{"product_id":"petroleum-refining-design-and-applications-handbook-volume-5-9781394206988","title":"Petroleum Refining Design and Applications","description":"\u003cb\u003eBook Synopsis\u003c\/b\u003e\u003cbr\u003ePETROLEUM REFINING With no new refineries having been built in decades, companies continue to build onto or reverse engineer and re-tool existing refineries. With so many changes in the last few years alone, books like this are very much in need. There is truly a renaissance for chemical and process engineering going on right now across multiple industries. This fifth and final volume in the Petroleum Refining Design and Applications Handbook set, this book continues the most up-to-date and comprehensive coverage of the most significant and recent changes to petroleum refining, presenting the state-of-the-art to the engineer, scientist, or student.  Besides the list below, this groundbreaking new volume describes blending of products from the refinery, applying the ternary diagrams and classifications of crude oils, flash point blending, pour point blending, aniline point blending, smoke point and viscosity blending, cetane and diesel indices. The volume further reviews refinery operat\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003cb\u003eTable of Contents\u003c\/b\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003cp\u003ePreface xxiv\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAcknowledgments xxvii\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e23 Pressure Relieving Devices and Emergency Relief System Design 1\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e23.0 Introduction 1\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e23.1 Types of Positive Pressure Relieving Devices (See Manufacturers’ Catalogs for Design Details) 2\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e23.2 Types of Valves\/Relief Devices 6\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eConventional Safety Relief Valve 6\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eBalanced Safety Relief Valve 7\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSpecial Valves 7\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eRupture Disk 7\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eExample 23.1 15\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e23.3 Materials of Construction 18\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSafety and Relief Valves: Pressure-Vacuum Relief Values 18\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eRupture Disks 19\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e23.4 General Code Requirements [1] 20\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e23.5 Relief Mechanisms 20\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReclosing Devices, Spring Loaded 20\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eNon-Reclosing Pressure Relieving Devices 21\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e23.6 Pressure Settings and Design Basis 21\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e23.7 Unfired Pressure Vessels Only, But Not Fired or Unfired Steam Boilers 24\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eNon-Fire Exposure 24\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eExternal Fire or Heat Exposure Only and Process Relief 24\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e23.8 Relieving Capacity of Combinations of Safety Relief Valves and Rupture Disks or Non-Reclosure Devices (Reference ASME Code, Par. UG-127, U-132) 24\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003ePrimary Relief 24\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eRupture Disk Devices, [44] Par UG-127 25\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eFootnotes to ASME Code 26\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e23.9 Establishing Relieving or Set Pressures 27\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSafety and Safety Relief Valves for Steam Service 28\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e23.10 Selection and Application 28\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eCauses of System Overpressure 28\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e23.11 Capacity Requirements Evaluation for Process Operation (Non-Fire) 29\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eInstallation 34\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e23.12 Piping Design 37\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003ePressure Drops 37\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eLine Sizing 37\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e23.13 Selection Features: Safety, Safety-Relief Valves, and Rupture Disks 44\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e23.14 Calculations of Relieving Areas: Safety and Relief Valves 46\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e23.15 Standard Pressure Relief Valves Relief Area Discharge Openings 46\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e23.16 Sizing Safety Relief Type Devices for Required Flow Area at Time of Relief 47\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e23.17 Effects of Two-Phase Vapor-Liquid Mixture on Relief Valve Capacity 47\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e23.18 Sizing for Gases or Vapors or Liquids for Conventional Valves with Constant Backpressure Only 47\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eProcedure 48\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eEstablish Critical Flow for Gases and Vapors 48\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eExample 23.2: Flow through Sharp Edged Vent Orifice (Adapted after [41]) 54\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e23.19 Orifice Area Calculations [42] 54\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e23.20 Sizing Valves for Liquid Relief: Pressure-Relief Valves Requiring Capacity Certification [5D] 60\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e23.21 Sizing Valves For Liquid Relief: Pressure Relief Valves Not Requiring Capacity Certification [5D] 61\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e23.22 Reaction Forces 66\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eExample 23.3 67\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSolution 67\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eExample 23.4 69\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSolution 70\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e23.23 Calculations of Orifice Flow Area using Pressure Relieving Balanced Bellows Valves, with Variable or Constant Backpressure 72\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e23.24 Sizing Valves for Liquid Expansion (Hydraulic Expansion of Liquid Filled Systems\/ Equipment\/Piping) 80\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e23.25 Sizing Valves for Subcritical Flow: Gas or Vapor But Not Steam [5d] 81\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e23.26 Emergency Pressure Relief: Fires and Explosions Rupture Disks 84\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e23.27 External Fires 84\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e23.28 Set Pressures for External Fires 85\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e23.29 Heat Absorbed 85\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe Severe Case 85\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e23.30 Surface Area Exposed to Fire 86\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e23.31 Relief Capacity for Fire Exposure 87\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e23.32 Code Requirements for External Fire Conditions 87\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e23.33 Design Procedure 88\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eExample 23.5 88\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSolution 88\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e23.34 Pressure Relief Valve Orifice Areas on Vessels Containing Only Gas, Unwetted Surface 92\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e23.35 Rupture Disk Sizing Design and Specification 93\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e23.36 Specifications to Manufacturer 93\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e23.37 Size Selection 94\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e23.38 Calculation of Relieving Areas: Rupture Disks for Non-Explosive Service 94\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e23.39 The Manufacturing Range (MR) 95\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e23.40 Selection of Burst Pressure for Disk, P \u003csub\u003eb\u003c\/sub\u003e (Table 23.3) 95\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eExample 23.6: Rupture Disk Selection 98\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e23.41 Effects of Temperature on Disk 98\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e23.42 Rupture Disk Assembly Pressure Drop 101\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e23.43 Gases and Vapors: Rupture Disks [5a, Par, 4.8] 101\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eVolumetric Flow: scfm Standard Conditions (1.4.7 psia and 60°F) 102\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSteam: Rupture Disk Sonic Flow; Critical Pressure = 0.55 and P \u003csub\u003e2\u003c\/sub\u003e \/p \u003csub\u003e1\u003c\/sub\u003e is Less Than Critical Pressure Ratio of 0.55 103\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e23.44 API for Subsonic Flow: Gas or Vapor (Not Steam) 103\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e23.45 Liquids: Rupture Disk 104\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e23.46 Sizing for Combination of Rupture Disk and Pressure Relief Valve in Series Combination 105\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eExample 23.7: Safety Relief Valve for Process Overpressure 106\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eExample 23.8: Rupture Disk External Fire Condition 106\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSolution 107\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eHeat Input 107\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eTotal Heat Input (from Figure 23.30a) 107\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eQuantity of Vapor Released 107\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eCritical Flow Pressure 107\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eDisk Area 108\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eExample 23.9: Rupture Disk for Vapors or Gases; Non-Fire Condition 108\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSolution 108\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eExample 23.10: Liquids Rupture Disk 109\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eExample 23.11: Liquid Overpressure, Figure 23.34 110\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e23.47 Pressure-Vacuum Relief for Low-Pressure Storage Tanks 110\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e23.48 Basic Venting For Low-Pressure Storage Vessels 111\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e23.49 Non-Refrigerated Above Ground Tanks; API-Std. 2000 112\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e23.50 Boiling Liquid Expanding Vapor Explosions (BLEVEs) 113\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIgnition of Flammable Mixtures 116\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e23.51 Managing Runaway Reactions 116\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eHydroprocessing Units 117\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAcid\/Base Reactions 118\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eMethanation 118\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAlkylation Unit Acid Runaway 118\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e23.51.1 Runaway Reactions: DIERS 118\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e23.52 Hazard Evaluation in the Chemical Process Industries 120\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e23.53 Hazard Assessment Procedures 121\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eExotherms 122\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAccumulation 122\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e23.54 Thermal Runaway Chemical Reaction Hazards 122\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eHeat Consumed Heating the Vessel. The ɸ-Factor 123\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eOnset Temperature 124\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eTime-To-Maximum Rate 125\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eMaximum Reaction Temperature 125\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eVent Sizing Package (VSP) 126\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eVent Sizing Package 2 \u003csup\u003eTM\u003c\/sup\u003e (VSP2 \u003csup\u003eTM\u003c\/sup\u003e) 127\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAdvanced Reactive System Screening Tool (ARSST) 128\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e23.55 Two-Phase Flow Relief Sizing for Runaway Reaction 128\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eRunaway Reactions 131\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eVapor Pressure Systems 132\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eGassy Systems 132\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eHybrid Systems 132\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSimplified Nomograph Method 134\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eVent Sizing Methods 138\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eVapor Pressure Systems 138\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eFauske’s Method 140\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eGassy Systems 142\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eHomogeneous Two-Phase Venting Until Disengagement 143\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eTwo-Phase Flow Through an Orifice 144\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eConditions of Use 145\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e23.56 Discharge System 145\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eDesign of The Vent Pipe 145\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSafe Discharge 146\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eDirect Discharge to The Atmosphere 147\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eExample 23.12 147\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eTempered Reaction 147\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSolution 147\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eExample 23.13 149\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSolution 149\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eExample 23.14 150\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSolution 151\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eExample 23.15 152\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSolution 152\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eDIERS Final Reports 155\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e23.57 Sizing for Two-Phase Fluids 155\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eExample 23.16 161\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSolution 162\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eExample 23.17 164\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSolution 164\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eExample 23.18 172\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eExample 23.19 177\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSolution 178\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eType 3 Integral Method [5] 179\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eExample 23.20 [76] 180\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSolution 181\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e23.58 Flares\/Flare Stacks 182\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eFlares 184\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSizing 184\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eFlame Length [5c] 186\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eFlame Distortion [5c] Caused by Wind Velocity 187\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eFlare Stack Height 189\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eFlaring Toxic Gases 194\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003ePurging of Flare Stacks and Vessels\/Piping 195\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003ePressure Purging 195\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eExample 23.21: Purge Vessel by Pressurization Following the Method of [41] 195\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e23.59 Compressible Flow for Discharge Piping 197\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eDesign Equations for Compressible Fluid Flow for Discharge Piping 197\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eCritical Pressure, P \u003csub\u003ecrit\u003c\/sub\u003e 200\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eCompressibility Factor Z 201\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eFriction factor, f 202\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eDischarge Line Sizing 203\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e23.60 Vent Piping 204\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eDischarge Reactive Force 204\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eExample 23.22 205\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSolution 206\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eExample 23.23: Flare and Relief Blowdon System 208\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSolution 208\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eA Rapid Solution for Sizing Depressuring Lines [5c] 208\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eCodes and Standards 212\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eDischarge Locations 213\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eProcess Safety Incidents with Relief Valve Failures and Flarestacks 214\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eA Case Study on Williams Geismar Olefins Plant, Geismar, Louisiana [95] 214\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eProcess Flow of the Olefins 214\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe Incident 216\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eTechnical Analysis 219\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eKey Lessons 222\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eExplosions in Flarestacks 225\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eRelief Valves 227\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eLocation 228\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eRelief Valve Registers 228\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eRelief Valve Faults [92] 229\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eTailpipes [92] 230\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eGLOSSARY 230\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAcronyms and Abbreviations 239\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eNomenclature 240\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSubscripts 244\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eGreek Symbols 244\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 245\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eWorld Wide Web on Two-Phase Relief Systems 247\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e24 Process Safety and Energy Management in Petroleum Refinery 249\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e24.1 Introduction 249\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e24.2 Process Safety 250\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e24.2.1 Process Safety Information 253\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e24.2.2 Conduct of Operations (COO) and Operational Discipline (OD) 254\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eProcess Safety Culture: BP Refinery Explosion, Texas City, 2005 257\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eDetailed Description 257\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eCauses 258\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eKey Lessons 260\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eProcess Safety Culture 260\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSelected CSB Findings 260\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSelected Baker Panel Finding 261\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eProcess Knowledge Management 261\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eTraining and Performance Assurance 261\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eManagement of Change (MOC) 261\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAsset Integrity and Reliability 261\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e24.2.3 Process Hazard Analysis 262\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSafe Operating Limits 263\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eImpact on Other Process Safety Elements 264\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e24.3 General Process Safety Hazards in a Refinery 265\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eDesalters 266\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eCritical Operating Parameters Impacting Process Safety 266\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe Quality of Aqueous Effluent from Desalters 267\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eDesalter Water Supply 267\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eVibration within Relief Valve (RV) Pipework 267\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eExample of Process Safety Incidents and Hazards 267\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eHydrotreating [2] 267\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e24.4 Example of Process Safety Incidents and Hazards 267\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eCatalytic Cracking [2] 270\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e24.5 Process Safety Hazards 270\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReforming 271\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAlkylation [2] 271\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eHydrotreating Units 271\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e24.5.1 Examples of Process Safety Incidents and Hazards 272\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eHF release, Texas City, TX, 1987 [2] 272\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eHF release, Corpus Christi, TX, 2009 272\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eHF release at Philadelphia Energy Solutions Refining and Marketing LLC (PES), Philadelphia 2019 273\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003ePost-Incident Activities 276\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eCoking [2] 277\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eEquilon Anacortes Refinery Coking Plant Accident, 1998 277\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eDesign Considerations 278\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e24.6 Hazards Relating to Equipment Failure 278\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e24.7 Columns and Other Process Pressure Vessels and Piping 279\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eCorrosion 279\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eCorrosion Inhibitors 280\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e24.8 Inadequate Design and Construction 290\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eCorrosion within “dead legs” 290\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e24.9 Inadequate Material of Construction Specification 290\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e24.10 Material Failures and Process Safety Prevention Programs 291\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003ePiping Repair Incident at Tosco Avon Refinery, CA, USA 291\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eLessons Learned from this accident 297\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e24.11 Hazard and Operability Studies (HAZOP) 297\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eStudy Co-ordination 303\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e24.11.1 HAZOP Documentation Requirements 303\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e24.11.2 The Basic Concept of HAZOP 304\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e24.11.3 Division into Sections 304\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eUse of Guidewords 304\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e24.11.4 Conducting a HAZOP Study 305\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eDefine Objective and Scope 306\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003ePrepare for the Study 307\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eRecord the Results 307\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e24.11.5 Hazop Case Study [8] 307\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e24.11.6 HAZOP of a Batch Process 308\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eLimitations of HAZOP Studies 315\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eConclusions 315\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e24.12 Hazan 315\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e24.13 Fault Tree Analysis 317\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e24.14 Failure Mode and Effect Analysis (FMEA) 318\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eMethodology of FMEA 318\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eDefinition of System to be Evaluated 318\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eLevel of Analysis 318\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAnalysis of Failures 318\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e24.15 The Swiss Cheese Model 319\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e24.16 Bowtie Analysis 320\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eValidity Rules for Barriers 320\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eExample 322\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eProcess Safety Isolation Practices in Petroleum Refinery and Chemical Process Industries 322\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e24.17 Inherently Safer Plant Design 325\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eInherently Safer Plant Design in Reactor Systems 327\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e24.18 Energy Management in Petroleum Refinery 330\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eTotal cost of energy 331\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eEnergy Policy 331\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eCrude Distillation Unit 332\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eHeat Exchangers 332\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSteam Traps 333\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eOptimization of Refinery Steam\/Power System 333\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReducing fouling\/surface cleaning\/surface coating in heat exchanger\/furnace 333\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003ePumping System 333\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eElectric Drives 334\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eFurnace System 334\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eCompressed Air 335\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eFlare System 335\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e24.18.1 Environmental Impact of Flaring 336\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e24.18.2 Environmental Impact of Petroleum Industry 337\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e24.18.3 Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) 339\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e24.18.4 Pollution Control Strategies in Petroleum Refinery 340\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e24.18.5 Energy Management and Co\u003csub\u003e2\u003c\/sub\u003e Emissions in Refinery 345\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e24.19 Benchmarking in Refinery 345\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eGlossary 346\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAcronyms and Abbreviations 354\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 354\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e25 Product Blending 357\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e25.0 Introduction 357\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e25.1 Blending Processes 360\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e25.1.1 Gasoline Blending 361\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e25.2 Ternary Diagram of Crude Oils 361\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e25.2.1 Elemental Analysis and Ternary Classification of Crude Oils 361\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e25.2.2 Reading a Ternary Diagram 363\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSolution 364\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eExample 25.1 364\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 464\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eBibliography 466\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e26 Cost Estimation and Economic Evaluation 467\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e26.1 Introduction 467\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e26.2 Refinery Operating Cost 468\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e26.2.1 Theoretical Sales Realization Valuation Method 470\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eExample 26.14 538\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSolution 538\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eProduct Quality 539\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eStandard Density 539\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eBlending Components 539\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eConstraining Properties 539\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eQuality Premiums\/Discounts 539\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eA Case Study [44] 540\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eProblem Statement 540\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eProcess Description 542\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eCatalytic Reformer 542\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eNaphtha Desulfurizer 544\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSummary of Investment and Utilities Costs 545\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eCalculation of Direct Annual Operating Costs 545\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eOn-Stream Time 546\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eWater Makeup 546\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003ePower 546\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eFuel 546\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eRoyalties 547\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eCatalyst Consumption 548\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eInsurance 548\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eLocal Taxes 548\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eMaintenance 548\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eMiscellaneous Supplies 548\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003ePlant Staff and Operators 548\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eCalculations of Income before Income Tax 549\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSummary of Direct Annual Operating Costs 549\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eCalculation of ROI 550\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eCarbon footprint 558\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eGlobal Warming Potential (GWP) 558\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAn Improved Method of Using GWPs 560\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSolution 562\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eCarbon Dioxide Equivalent 565\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eCarbon Credit 566\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eCarbon Offset 566\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eCarbon Price 567\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eNomenclature 567\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 568\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eBibliography 569\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e27 Sustainability in Engineering, Petroleum Refining and Alternative Fuels 571\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e27.0 Introduction 571\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e27.1 Impacts on the Overall Greenhouse Effect 576\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e27.2 Carbon Capture and Storage in Refineries 578\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e27.3 Sustainability in the Refinery Industries 580\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e27.4 Sustainability in Engineering Design Principles 582\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e27.5 Alternative Fuels (Biofuels) 587\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e27.6 Process Intensification (PI) in Biodiesel 589\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e27.7 Biofuel from Green Diesel 592\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAnalysis 592\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eProcessing of Biodiesel 592\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e27.7.1 Specifications of Biodiesel 596\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAdvantages 597\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eDisadvantages 597\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e27.7.2 Bioethanol 597\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e27.7.3 Biodiesel Production 601\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eApplication 601\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eProcess 602\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReaction Chemistry 603\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eEconomics 603\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e27.7.4 An Alternative Process of Manufacturing Biodiesel 604\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReaction Chemistry 607\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e27.7.5 Biofuel from Algae 607\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e27.7.6 Economic Viability of Algae 608\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e27.8 Fast Pyrolysis 609\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e27.8.1 Fast Pyrolysis Principle 609\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e27.8.2 Fast Pyrolysis Technologies 610\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e27.8.3 Minerals of Biomass 611\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e27.8.4 Applications of Fast Pyrolysis Liquid 611\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eHeat and Power 611\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e27.8.5 Chemicals and Materials 613\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e27.8.6 Bio-Fuels-Fast Pyrolysis Bio-Oil (FPBO) from Biomass Residues 613\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eFeedstocks 614\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e27.8.7 Properties of Pyrolysis Oil 615\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eMain advantages 616\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e27.9 Acid Gas Removal 617\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eChemical Solvent Processes 617\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003ePhysical Solvent Processes 617\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e27.9.1 Process Description of Amine Gas Treating 618\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eChemical Reactions 618\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eFor hydrogen sulfide H\u003csub\u003e2\u003c\/sub\u003e S removal: 618\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eFor carbon dioxide (CO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c\/sub\u003e) removal 618\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAmines Used [48] 621\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e27.9.2 Equilibrium Data for Amine–Sour Gas Systems 625\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e27.9.3 Emerging Technologies [48] 625\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eChemistry 627\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e27.9.4 Advanced Amine Based Solvents 627\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eChemistry 628\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eDisadvantages of Amine Solvents 628\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e27.10 Alkaline Salt Process (Hot Carbonate) 629\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSplit Flow Process of Potassium Carbonate Process 630\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eTwo Stage Process 630\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e27.11 Ionic Liquids 632\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eDisadvantages 632\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eViscosity 633\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eTunability 633\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eDesign Suite R470 Technology) 634\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eLearning Objectives 634\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eBuilding the Simulation 636\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eDefining the Simulation Basis 636\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAmines Property Package 636\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eColumn Overview 636\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eContactor 636\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAdding the Basics 636\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAdding the feed streams 636\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003ePhysical Unit Operations 638\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSeparator Operation 638\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eContactor Operation 639\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eValve Operation 641\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSeparator Operation 641\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eHeat Exchanger Operation 642\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eRegenerator Operation 643\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eMixer Operation 644\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eCooler Operation 646\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003ePump Operation 646\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAdding Logical Unit Operations 647\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSet Operation 647\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eRecycle Operation 648\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSave your case 649\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAnalyzing the Results 649\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSystems Thinking 657\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eGlobal Mechanisms 657\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eBest Available Techniques 657\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eInnovation 657\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e27.29 Conclusions 722\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eGlossary 723\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 729\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eBibliography 732\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAppendix D 733\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eGlossary of Petroleum and Petrochemical Technical Terminologies 809\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAbout the Author 937\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIndex 939\u003c\/p\u003e","brand":"John Wiley \u0026 Sons Inc","offers":[{"title":"Default Title","offer_id":49529239667031,"sku":"9781394206988","price":211.85,"currency_code":"GBP","in_stock":false}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0817\/1739\/5799\/files\/9781394206988.jpg?v=1731874839","url":"https:\/\/bookcurl.com\/products\/petroleum-refining-design-and-applications-handbook-volume-5-9781394206988","provider":"Book Curl","version":"1.0","type":"link"}