{"product_id":"practical-inductively-coupled-plasma-spectrometry-9781119478683","title":"Practical Inductively Coupled Plasma Spectrometry","description":"\u003cb\u003eBook Synopsis\u003c\/b\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eA new edition of this practical approach to sampling, experimentation, and applications in the field of inductively coupled plasma spectrometry\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe second edition of \u003ci\u003ePractical Inductively Coupled Plasma Spectrometry\u003c\/i\u003e discusses many of the significant developments in the field which have expanded inductively coupled plasma (ICP) spectrometry from a useful optical emission spectroscopic technique for trace element analysis into a source for both atomic emission spectrometry and mass spectrometry, capable of detecting elements at sub-ppb (ng mL\u003csup\u003e-1\u003c\/sup\u003e) levels with good accuracy and precision.\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eComprising nine chapters, this new edition has been fully revised and up-dated in each chapter. It contains information on everything you need to practically know about the different types of instrumentation as well as pre- and post-experimental aspects. Designed to be easily accessible, with a start-to-finish' approach, each chapter outlines the key practical aspe\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003cb\u003eTable of Contents\u003c\/b\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eAbout the Author xiii\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003ePreface xv\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAcknowledgements xix\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAcronyms, Abbreviations and Symbols xxiii\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e1 The Analytical Approach 1\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.1 Introduction 1\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.2 Essentials of Practical Work 2\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.3 Health and Safety 3\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.4 SI Units and Their Use 4\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.5 Significant Figures 11\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.6 Calibration and Quantitative Analysis 12\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.7 Making Notes of Practical Work and Observations 13\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.8 Data Analysis 14\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.9 Data Treatment 17\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.10 Data Quality 18\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.11 Data Interpretation and Context 21\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.12 Analytical Terms and Their Definitions 21\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.13 Summary 26\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e2 Sampling and Storage 27\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.1 Introduction 27\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.2 Sampling Soil 28\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.3 Sampling Water 31\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.4 Sampling Air 32\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.5 Sample Storage 34\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.6 Sample Preservation 36\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.7 Summary 37\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e3 Sample Preparation 39\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.1 Introduction 39\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.2 Aqueous Samples 40\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.2.1 Liquid–Liquid Extraction 40\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.2.1.1 Procedure for APDC Extraction in to MIBK 42\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.2.2 Ion Exchange 42\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.2.2.1 Procedure for Batch Ion Exchange Extraction 43\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.3 Solid Samples 43\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.3.1 Decomposition Techniques 45\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.3.1.1 Procedure for Acid Digestion A 46\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.3.1.2 Procedure for Acid Digestion B 46\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.3.1.3 Procedure for Microwave Acid Digestion 49\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.3.2 Alternate Decomposition Techniques 49\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.3.2.1 Procedure for Dry Ashing 49\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.3.2.2 Procedure for Fusion 50\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.4 Extraction Procedures 51\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.4.1 Procedure for Extractable Mercury from Soil and Sediment 52\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.4.2 Procedure for Speciation of Extractable Mercury from Soil and Sediment 52\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.4.3 Procedure for Arsenic Species Extraction 52\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.4.4 Single Extraction Methods 57\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.4.4.1 Procedure for EDTA Extraction 57\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.4.4.2 Procedure for AA Extraction 58\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.4.4.3 Procedure for Diethylenetriaminepentaacetic Acid (DTPA) Extraction 58\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.4.4.4 Procedure for Calcium Chloride (CaCl\u003csub\u003e2\u003c\/sub\u003e) Extraction 58\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.4.4.5 Procedure for Ammonium Nitrate (NH\u003csub\u003e4\u003c\/sub\u003eNO\u003csub\u003e3\u003c\/sub\u003e) Extraction 59\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.4.4.6 Procedure for Sodium Nitrate (NaNO\u003csub\u003e3\u003c\/sub\u003e) Extraction 60\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.4.5 Sequential Extraction 60\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.4.5.1 Procedure for Stage 1 Extraction 62\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.4.5.2 Procedure for Stage 2 Extraction 62\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.4.5.3 Procedure for Stage 3 Extraction 63\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.4.6 CISED 63\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.4.6.1 Procedure for CISED 64\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.4.7 \u003ci\u003eIn Vitro\u003c\/i\u003e Gastrointestinal Extraction Method 65\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.4.7.1 Procedure for Gastric Extraction 66\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.4.7.2 Procedure for Gastric + Intestinal Extraction 67\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.4.8 \u003ci\u003eIn Vitro\u003c\/i\u003e Simulated Epithelium Lung Fluid Method 67\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.4.8.1 Procedure for Inhalation Bioaccessibility Extraction 69\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.5 Summary 69\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReference 69\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.A Extraction Reagents for Single Extraction Methods 70\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.A.1 Preparation of EDTA, 50 mM 70\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.A.2 Preparation of AA, 0.43 M 70\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.A.3 Preparation of Diethylenetriaminepentaacetic Acid (DTPA), 5 mM 70\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.A.4 Preparation of Ammonium Nitrate (NH\u003csub\u003e4\u003c\/sub\u003eNO\u003csub\u003e3\u003c\/sub\u003e), 1 M 70\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.A.5 Preparation of Calcium Chloride (CaCl\u003csub\u003e2\u003c\/sub\u003e), 0.01 M 70\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.A.6 Preparation of Sodium Nitrate (NaNO\u003csub\u003e3\u003c\/sub\u003e), 0.1 M 71\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.B Extraction Reagents for the Sequential Extraction Method 71\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.B.1 Preparation of Solution A (Acetic Acid, 0.11 M) 71\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.B.2 Preparation of Solution B (Hydroxylamine Hydrochloride or Hydroxyammonium Chloride, 0.5 M) 71\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.B.3 Preparation of Solution C (Hydrogen Peroxide [300 mg g\u003csup\u003e−1\u003c\/sup\u003e], 8.8 M) 71\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.B.4 Preparation of Solution D (Ammonium Acetate, 1 M) 71\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.C Extraction Reagents for the Unified Bioaccessibility Method 72\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.C.1 Preparation of Simulated Saliva Fluid 72\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.C.2 Preparation of Simulated Gastric Fluid 72\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.C.3 Preparation of Simulated Duodenal Fluid 72\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.C.4 Preparation of Simulated Bile Fluid 73\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.D Extraction Reagents for the \u003ci\u003eIn Vitro\u003c\/i\u003e SELF 73\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.D.1 Preparation of SELF 73\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e4 Sample Introduction 75\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.1 Introduction 75\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.2 Nebulizers 76\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.3 Spray Chambers and Desolvation Systems 79\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.4 Discrete Sample Introduction 83\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.5 Continuous Sample Introduction 87\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.6 Hydride and Cold‐Vapour Generation Techniques 91\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.7 Summary 93\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 93\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e5 The Inductively Coupled Plasma 95\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.1 Introduction 95\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.2 Radiofrequency Generators 96\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.3 Inductively Coupled Plasma Formation and Operation 96\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.4 Processes Within the ICP 106\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.5 Signal Processing and Instrument Control 106\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.6 Summary 107\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 108\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e6 Inductively Coupled Plasma–Atomic Emission Spectrometry 109\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.1 Introduction 110\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.2 Fundamentals of Spectroscopy 110\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.2.1 Origins of Atomic Spectra 111\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.2.2 Spectral Line Intensity 113\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.2.3 Spectral Line Broadening 114\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.3 Plasma Spectroscopy 116\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.4 Spectrometers 118\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.4.1 Sequential Spectrometer 122\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.4.2 Simultaneous Spectrometers 122\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.5 Detectors 125\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.5.1 Photomultiplier Tube 127\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.5.2 Charge‐Transfer Devices 128\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.6 Interferences 130\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.7 Summary 131\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 132\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e7 Inductively Coupled Plasma–Mass Spectrometry 133\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.1 Introduction 133\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.2 Fundamentals of Mass Spectrometry 134\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.2.1 Some Terminology 134\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.3 Inorganic Mass Spectrometry 135\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.3.1 The Ion Source: ICP 137\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.3.2 The Interface 138\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.4 Mass Spectrometers 139\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.4.1 Quadrupole Mass Spectrometer 140\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.4.2 High‐Resolution Mass Spectrometers 142\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.4.3 Ion‐Trap Mass Spectrometer 150\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.4.4 Time‐of‐Flight Mass Spectrometer 152\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.5 Detectors 153\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.6 Interferences 156\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.6.1 Isobaric Interferences 156\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.6.2 Molecular Interferences 158\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.6.3 Remedies for Molecular Interferences 161\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.6.3.1 Charge Transfer 161\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.6.3.2 Proton Transfer 162\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.6.3.3 Hydrogen‐Atom Transfer 162\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.6.3.4 Atom Transfer 162\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.6.3.5 Adduct Formation 162\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.6.4 Non‐Spectral Interferences: Matrix‐Induced 164\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.7 Isotope Dilution Analysis 165\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.8 Summary 176\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 176\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e8 Inductively Coupled Plasma: Current and Future Developments 177\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.1 Introduction 177\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.2 Comparison of ICP–AES and ICP–MS 177\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.3 Applications 182\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.4 Current and Future Developments 183\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.4.1 In General, for the ICP 184\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.4.2 For ICP–MS 185\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.4.3 For ICP–AES 189\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.5 Useful Resources 191\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 198\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eFurther Reading 198\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e9 Inductively Coupled Plasma: Troubleshooting and Maintenance 201\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.1 Introduction 201\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.2 Diagnostic Issues 201\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.3 Tips to Reduce… 202\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.3.1 Potential Autosampler Issues 202\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.3.2 Contamination 202\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.4 Tips to Improve… 203\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.4.1 Sample Preparation 203\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.5 How To … 203\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.5.1 Unblock a Blocked Pneumatic Concentric Nebulizer 203\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.5.2 Clean the Spray Chamber 203\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.5.3 Clean the Plasma Torch 204\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.6 What to do About… 204\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.6.1 Plasma Ignition Problems 204\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.7 Shut Down Procedure (At the End of the Day) 204\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.8 Regular Maintenance Schedule 205\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe Periodic Table 207\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSI Units and Physical Constants 209\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIndex 213\u003c\/p\u003e","brand":"John Wiley \u0026 Sons 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