{"product_id":"process-gas-chromatographs-9781119633044","title":"Process Gas Chromatographs","description":"\u003cb\u003eBook Synopsis\u003c\/b\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eA guide to the fundamentals of applied gas chromatography and the process gas chromatograph, with practical procedures for design and troubleshooting\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThis comprehensive resource provides the theory that underpins a full understanding of the fundamental techniques of gas chromatography and the process analyzer. Without relying on complex mathematics, the book addresses hands-on applications of gas chromatographs within process industries. The author  a noted expert on the topic  details both the scientific information needed to grasp the material presented and the practical applications for professionals working in the field.\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003ci\u003eProcess Gas Chromatographs:\u003c\/i\u003e \u003ci\u003eFundamentals, Design and Implementation\u003c\/i\u003e comprises 15 chapters, a glossary of terms and a series of self-assessment questions and quizzes. This important resource:\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cul\u003e \u003cli\u003eDescribes practical procedures for design and troubleshooting\u003c\/li\u003e \u003cli\u003eContains concise chapters that provide a structured co\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003cb\u003eTable of Contents\u003c\/b\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003cp\u003ePreface xix\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eContributors xxi\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAcknowledgments xxvii\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003ePart One PGC fundamentals 1\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e1 An introduction 3\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eChromatographic separation 3\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe gas chromatograph 4\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe basic instrument 4\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe process instrument 5\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe oven 7\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eTemperature control 7\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eTemperature programming 7\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe sample injection valve 8\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eLaboratory and online practice 8\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003ePlug injection 8\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eGas sample injection 9\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eLiquid sample injection 9\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe column 10\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe separating device 10\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIt takes time 10\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eMultiple columns 11\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSCI-FILE: On Column Types 12\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIntroduction to SCI-FILEs 12\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eTwo kinds of column 12\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003ePacked columns 12\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eOpen-tubular columns 12\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe detector 13\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eMaking the measurements 13\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe chromatogram 14\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eKnowledge Gained 18\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eDid you get it? 19\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSelf-assessment quiz: SAQ 01 19\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eStudent evaluation test: SET 01 20\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 21\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eCited 21\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eFigures 22\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eNew technical terms 22\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e2 Peakshape 25\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eHow columns work 25\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eWhat happens inside the column 26\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eHow gas and liquid interact 26\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eTroubleshooting tips 28\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eHow peaks form 28\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eForming an equilibrium 28\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe effect of movement 30\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eA peak appears 31\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eEffect of more equilibria 33\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSome conclusions 34\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIdentical molecules – different behavior 34\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAll peaks are symmetrical 35\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eMore equilibria – narrower peaks 35\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eMore equilibria – taller peaks 35\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eRetention at the apex 36\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eMore equilibria – same retention time 36\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSCI-FILE: On Solubility 36\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSolubility 36\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003ePartition 36\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eDistribution 37\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eLimitations 37\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eKnowledge Gained 37\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eDid you get it? 38\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSelf-assessment quiz: SAQ 02 38\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eStudent evaluation test: SET 02 38\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 40\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eFigures 40\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eEquation 41\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSymbols 41\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eNew technical terms 41\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e3 Separation 43\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eHow peaks get separated 43\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eA more realistic explanation 43\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eA challenge question 46\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSignificance of the air peak 47\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe answer 48\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eMeasurements from chromatograms 50\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eA practical task 50\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eTypical calculations 51\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eKnowledge Gained 52\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eDid you get it? 53\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSelf-assessment quiz: SAQ 03 53\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eStudent evaluation test: SET 03 53\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 55\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eFigures 55\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eEquations 55\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSymbols 55\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eNew technical terms 55\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e4 Peakpatterns 57\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eMigration rate 57\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003ePredictable patterns in peak position 57\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSpace or time 57\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSpatial or temporal separation 58\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003ePredictable patterns in peak width 59\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eDistance or duration 59\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSCI-FILE: On Chemical Names 60\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eHydrocarbons 60\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eShorthand notation 61\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003ePredictable patterns in retention 61\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe doubling rule 61\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eChallenge question 62\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eA process of elimination 62\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eTemperature programming 64\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eRelative retention 66\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSeparation and resolution 67\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eResolution 67\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003ePredictable patterns in resolution 69\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eKnowledge Gained 71\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eDid you get it? 72\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSelf-assessment quiz: SAQ 04 72\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eStudent evaluation test: SET 04 72\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 74\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eFigures 74\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eEquations 74\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSymbols 74\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eNew technical terms 74\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003ePart Two PGC analytics 77\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e5 Industrial gas chromatographs 79\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eProcess analyzers 79\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIntroduction to process analysis 79\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe measurement of quality 80\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eProcess gas chromatographs 81\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eVersatile and reliable 81\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003ePGC development 82\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe value of analysis 83\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eCompeting technologies 84\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eGas chromatograph or spectrophotometer? 84\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSpeed of response 86\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe outlook 87\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe PGC analytics unit 87\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIntroduction 87\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eCarrier gas supply system 88\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSample injection system 89\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eChromatographic valves 89\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eColumn system 89\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eDetectors 89\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eTemperature-controlled ovens 90\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eKnowledge Gained 90\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eDid you get it? 91\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSelf-assessment quiz: SAQ 05 91\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eStudent evaluation test: SET 05 92\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 93\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eCited 93\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eTable 93\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eFigures 93\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSymbol 94\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eNew technical terms 94\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e6 Carrier gas system 95\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eChoice of carrier gas 95\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eCarrier gas purpose 95\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eChoice of carrier gas 95\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eMixed carrier gases 97\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eCarrier gas purity 97\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAnalytical effect of impurities 98\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eDamaging effect of impurities 100\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eMaintenance of gas cleaners 101\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eCarrier gas supply system 101\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eCarrier gas supply line 102\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003ePressure regulation 103\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eMechanical pressure regulators 103\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eElectronic pressure controllers 104\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eFlow regulation 104\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eMeasuring the carrier gas flow rates 104\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSetting the flow rates 105\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eOptimum flow rate 106\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eKnowledge Gained 106\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eDid you get it? 107\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSelf-assessment quiz: SAQ 06 107\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eStudent evaluation test: SET 06 108\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 109\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eCited 109\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eTable 110\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eFigures 110\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSymbols 110\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eNew technical terms 111\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e7 Sample injection 113\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIntroduction 113\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eInjecting gas samples 114\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eGas sample volume 114\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eGas sample temperature 115\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eGas sample pressure 116\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eInjecting liquid samples 118\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eLess preferred 118\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eVaporizing a liquid sample 118\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eLiquid sample volume 119\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eLiquid sample temperature 120\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eLiquid sample pressure 121\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eOther techniques 122\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSample splitting 122\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eRemote sample injection 122\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eNormalization 122\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSCI-FILE: On Analytic Units 123\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eA fable 123\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eConstant sample size 123\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eDifferent ratio units 124\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eInjected quantity 124\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eConversion of units 125\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eKnowledge Gained 126\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eDid you get it? 127\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSelf-assessment quiz: SAQ 07 127\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eStudent evaluation test: SET 07 128\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 130\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eCited 130\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eTables 130\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eFigures 130\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSymbols 130\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eNew technical terms 131\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e8 Chromatographic valves 133\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eValve technology 133\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eEvolution 133\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe strange effect of competition 134\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eValve types 135\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSolenoid instrument valves 135\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSpool or piston valves 135\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSlide valves 136\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eRotary valves 139\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eDiaphragm valves 141\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003ePlunger valves for liquid injection 143\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eOther switching techniques 145\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eValve leaks 146\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAbout leaks 146\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eValve leak mitigation 148\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eKnowledge Gained 149\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eDid you get it? 151\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSelf-assessment quiz: SAQ 08 151\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eStudent evaluation test: SET 08 151\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 153\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eCited 153\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eTable 154\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eFigures 154\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eNew technical terms 155\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e9 Column systems 157\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eTwo fundamental issues 157\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe general elution problem 157\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe temperature ramp solution 158\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe multiple column solution 159\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe choice 160\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eDelayed injection 161\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eFour types of column system 161\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eRecognizing the functions performed 161\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eType A: A single column 162\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eType B: Multiple columns, single detector 163\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eType C: Multiple detectors, single injector 164\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eType D: Multiple sample injectors 166\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eElemental column systems 168\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eUseful techniques 168\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eBackflush column system 168\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eDistribution column system 170\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eHeartcut column system 171\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eTrap-and-hold column system 173\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe real power 174\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eEndnote 175\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eKnowledge Gained 176\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eDid you get it? 177\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSelf-assessment quiz: SAQ 09 177\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eStudent evaluation test: SET 09 177\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 180\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eCited 180\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eTable 180\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eFigures 180\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eNew technical terms 181\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e10 Detectors 183\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIntroduction 183\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eTypes of detector 183\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eTwo measured variables 183\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eConcentration detectors 184\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eRate-of-arrival detectors 185\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eMultiple detectors 186\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSignal capture 186\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSCI-FILE: On Detectors 187\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSignal noise 187\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSpeed of response 187\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSensitivity 188\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThermal conductivity detector 189\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eTCD application 189\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eTCD basic function 190\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eTCD detection principle 191\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eTCD thermal elements 192\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eTCD electrical arrangement 194\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eTCD electrical improvements 194\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eTCD performance enhancement 195\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eFlame ionization detector 197\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eFID application 197\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eFID detection principle 198\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eFID makeup gases 199\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eFID sensitivity 199\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eFID vent arrangements 200\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eFID methanator 200\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eFlame photometric detector 202\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eFPD application 202\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eFPD detection principle 202\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eFPD concerns 203\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eOther detectors 205\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eElectron capture detector 205\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eHelium ionization detector 206\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003ePhotoionization detector 207\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003ePulsed discharge detector 207\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eKnowledge Gained 210\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eDid you get it? 213\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSelf-assessment quiz: SAQ 10 213\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eStudent evaluation test: SET 10 214\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 216\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eCited 216\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eTables 217\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eFigures 217\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eEquations 217\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSymbols 218\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eNew technical terms 218\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e11 Temperature control 221\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eNeed for stability 221\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSample volume 221\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eRetention times 221\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe air-bath oven 223\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eHeating with air purging 223\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe airless oven 225\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eHeating without air 225\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe 2008 ABB PGC1000 227\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe 2014 Rosemount Danalyzer 370XA PGC 227\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe 2009 Rosemount 700XA PGC 227\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe 2002 Maxum Edition II 228\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eDirect column heating 228\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eResistive heating 228\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe ABB approach 229\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe Teledyne Falcon approach 230\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eA few cautions 231\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSummary of heating methods 231\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003ePGC standardization 231\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eRealities of the market 231\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe applications engineering conundrum 232\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eMEMS technology 233\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe 2002 siemens MicroSAM 234\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eA closing thought 234\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eKnowledge Gained 235\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eDid you get it? 236\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSelf-assessment quiz: SAQ 11 236\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eStudent evaluation test: SET 11 237\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 238\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eCited 238\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eTable 239\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eFigures 239\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eNew technical terms 240\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003ePart Three PGC control 241\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e12 Event scheduling 243\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eA sequence of actions 243\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eProgram timing 243\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAutozero 245\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAtmospheric referencing 245\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSample injection 245\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eStep stream 246\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eColumn switching 247\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003ePeak gating 247\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eInitiate a calculation 248\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eData transmission 248\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAlarm notifications 248\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eEnd-of-cycle 248\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eEvent markers 248\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eCalendar events 248\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eTiming mechanisms 249\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eMechanical programmers 249\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eElectronic timers 249\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eMicroprocessor control 250\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe program or method 250\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eControl of analyzer operation 250\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eTemperature control 251\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003ePressure control 251\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003ePeak identification 251\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eFixed-time gating 252\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eRetention time tracking 253\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eKnowledge Gained 254\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eDid you get it? 256\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSelf-assessment quiz: SAQ 12 256\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eStudent evaluation test: SET 12 256\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 258\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eCited 258\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eFigures 258\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eNew technical terms 259\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e13 Data display techniques 261\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe chromatogram display 261\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eDetector signal 261\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eDigitized chromatograms 262\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eChromatogram autozero 263\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003ePeak height calibration 263\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003ePeak area calibration 264\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe bargraph display 265\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe paper saver 265\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe trend record 266\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAnalog peak processing 266\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eDigital signal processing 267\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe minicomputer story 267\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe ubiquitous microprocessor 268\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eA regression perhaps? 269\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eCentral maintenance station 271\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eContinuous analyzer controllers 271\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003ePGC function alarms 272\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIndicators 272\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAlarm notifications 272\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eKnowledge Gained 273\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eDid you get it? 274\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSelf-assessment quiz: SAQ13 274\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eStudent evaluation questions: SET-13 275\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 276\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eCited 276\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eTable 277\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eFigures 278\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eNew technical terms 278\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e14 Peak area integration 279\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eDigital chromatogram processing 279\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003ePulse frequency digitization 279\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSignal noise measurement 281\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSignal noise reduction 281\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eQuantifying the analyte peaks 283\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eForced integration 284\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSlope detection 285\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eErrors from baseline disturbances 286\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eTroubleshooting aids 287\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eMeasuring overlapping peaks 287\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAvoiding the problem 287\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eTackling the problem 288\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003ePerpendicular drop method 289\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eDon’t integrate to a valley point 290\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAngular drop or allocated area 292\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eTangent skim method 292\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eEffect of setup mistakes 293\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eKnowledge Gained 294\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eDid you get it? 296\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSelf-assessment quiz: SAQ 14 296\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eStudent evaluation test: SET 14 296\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 298\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eCited 298\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eFigures 299\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eNew technical terms 299\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e15 Calibration 301\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eMeasurement principles 301\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eTerminology 301\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eRandom error 302\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSystematic error 302\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eUncertainty 302\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAccurate calibration 304\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eCalibration and validation 304\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eCalibration methods 307\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eExternal standard method 307\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eNormalization 308\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eCalibrating a composite peak 309\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eGrab sample calibration 310\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eInternal standard method 310\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eArea percentage method 311\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSCI-FILE: On Response Factors 312\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eExternal standard 312\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eNormalization 312\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eInternal standard 312\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eArea percentage 313\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eKnowledge Gained 313\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eDid you get it? 314\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSelf-assessment quiz: SAQ 15 314\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eStudent evaluation test: SET 15 314\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 317\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eCited 317\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eFigure 317\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eEquations 317\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSymbols 318\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eNew technical terms 318\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAnswers to self-assessment questions 319\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eBibliography 329\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eGlossary 331\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIndex 367\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003c\/ul\u003e","brand":"John Wiley \u0026 Sons Inc","offers":[{"title":"Default Title","offer_id":49407104713047,"sku":"9781119633044","price":113.36,"currency_code":"GBP","in_stock":true}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0817\/1739\/5799\/files\/9781119633044.jpg?v=1730498192","url":"https:\/\/bookcurl.com\/products\/process-gas-chromatographs-9781119633044","provider":"Book Curl","version":"1.0","type":"link"}