{"product_id":"pulmonary-drug-delivery-9781118799543","title":"Pulmonary Drug Delivery","description":"\u003cb\u003eBook Synopsis\u003c\/b\u003e\u003cbr\u003eDrug therapy via inhalation route is at the cutting edge of modern drug delivery research. There has been significant progress on the understanding of drug therapy via inhalation products.\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003cb\u003eTable of Contents\u003c\/b\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003cp\u003eList of Contributors xiii\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSeries Preface xvii\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003ePreface xix\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e1. Lung Anatomy and Physiology and Their Implications for Pulmonary Drug Delivery 1\u003c\/b\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003ci\u003eRahul K. Verma, Mariam Ibrahim, and Lucila Garcia-Contreras\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.1 Introduction 2\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.2 Anatomy and Physiology of Lungs 2\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.2.1 Macro- and Microstructure of the Airways and Alveoli as It Pertains to Drug Delivery 2\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.2.2 Lung Surfactant 4\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.2.3 Pulmonary Blood Circulation 5\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.3 Mechanisms of Aerosol Deposition 5\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.3.1 Impaction 6\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.3.2 Sedimentation 6\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.3.3 Interception 6\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.3.4 Diffusion 7\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.4 Drug Absorption 7\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.4.1 Mechanisms of Drug Absorption from the Lungs 7\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.5 Physiological Factors Affecting the Therapeutic Effectiveness of Drugs Delivered by the Pulmonary Route 8\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.5.1 Airway Geometry 8\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.5.2 Inhalation Mode 8\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.5.3 Airflow Rate 9\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.5.4 Mechanism of Particle Clearance 9\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.5.5 Lung Receptors 10\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.5.6 Disease States 11\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.5.7 Effect of Age and Gender Difference 11\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.6 Computer Simulations to Describe Aerosol Deposition in Health and Disease 11\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.6.1 Semiempirical Models 12\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.6.2 Deterministic Models 12\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.6.3 Trumpet Models (One-Dimensional) 12\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.6.4 Stochastic, Asymmetric Generation Models 13\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.6.5 Computation Fluid Dynamics (CFD)-Based Model 13\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.7 Conclusions 13\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 14\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e2. The Role of Functional Lung Imaging in the Improvement of Pulmonary Drug Delivery 19\u003c\/b\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003ci\u003eAndreas Fouras and Stephen Dubsky\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.1 Introduction 19\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.1.1 Particle Deposition 20\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.1.2 Regional Action of Delivered Drug 22\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.1.3 The Role of Functional Lung Imaging in Pulmonary Drug Delivery 22\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.2 Established Functional Lung Imaging Technologies 23\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.2.1 Computed Tomography 23\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.2.2 Ventilation Measurement using 4DCT Registration-based Methods 24\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.2.3 Hyperpolarized Magnetic Resonance Imaging 24\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.2.4 Electrical Impedance Tomography 25\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.2.5 Nuclear Medical Imaging (PET\/SPECT) 25\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.3 Emerging Technologies 26\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.3.1 Phase-contrast Imaging 26\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.3.2 Grating Interferometry 27\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.3.3 Propagation-based Phase-contrast Imaging 28\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.3.4 Functional Lung Imaging using Phase Contrast 28\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.3.5 Laboratory Propagation-based Phase-contrast Imaging 29\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.4 Conclusion 30\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 31\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e3. Dry Powder Inhalation for Pulmonary Delivery: Recent Advances and Continuing Challenges 35\u003c\/b\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003ci\u003eSimone R. Carvalho, Alan B. Watts, Jay I. Peters, and Robert O. Williams III\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.1 Introduction 36\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.2 Dry Powder Inhaler Devices 37\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.2.1 Overview 37\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.2.2 Recent Innovations in Dry Powder Inhaler Technology 39\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.3 New Developments in DPI Formulations and Delivery 43\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.3.1 Particle Surface Modification 43\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.3.2 Particle Engineering Technology for Pulmonary Delivery 44\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.4 Characterization Methods of Dry Powder Inhaler Formulations 50\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.5 Conclusion 52\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 53\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e4. Pulmonary Drug Delivery to the Pediatric Population – A State-of-the-Art Review 63\u003c\/b\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003ci\u003eMarie-Pierre Flament\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.1 Introduction 63\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.2 Patient Consideration 64\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.2.1 Anatomy and Physiology of Children’s Lungs 64\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.2.2 Nasal Versus Oral Inhalation 65\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.2.3 Patient-related Factors Influencing Aerosol Deposition 66\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.2.4 Age and Dosage Forms of Choice 67\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.3 Delivery Systems for the Pediatric Population 69\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.3.1 Nebulizers 69\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.3.2 Pressurized Metered Dose Inhalers 72\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.3.3 Dry Powder Inhalers 73\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.3.4 Interfaces 74\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.4 Recommendations 80\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.5 Conclusion 82\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 82\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e5. Formulation Strategies for Pulmonary Delivery of Poorly Soluble Drugs 87\u003c\/b\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003ci\u003eNathalie Wauthoz and Karim Amighi\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.1 Introduction 88\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.1.1 In vivo Fate of Inhaled Poorly Water-soluble Drugs 89\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.1.2 The Pharmacokinetics of Inhaled Poorly Water-soluble Drugs Administered for Local and Systemic Action 92\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.1.3 Formulation Strategies for Pulmonary Delivery of Poorly Water-soluble Drugs 93\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.2 Co-solvents 93\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.3 Cyclodextrins 97\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.4 PEGylation 99\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.5 Reduction of Size to Micro-\/Nanoparticles 100\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.5.1 Nanocrystal Suspension 101\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.5.2 Nanocrystals in a Hydrophilic Matrix System 102\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.5.3 Nanoclusters 103\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.6 Solid Dispersion\/Amorphization 103\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.7 Micelles 106\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.8 Liposomes 108\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.9 Solid Lipid Nanoparticles and Nanostructured Lipid Carriers 110\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.10 Conclusion 111\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 114\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e6. Lipidic Micro- and Nano-Carriers for Pulmonary Drug Delivery – A State-of-the-Art Review 123\u003c\/b\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003ci\u003eYahya Rahimpour, Hamed Hamishehkar, and Ali Nokhodchi\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.1 Introduction 124\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.2 Pulmonary Drug Delivery 125\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.3 Liposomal Pulmonary Delivery 126\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.4 Nebulization of Liposomes 126\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.5 Liposomal Dry-powder Inhalers 128\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.6 Solid Lipid Microparticles in Pulmonary Drug Delivery 129\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.7 Solid Lipid Nanoparticles in Pulmonary Drug Delivery 131\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.8 Nanostructured Lipid Carrier (NLC) in Pulmonary Drug Delivery 133\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.9 Nanoemulsions in Pulmonary Drug Delivery 134\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.10 Conclusion and Perspectives 135\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 136\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e7. Chemical and Compositional Characterisation of Lactose as a Carrier in Dry Powder Inhalers 143\u003c\/b\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003ci\u003eRim Jawad, Gary P. Martin and Paul G. Royall\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.1 Introduction 144\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.2 Production of Lactose 145\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.3 Lactose: Chemical Forms, Solid-State Composition, Physicochemical Properties 147\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.4 Epimerisation of Lactose 150\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.5 Analysis of Lactose 151\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.5.1 Powder X-ray Diffraction 152\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.5.2 Nuclear Magnetic Resonance 153\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.5.3 Infrared Spectroscopy 156\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.5.4 Differential Scanning Calorimetry 157\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.5.5 Polarimetry 158\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.6 The Influence of the Chemical and Solid-State Composition of Lactose Carriers on the Aerosolisation of DPI Formulations 159\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.7 Conclusions 163\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 163\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e8. Particle Engineering for Improved Pulmonary Drug Delivery Through Dry Powder Inhalers 171\u003c\/b\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003ci\u003eWaseem Kaialy and Ali Nokhodchi\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.1 Introduction 172\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.2 Dry Powder Inhalers 172\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.3 Particle Engineering to Improve the Performance of DPIs 172\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.3.1 Crystallization 173\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.3.2 Spray-drying 174\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.3.3 Spray-freeze-drying 177\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.3.4 Supercritical Fluid Technology 177\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.3.5 Pressure Swing Granulation (PSG) Technique 178\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.4 Engineered Carrier Particles for Improved Pulmonary Drug Delivery from Dry Powder Inhalers 178\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.5 Relationships between Physical Properties of Engineered Particles and Dry Powder Inhaler Performance 182\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.5.1 Particle Size 182\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.5.2 Flow Properties 184\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.5.3 Particle Shape 185\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.5.4 Particle Surface Texture 187\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.5.5 Fine Particle Additives 188\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.5.6 Surface Area 188\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.6 Conclusions 189\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 189\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e9. Particle Surface Roughness – Its Characterisation and Impact on Dry Powder Inhaler Performance 199\u003c\/b\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003ci\u003eBernice Mei Jin Tan, Celine Valeria Liew, Lai Wah Chan, and Paul Wan Sia Heng\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.1 Introduction 200\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.2 What is Surface Roughness? 200\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.3 Measurement of Particle Surface Roughness 202\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.3.1 General Factors to Consider During a Measurement 202\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.3.2 Direct Methods to Profile or Visualise Surface Roughness 204\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.3.3 Indirect Measurement of Surface Roughness 206\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.4 Impact of Surface Roughness on Carrier Performance – Theoretical Considerations 206\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.4.1 Mixing and Blend Stability 206\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.4.2 Drug-carrying Capacity 207\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.4.3 Drug Adhesion 207\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.4.4 Drug Detachment 208\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.4.5 Particle Arrangement in Ordered Mixtures After the Addition of Fine Excipient 209\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.5 Particle Surface Modification 210\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.5.1 Spray Drying 210\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.5.2 Solution Phase Processing 211\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.5.3 Crystallisation 213\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.5.4 Sieving 213\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.5.5 Fluid-bed Coating 213\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.5.6 Dry Powder Coating 213\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.6 Conclusion 215\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 215\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e10. Dissolution: A Critical Performance Characteristic of Inhaled Products? 223\u003c\/b\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003ci\u003eBen Forbes, Nathalie Hauet Richer, and Francesca Buttini\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.1 Introduction 223\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.2 Dissolution of Inhaled Products 224\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.2.1 Dissolution Rate 224\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.2.2 Dissolution in the Lungs 224\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.2.3 Case for Dissolution Testing 225\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.2.4 Design of Dissolution Test Systems 226\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.3 Particle Testing and Dissolution Media 226\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.3.1 Particle Collection 226\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.3.2 Dissolution Media 229\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.4 Dissolution Test Apparatus 230\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.4.1 USP Apparatus 1 (Basket) 231\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.4.2 USP Apparatus 2 (Paddle) and USP Apparatus 5 (Paddle Over Disc) 232\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.4.3 USP Apparatus 4 (Flow-Through Cell) 232\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.4.4 Diffusion-Controlled Cell Systems (Franz Cell, Transwell, Dialysis) 233\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.4.5 Methodological Considerations 234\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.5 Data Analysis and Interpretation 235\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.5.1 Modelling 236\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.5.2 Comparing Dissolution Profiles (Model-independent Method for Comparison) 237\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.6 Conclusions 237\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 238\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e11. Drug Delivery Strategies for Pulmonary Administration of Antibiotics 241\u003c\/b\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003ci\u003eAnna Giulia Balducci, Ruggero Bettini, Paolo Colombo, and Francesca Buttini\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.1 Introduction 242\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.2 Antibiotics Used for the Treatment of Pneumoniae 243\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.3 Antibiotic Products for Inhalation Approved on the Market 244\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.4 Nebulisation 246\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.5 Antibiotic Dry Powders for Inhalation 250\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.5.1 Tobramycin 251\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.5.2 Capreomycin 252\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.5.3 Gentamicin 253\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.5.4 Ciprofloxacin 254\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.5.5 Levofloxacin 255\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.5.6 Colistimethate Sodium 256\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.6 Device and Payload of Dose 256\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.7 Conclusions 258\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 258\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e12. Molecular Targeted Therapy of Lung Cancer: Challenges and Promises 263\u003c\/b\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003ci\u003eJaleh Barar, Yadollah Omidi, and Mark Gumbleton\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.1 Introduction 265\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.2 An Overview on Lung Cancer 266\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.3 Molecular Features of Lung Cancer 268\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.3.1 Tumor Microenvironment (TME) 269\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.3.2 Tumor Angiogenesis 269\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.3.3 Tumor Stromal Components 270\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.3.4 Pharmacogenetic Markers: Cytochrome P450 270\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.4 Targeted Therapy of Solid Tumors: How and What to Target? 271\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.4.1 EPR Effect: A Rational Approach for Passive Targeting 272\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.4.2 Toward Long Circulating Anticancer Nanomedicines 273\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.4.3 Active\/Direct Targeting 273\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.4.4 Overcoming Multidrug Resistance (MDR) 273\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.4.5 Antibody-Mediated Targeting 274\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.4.6 Aptamer-Mediated Targeted Therapy 276\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.4.7 Folate Receptor-Mediated Targeted Therapy 276\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.4.8 Transferrin-Mediated Targeted Therapy 276\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.4.9 Targeted Photodynamic Therapy 277\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.4.10 Multimodal Theranostics and Nanomedicines 278\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.5 Final Remarks 278\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 279\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e13. Defining and Controlling Blend Evolution in Inhalation Powder Formulations using a Novel Colourimetric Method 285\u003c\/b\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003ci\u003eDavid Barling, David Morton, and Karen Hapgood\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.1 Introduction 286\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.1.1 Introduction to Blend Pigmentation 287\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.1.2 Previous Work in the Use of Coloured Tracers to Assess Powder Blending 288\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.1.3 Colour Tracer Properties and Approach to Blend Analysis 288\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.2 Uses and Validation 290\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.2.1 Assessment of Mixer Characteristics and Mixer Behaviour 290\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.2.2 Quantification of Content Uniformity and Energy Input 293\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.2.3 Detection and Quantification of Unintentional Milling during Mixing 295\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.2.4 Robustness of Method with Tracer Concentration 295\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.3 Comments on the Applied Suitability and Robustness in of the Tracer Method 296\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.4 Conclusions 297\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAcknowledgements 297\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 297\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e14. Polymer-based Delivery Systems for the Pulmonary Delivery of Biopharmaceuticals 301\u003c\/b\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003ci\u003eNitesh K. Kunda, Iman M. Alfagih, Imran Y. Saleem, and Gillian A. Hutcheon\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.1 Introduction 302\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.2 Pulmonary Delivery of Macromolecules 302\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.3 Polymeric Delivery Systems 303\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.3.1 Micelles 304\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.3.2 Dendrimers 305\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.3.3 Particles 305\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.4 Preparation of Polymeric Nano\/microparticles 305\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.4.1 Emulsification Solvent Evaporation 306\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.4.2 Emulsification Solvent Diffusion 307\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.4.3 Salting Out 307\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.5 Formulation of Nanoparticles as Dry Powders 308\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.5.1 Freeze-drying 308\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.5.2 Spray-drying 309\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.5.3 Spray-freeze-drying 309\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.5.4 Supercritical Fluid Drying 310\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.6 Carrier Properties 310\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.6.1 Size 310\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.6.2 Morphology 311\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.6.3 Surface Properties 311\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.7 Toxicity of Polymeric Delivery Systems 311\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.8 Pulmonary Delivery of Polymeric Particles 312\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.9 Conclusions 313\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 313\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e15. Quality by Design: Concept for Product Development of Dry-powder Inhalers 321\u003c\/b\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003ci\u003eAl Sayyed Sallam, Sami Nazzal, Hatim S. AlKhatib, and Nabil Darwazeh\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.1 Introduction 322\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.2 Quality Target Product Profile (QTPP) 324\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.3 Critical Quality Attributes (CQA) 324\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.4 Quality Risk Management 325\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.5 Design of Experiments 326\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.6 Design Space 328\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.7 Control Strategies 328\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.8 Continual Improvement 329\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.9 Process Analytical Technology\/Application in DPI 329\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.10 Particle Size 329\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.11 Crystallinity and Polymorphism 330\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.12 Scale-up and Blend Homogeneity 331\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.13 Applying of QbD Principles to Analytical Methods 331\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.14 Conclusion 332\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 332\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e16. Future Patient Requirements on Inhalation Devices: The Balance between Patient, Commercial, Regulatory and Technical Requirements 339\u003c\/b\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003ci\u003eOrest Lastow\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.1 Introduction 340\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.1.1 Inhaled Drug Delivery 340\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.1.2 Patients 340\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.2 Requirements 341\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.2.1 Patient Requirements 341\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.2.2 Technical Requirements 343\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.2.3 Performance Requirements 345\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.3 Requirement Specifications 346\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.3.1 Requirement Hierarchy 346\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.3.2 Developing the Requirements 347\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.4 Product Development 350\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.5 Conclusions 351\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 352\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIndex 353\u003c\/p\u003e","brand":"John Wiley \u0026 Sons Inc","offers":[{"title":"Default Title","offer_id":49528837767511,"sku":"9781118799543","price":999.99,"currency_code":"GBP","in_stock":false}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0817\/1739\/5799\/files\/9781118799543.jpg?v=1731873218","url":"https:\/\/bookcurl.com\/products\/pulmonary-drug-delivery-9781118799543","provider":"Book Curl","version":"1.0","type":"link"}