264\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.3 Elements of Quantitative Dose–Response Analysis 266\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.3.1 Factors Affecting Toxicity 266\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.3.2 Quantification of Responses 272\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.3.3 Sources of Dose–Response Data 274\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.4 Dose–Response Modeling 279\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.4.1 Animal-to-Human Extrapolation 280\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.4.2 Dose–response models and high- to low-dose extrapolation 283\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.5 Risk Characterization 287\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.5.1 Margin of Exposure 287\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.5.2 Cancer Slope Factors and Unit Risk 289\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.6 Regulatory Implementation 290\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.6.1 The Benchmark Dose (BMD) Approach 291\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.6.2 Deterministic (Noncancer) Endpoints 293\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.6.3 Stochastic (Non-threshold) Endpoints 299\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 305\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAdditional Reading 308\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eProblems 308\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e12 Uncertainty and Sensitivity Analyses 311\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.1 Introduction 311\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.2 Types and Sources of Uncertainty 312\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.2.1 Qualitative and Quantitative Considerations 312\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.2.2 Sources of Uncertainty 313\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.2.3 Types of Uncertainty 314\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.3 Statistics Fundamentals 317\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.3.1 Random Variables and Distribution Functions 317\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.3.2 Characterization of PDFs 319\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.3.3 Determination of Distributions 320\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.4 Uncertainty Propagation 324\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.4.1 Sensitivity Analysis 325\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.4.2 Methods for Uncertainty Propagation 327\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 340\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eProblems 343\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e13 Screening and Computational Resources 348\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.1 Introduction 348\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.2 Screening Tools 349\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.2.1 COMPLY\/COMPLY-R 349\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.2.2 DandD 350\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.2.3 Groundwater Transport Calculator 350\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.2.4 RSL and RML 350\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.2.5 RAIS PRG Calculators 351\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.2.6 RAIS Risk Calculators 351\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.2.7 SERAFM 351\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.3 Surface Water Transport 352\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.3.1 BASINS 352\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.3.2 EFDC 352\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.3.3 LADTAP II 353\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.3.4 QUAL2K 353\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.3.5 WASP 354\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.3.6 SMS 13 354\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.4 Groundwater Transport 354\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.4.1 3DFEMWATER\/3DLEWASTE 354\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.4.2 EPACMTP 355\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.4.3 GMS 355\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.4.4 HELP 355\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.4.5 MODFLOW 6 356\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.4.6 PORFLOW 356\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.4.7 STOMP 357\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.4.8 TOUGHREACT 357\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.5 Atmospheric Transport 357\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.5.1 AERMOD 358\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.5.2 ALOHA 358\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.5.3 CTDMPLUS 359\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.5.4 HOTSPOT 359\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.5.5 HYSPLIT 359\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.5.6 PAVAN 360\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.5.7 RASCAL 360\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.5.8 XOQDOQ 360\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.6 Food Chain Transport 361\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.6.1 BASS 361\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.6.2 CAP-88 PC 361\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.6.3 GASPAR II 362\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.6.4 MILDOS 4 362\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.7 Transport, Exposure, and Consequence Assessment Tools 363\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.7.1 CalTOX 363\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.7.2 FRAMES-2.0 363\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.7.3 GENII 364\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.7.4 GOLDSIM 364\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.7.5 MEPAS 364\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.7.6 RESRAD 365\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.7.7 Risk Analyst 366\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.8 Geochemical Speciation Modeling 367\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.8.1 GWB 367\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.8.2 MINEQL+ 368\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.8.3 MINTEQA2\/VISUAL MINTEQ 368\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.8.4 PHREEQC 368\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.9 Uncertainty 369\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.10 Other Useful Computational Resources 370\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.10.1 RESRAD-BUILD 370\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.10.2 SADA 370\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.10.3 VSP 370\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.10.4 BMDS 370\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 370\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e14 Case Studies 376\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.1 Introduction 376\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.2 PFAS 376\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.2.1 Background 377\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.2.2 Wilbur Earl Tenant’s Farm (EPA 2001, Bilott 2019) 377\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.2.3 Parkersburg and EPA (EPA 2001, Bilott 2019) 378\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.2.4 Epilogue 379\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.3 Arsenic in Drinking Water 380\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.3.1 Introduction 380\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.3.2 Risk Calculation 381\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.3.3 Risk Assessment 381\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.4 MCHM 382\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.4.1 Background 382\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.4.2 Calculation of MCHM Concentration 383\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.4.3 Epilogue 386\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.5 Releases from Rocky Flats 387\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.5.1 Introduction 388\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.5.2 1957 Plutonium Fire Basic Risk Assessment 388\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.5.3 Rocky Flats Comprehensive Risk Assessment 390\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.5.4 Comparisons for 1957 Plutonium Fire 391\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.5.5 Epilogue 393\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 393\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eProblems 395\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e15 Ethics, Stakeholder Involvement, and Risk Communication 396\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.1 Introduction 396\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.2 Ethics 397\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.2.1 Overview 397\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.2.2 Ethical Theories 397\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.2.3 Environmental Ethics 398\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.3 Stakeholder Involvement 400\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.3.1 Motivation 400\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.3.2 Potential Benefits and Detriments 401\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.3.3 Scope of Stakeholder Involvement 403\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.3.4 Legal Basis and Requirements 405\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.3.5 Methods and Approaches 405\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.4 Risk Communication 410\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.4.1 Scientific Basis 411\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.4.2 Practical Considerations 416\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.4.3 Unresolved Issues 417\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 418\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eProblems 422\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e16 Environmental Risk Management 423\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.1 Introduction 423\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.2 Risk Management Process 423\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.3 Risk Management Methods 424\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.3.1 Approaches to Risk Management 424\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.3.2 Fundamentals of Decision Analysis 426\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.3.3 Methods for Decision Analysis Under Certainty 433\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.3.4 Methods for Decision Analysis Under Risk 438\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 441\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eProblems 442\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e17 Environmental Laws and Regulations 444\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.1 Introduction 444\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.2 General Legal and Regulatory Structure for Environmental Protection 444\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.2.1 U.S. Governmental Structure 444\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.2.2 Regulatory Hierarchy 445\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.3 Major Federal Environmental Laws and Regulations 446\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.3.1 National Environmental Policy Act 447\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.3.2 CERCLA and SARA 449\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.3.3 Resource Conservation and Recovery Act 452\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.3.4 Toxic Substances Control Act 453\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.3.5 Clean Air Act 454\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.3.6 Clean Water Act 456\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.4 CERCLA Process 457\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.4.1 Remedial Actions Under CERCLA 457\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.4.2 Risk Assessment in the RI\/FS Process 458\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.5 Additional Regulations 459\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 460\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eProblems 461\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAppendix A Mathematical Tools 462\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eA. 1 Special Functions 462\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eA.1. 1 Dirac Delta Function 462\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eA.1. 2 Heaviside Unit Step Function 463\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eA.1. 3 Error Function and Complementary Error Function 463\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eA.1. 4 Gamma Function 464\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eA. 2 Laplace Transforms 465\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eA.2. 1 Definitions and Notation 465\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eA.2. 2 Basic Transforms and Properties 466\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eA.2. 3 Solution of Differential Equations with Laplace Transforms 467\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eA. 3 Exact Solutions to the One-Dimensional Contaminant Transport Equation 470\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 473\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAdditional Reading 474\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAppendix B Degradation and Decay Parameters 475\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIndex 477 \u003c\/p\u003e","brand":"John Wiley \u0026 Sons 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