{"product_id":"petroleum-refining-9781466563001","title":"Petroleum Refining","description":"\u003cb\u003eBook Synopsis\u003c\/b\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003cp\u003eFor four decades, \u003cb\u003e\u003ci\u003ePetroleum Refining \u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/b\u003ehas guided thousands of readers toward a reliable understanding of the field, and through the years has become the standard text in many schools and universities around the world offering petroleum refining classes, for self-study, training, and as a reference for industry professionals. \u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe sixth edition of this perennial bestseller continues in the tradition set by Jim Gary as the most modern and authoritative guide in the field. Updated and expanded to reflect new technologies, methods, and topics, the book includes new discussion on the business and economics of refining, cost estimation and complexity, crude origins and properties, fuel specifications, and updates on technology, process units, and catalysts.\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe first half of the book is written for a general audience to introduce the primary economic and market characteristics of the industry and to describe the inputs and outputs of refining. Most of this materia\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003cb\u003eTable of Contents\u003c\/b\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003ePart 1. Markets and Economics \u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eSection 1: Industry Structure and Characteristics\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e1. Performance\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.1 Refinery Supply Chains\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.1.1 Input-Output Model\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.1.2 Infrastructure\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.1.3 Location\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.1.4 Commercial Requirements\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.2 Performance\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.3 Refinery Economics\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.4 Refining Yields\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.5 Refining Margins\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.5.1 Gross Margin\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.5.2 Net Margin and Netback\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.5.3 Application\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.6 Margin Comparisons\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.6.1 Sweet vs. Sour Crude\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.6.2 Cracker vs. Coker Refinery\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.7 Factors That Impact Margins\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.8 Crack Spreads\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.9 Market Data\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eReferences\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e2. Products\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e2.1 Overview\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e2.2 Petroleum Gases\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e2.2.1 Methane\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e2.2.2 Ethane\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e2.2.3 Propane\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e2.2.4 Butane\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e2.2.5 Natural Gas Liquids\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e2.3 Light Distillates\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e2.3.1 Naphthas\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e2.3.2 Gasolines\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e2.4 Middle Distillates\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e2.4.1 Jet Fuel\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e2.4.2 Kerosene\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e2.4.3 Automotive Diesel\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e2.4.4 Marine Diesel\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e2.4.5 Light Fuel Oil\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e2.5 Heavy Fuel Oils\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e2.6 Specialty Products\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e2.6.1 Base Oils and Lubricants\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e2.6.2 Engine Oils\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e2.6.3 Greases\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e2.6.4 Waxes\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e2.6.5 Bitumen\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e2.6.6 Petroleum Coke\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e2.6.7 Carbon Black\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eReferences\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e3. Processes\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e3.1 Overview\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e3.2 Separation\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e3.2.1 Perfect Batch Distillation\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e3.2.2 Distillation Curves\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e3.2.3 Fractions\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e3.2.4 Atmospheric Distillation\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e3.2.5 Vacuum Distillation\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e3.3 Conversion\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e3.3.1 Thermal Cracking\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e3.3.2 Catalytic Cracking\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e3.3.3 Hydrocracking\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e3.3.4 Coking\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e3.4 Finishing\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e3.4.1 Hydrotreating\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e3.4.2 Catalytic Reforming\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e3.4.3 Alkylation\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e3.4.4 Isomerization\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eReferences\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e4. Prices\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e4.1 Introduction\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e4.2 Price Formation\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e4.3 Global Oil and Product Markets\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e4.4 Price Characteristics\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e4.4.1 Prices are Volatile\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e4.4.2 Prices are Unpredictable\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e4.4.3 Business Cycle Impacts are Periodic\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e4.4.4 Price Shocks\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e4.4.5 Market Factors Dominate Price Signals\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e4.4.6 Private Factors are Secondary in Price Formation\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e4.5 Supply and Demand\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e4.5.1 Supply Curves\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e4.5.2 Demand Curves\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e4.5.3 Equilibrium\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e4.6 Market Factors\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e4.6.1 Demand\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e4.6.2 Supply\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e4.6.3 Production Cost\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e4.6.4 OPEC\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e4.6.5 Spare Production Capacity\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e4.6.6 Supply Disruptions\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e4.6.7 Technology Impacts\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e4.7 Private Factors\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e4.7.1 Quality\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e4.7.2 Yield\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e4.8 World Production circa 2017\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e4.9 Refined Product Prices\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eReferences\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e5. Potpourri\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e5.1 Business Model\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e5.1.1 Required Spending\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e5.1.2 Discretionary Spending\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e5.1.3 Capital Investments\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e5.2 Company Classification\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e5.2.1 Firm Type\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e5.2.2 Ownership\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e5.2.3 Level of Integration\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e5.2.4 Business Objectives\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e5.3. U.S. and World Capacity Trends\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e5.3.1 Distillation\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e5.3.2 Coking\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e5.3.3 Catalytic Cracking\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e5.3.4 Hydrocracking\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e5.3.5 Hydrotreating\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e5.3.6 Reforming, Alkylation, Isomerization\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e5.3.7 Aromatics and Lubricants\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e5.3.8 Hydrogen\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e5.3.9 Sulfur\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e5.3.10 Asphalt\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e5.4. U.S. Capacity Correlations\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e5.5 Market Valuation\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e5.6 Capital Investment\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eReferences\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eSection 2: Cost Estimation and Complexity\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e6. Cost Estimation\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e6.1 Construction Cost Factors\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e6.1.1 ISBL\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e6.1.2 USGC Reference\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e6.1.3 Project Type\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e6.1.4 Unit Addition vs. Grassroots Refinery\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e6.1.5 Process Technology\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e6.1.6 Process Severity\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e6.1.7 Unit Requirements\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e6.1.8 Contract Type\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e6.1.9 Actual vs. Estimated Cost\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e6.1.10 Time\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e6.1.11 Location\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e6.2 Unit Cost\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e6.2.1 Source Data\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e6.2.2 Sample Size\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e6.2.3 Normalization\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e6.3 Cost Functions\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e6.3.1 Specification\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e6.3.2 Dependent Variable\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e6.3.3 Parameter Estimation\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e6.3.4 Data Processing\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e6.3.5 Data Exclusion\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e6.3.6 Cost Envelopes\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e6.4 USGC Grassroots Construction Cost\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e6.5 Operating Cost Factors\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e6.5.1 Common vs. Unique Factors\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e6.5.2 Utility Prices\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e6.5.3 Capacity, Complexity, Age\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e6.5.4 Time\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e6.5.5 Location\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e6.5.6 Exceptional Events\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e6.6 Operating Expenses\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e6.6.1 Data Sources\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e6.6.2 Consolidation Levels\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e6.7 U.S. Operating Cost Statistics, 2010-2014\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eReferences\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e7. Refinery Complexity\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e7.1 Ideal Refinery\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e7.2 Nelson Complexity Index\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e7.2.1 Motivation\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e7.2.2 Complexity Factor\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e7.2.3 Refinery Complexity\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e7.3 Complexity Factors\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e7.3.1 Definition\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e7.3.2 Measurement\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e7.3.3 Complexity Cross Factor\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e7.3.4 Uncertainty\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e7.3.5 Traditional Approach\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e7.4 Refinery Complexity\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e7.5 U.S. and World Statistics circa 2018\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e7.5.1 Regional Capacity\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e7.5.2 U.S. Refining Complexity\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e7.5.3 Largest World Refineries\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e7.5.4 Conversion Capacity\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e7.5.5 FCC-Equivalent Capacity\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e7.6 Complexity Equation\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e7.7 Cost Estimation\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e7.8 Complexity Factor at Reference Capacity\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e7.8.1 Specification\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e7.8.2 U.S. CFRC Statistics\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eReferences\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e8. Classification\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e8.1 Refinery Categories\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e8.2 Very Simple Refinery\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e8.3 Simple Refinery\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e8.4 Complex Refinery\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e8.5 Krotz Springs, Louisiana\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e8.6 St. Paul Park, Minnesota\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e9. Complexity Applications\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e9.1 Introduction\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e9.2 Complexity Functional\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e9.2.1 Reference Capacity Approach Extension\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e9.2.2 Factor Functional Average\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e9.2.3 Evaluation\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e9.2.4 Closed-Form Expressions\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e9.2.5 Comparison\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e9.2.6 U.S. Refinery Complexity\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e9.3 Complexity Moments\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e9.4 Spatial Complexity\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e9.5 Replacement Cost\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e9.6 Sales Price Models\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e9.6.1 Asset Transactions\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e9.6.2 Formulation\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e9.6.3 Constraints\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e9.7 Complexity Barrels\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e9.8 Inverse Problem\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e9.8.1 Three Refinery Example\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e9.8.2 Matrix Formulation\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eReferences\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e10. Modern Refineries\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e10.1 Hydrocracker\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e10.2 Lubes\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e10.3 Integrated\/Petrochemical\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eSection 3: Crude Oil and Properties\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e11. Origin and Composition\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e11.1 Geologic Time\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e11.2 Generation, Migration and Accumulation\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e11.2.1 Source Rock\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e11.2.2 Generation\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e11.2.3 Migration\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e11.2.4 Accumulation\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e11.2.5 Sedimentary Basins\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e11.3 The Hydrocarbon Source\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e11.3.1 Origin\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e11.3.2 Kerogen Type\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e11.3.3 Oil Window\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e11.3.4 Transformation Sequence\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e11.4 Molecular Composition\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e11.4.1 Naming Organic Chemicals\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e11.4.2 Early Classifications\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e11.4.3 Hydrocarbons\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e11.4.4 Paraffin (Alkane) Series\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e11.4.5 Naphthene (Cycloparaffin) Series\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e11.4.6 Aromatic (Benzene) Series\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e11.5 Crude Oil Classification\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e11.5.1 Component Groups\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e11.5.2 Ternary Diagram\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e11.5.3 Tissot-Welte Classification\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e11.5.4 Crude Oil Classes\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e11.5.6 Marine vs. Nonmarine Organic Matter\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e11.5.7 High Sulfur vs. Low Sulfur Oils\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e11.6 Alteration and Thermal Maturity Pathways\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e11.6.1 Thermal Alteration\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e11.6.2 Deasphalting\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e11.6.3 Biodegradation\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e11.6.4 Water Washing\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eReference\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e12. Crude Quality\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e12.1 Indicators\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e12.1.1 Color\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e12.1.2 Density\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e12.1.3 Heteroatoms\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e12.1.4 Chemical Structure\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e12.1.5 Viscosity\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e12.2 Classification\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e12.3 Blends of Crude Oils\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e12.3.1 Additive Properties\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e12.3.2 Nonadditive Properties\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eReferences\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e13. Distillation Profile\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e13.1 Distillation Curves\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e13.2 Laboratory Methods\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e13.2.1 Standards\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e13.2.2 ASTM D86\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e13.2.3 ASTM D1160\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e13.2.4 ASTM D2892\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e13.2.5 ASTM D2887\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e13.2.6 ASTM D6352, D7169\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e13.3 Hempel Method\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e13.3.1 Procedure\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e13.3.2 40 mmHg Pressure Correction\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e13.3.3 Temperatures Beyond 790°F\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e13.3.4 Gravity Midpercent\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e13.3.5 Heavy Hydrocarbons\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e13.4 Distillation Profile Summary\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e13.5 Hasting Field, Texas\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e13.6 North Slope Crude, Alaska\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eReferences\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e14. Crude Properties\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e14.1 Bayon Choctaw and West Hackberry Blends\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e14.2 Crude Oil Assay\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e14.3 Chemical Properties\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e14.3.1 Elemental Analysis\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e14.2.2 PNA Composition\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e14.3.3 Carbon Residue\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e14.4 Composition\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e14.4.1 Carbon Hydrogen Ratio\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e14.4.2 Sulfur\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e14.4.3 Nitrogen\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e14.4.4 Metals\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e14.4.5 Asphaltenes\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e14.4.6 Resins\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e14.4.7 Waxes\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e14.4.8 Salt Content\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e14.4.9 Acid Number\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e14.5 Physical Properties\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e14.5.1 Molecular Weight\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e14.5.2 API Gravity\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e14.5.3 UOP Characterization Factor\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e14.5.4 Viscosity\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e14.5.5 Pour Point\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e14.5.6 Reid Vapor Pressure\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eReferences\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e15. Fraction Characterization\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e15.1 Correlation Relations\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e15.2 Carbon Hydrogen Weight Ratio\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e15.3 Carbon Residue\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e15.4 Asphaltene Content\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e15.5 Molecular Weight\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e15.6 Aniline Point\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e15.7 Smoke Point\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e15.8 Viscosity\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e15.9 Refractive Index\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e15.10 Cloud Point\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e15.11 Pour Point\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e15.12 Freezing Point\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e15.13 Cetane Index\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e15.14 Molecular Type Composition\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eReferences\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eSection 4: Fuel Specifications\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e16. Standards, Specifications and Fuel Quality\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e16.1 Types of Specifications\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e16.2 Consensus Specifications Definitions\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e16.3 Test Methods\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e16.4 Transportation Fuel Specifications\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e16.4.1 Gasoline – ASTM D4814\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e16.4.2 Jet Fuel – ASTM D1653\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e16.4.3 Diesel – ASTM D975\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e16.4.4 European Automotive Fuels\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e16.5 Mandatory and Suggested Specifications\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e16.6 Enforcement\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e16.7 Fuel Quality\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e16.8 Properties Not in Specifications\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eReferences\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e17. Gasoline\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e17.1 Introduction\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e17.2 Octane Number\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e17.3 Volatility\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e17.3.1 Vapor Pressure\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e17.3.2 Distillation Profile\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e17.3.3 Vapor-Liquid Ratio\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e17.3.4 Vapor Lock Index\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e17.3.5 Drivability Index\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e17.3.6 Volatility Specifications and Schedules\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e17.4 Composition\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e17.5 Corrosion\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e17.6 Storage and Stability\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e17.7 Energy Content\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e17.7.1 Heating Value\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e17.7.2 Power\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e17.7.3 Fuel Economy\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e17.8 Additives and Blending Components\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e17.9 Fuel Ethanol for Blending\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e17.9.1 Purity\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e17.9.2 Water, Methanol, Chloride Content\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e17.9.3 Acidity\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e17.9.4 Sulfur Content\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e17.9.5 Denaturants\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e17.9.6 Workmanship\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e17.10 Aviation Gasoline\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eReferences\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e18. Jet Fuels\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e18.1 Introduction\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e18.2 Specifications\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e18.3 Fluidity\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e18.4 Volatility\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e18.5 Stability\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e18.6 Heat Content\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e18.7 Combustion Characteristics\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e18.8 Composition\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e18.9 Lubricity\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e18.10 Corrosion\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e18.11 Contaminants\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e18.12 Additives\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eReferences\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e19. Diesel Fuel\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e19.1 Introduction\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e19.2 Specification\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e19.3 Cetane Number\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e19.4 Distillation\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e19.5 Flash Point\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e19.6 Lubricity\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e19.7 Ash Content\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e19.8 Carbon Residue\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e19.9 Low Temperature Operability\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e19.10 Stability\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e19.11 Blendstocks\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e19.12 Biodiesel\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e19.13 Other Middle Distillate Products\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eReferences\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e20. Product Blending\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e20.1 Introduction\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e20.2 Gasoline Blendstocks\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e20.3 Reid Vapor Pressure\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e20.3.1 Theoretical Method\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e20.3.2 Blending Indices\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e20.4 Octane Blending\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e20.5 Blending for Other Properties\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e20.6 Gasoline Blending Case Study\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e20.7 Ethanol Blending\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e20.8 Diesel and Jet Fuel Blendstocks\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eReferences\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003ePart 2 – Technology\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eSection 5: Separation Processes\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e21. Crude Oil Desalting\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e21.1 Introduction\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e21.2 Desalting Technology\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e21.2.1 General Description\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e21.2.2 Tight Emulsions and Metal Containing Organic Compounds\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eReferences\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e22. Crude Oil Distillation\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e2.1 Introduction\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e22.2 Atmospheric Distillation\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e22.2.1 General Description\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e22.2.2 Front-End Design Configurations\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e22.2.3 Light Naphtha Stabilizer Column\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e22.3 Vacuum Distillation\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eReferences\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e23. Solvent Deasphalting\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e23.1 Introduction\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e23.2 Solvent Deasphalting Technology\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e23.2.1 General Description\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e23.2.2 Bitumen Froth Treatment\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e23.3 Deasphalting\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e23.3.1 Oil Solubility\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e23.3.2 Asphaltenes\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eReferences\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eSection 6: Residue Conversion Processes\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e24. Visbreaking\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e24.1 Introduction\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e24.2 Visbreaking Technology\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e24.2.1 Feed Material\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e24.2.2 General Description\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e24.2.3 Hydrovisbreaking and Hydrogen Donor Visbreaking\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e24.3 Thermal Cracking\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e24.3.1 Reaction Chemistry\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e24.3.2 Conversion\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e24.3.3 Equivalent Residence Time\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e24.4 Visbreaker Operation\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e24.4.1 Operating Parameters\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e24.4.2 Fuel Properties\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e24.4.3 Feed Pretreatment\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eReferences\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e25. Coking\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e25.1 Introduction\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e25.2 Coking Technology\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e25.2.1 Feed Material\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e25.2.2 Delayed Coking \u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e25.2.3 Fluid Coking \u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e25.3 Thermal Carbonization\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e25.3.1 Reaction Chemistry and Phase Separation\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e25.3.2 Role of Solids\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e25.4 Delayed Coker Operation\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e25.4.1 Operating Parameters\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e25.4.2 Coke Properties\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e25.4.3 Fuel Properties\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e25.4.4 Yield Estimation\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e25.5 Fluid Coker Operation\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e25.5.1 Operating Parameters\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e25.5.2 Fuel Properties\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e25.5.3 Yield Estimates\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eReferences\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e26. Residue Hydroconversion\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e26.1 Introduction\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e26.2 Residue Hydroconversion Technology\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e26.2.1 Feed Material\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e26.2.2 Reactor Types\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e26.2.3 Fixed Bed Residue Hydroconversion \u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e26.2.4 Moving Bed Residue Hydroconversion \u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e26.2.5 Ebullated Bed Residue Hydroconversion \u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e26.5.6 Slurry Bed Residue Hydroconversion \u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e26.3 Thermal Conversion Combined with Catalytic Hydrotreating\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e26.3.1 Reaction Chemistry\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e26.3.2 Sediment Formation\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e26.3.3 Residue Hydroconversion Catalysts\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e26.4 Residue Hydroconversion Operation\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e26.4.1 Operating Parameters\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e26.4.2 Product Yields\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eReferences\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e27. Fluid Catalytic Cracking\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e27.1 Introduction\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e27.2 Fluid Catalytic Cracking Technology\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e27.2.1 Feed Material\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e27.2.2 General Description\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e27.2.3 Residue Fluid Catalytic Cracking\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e27.2.4 FCC for Petrochemicals Production\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e27.3 Catalytic Cracking\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e27.3.1 Reaction Chemistry\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e27.3.2 Conversion\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e27.3.3 FCC Catalysts\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e27.3.4 Catalyst Deactivation and Equilibrium Catalyst\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e27.3.5 Catalyst Additives\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e27.4 Fluid Catalytic Cracking Operation\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e27.4.1 Operating Parameters\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e27.4.2 Pressure Balance\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e27.4.3 Heat Balance\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e27.4.4 Fuel Properties\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e27.4.5 Feed Pretreating\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e27.4.6 Yield Estimation\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eReferences\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e28. Hydrocracking\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e28.1 Introduction\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e28.2 Hydrocracking Technology\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e28.2.1 Feed Material\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e28.2.2 General Description\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e28.2.3 Hydroisomerization to Produce Lubricant Base Oil\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e28.2.4 Hydrodewaxing\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e28.4.5 Mild Hydrocracking\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e28.3 Catalytic Hydrocracking\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e28.3.1 Reaction Chemistry\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e28.3.2 Conversion\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e28.3.3 Hydrocracking Catalysts\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e28.3.4 Competitive Adsorption\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e28.4 Hydrocracker Operation\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e28.4.1 Operating Parameters\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e28.4.2 Fuel Properties\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e28.4.3 Yield Estimates\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eReferences\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eSection 7: Distillate, Naphtha, and Gas Conversion Processes\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e29. Hydrotreating\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e29.1 Introduction\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e29.2 Hydrotreating Technology\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e29.2.1 Feed Material\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e29.2.2 General Description\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e29.3 Catalytic Hydrotreating\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e29.3.1 Reaction Chemistry\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e29.3.2 Reaction Thermodynamics\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e29.3.3 Conversion\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e29.3.4 Hydrotreating Catalysts\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e29.4 Hydrotreater Operation\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eReferences\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e30. Butane and Naphtha Hydroisomerization\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e30.1 Introduction\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e30.2 C4-C6 Hydroisomerization Technology\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e30.2.1 Feed Material\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e30.2.2 General Description\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e30.2.3 Process Configurations with Recycle\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e30.3 Catalytic Hydroisomerization\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e30.3.1 Reaction Chemistry\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e30.3.2 Reaction Thermodynamics\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e30.3.3 Hydroisomerization Catalysts\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e30.4 C4-C6 Hydroisomerization Operation\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e30.4.1 Operating Parameters\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e30.4.2 Fuel Properties\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eReferences\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e31. Catalytic Naphtha Reforming\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e31.1 Introduction\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e31.2 Naphtha Reforming Technology\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e31.2.1 Feed Material\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e31.2.2 General Description\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e31.2.3 Catalyst Regeneration Configurations\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e31.2.4 Catalyst Regeneration\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e31.2.5 Aromatization for Petrochemical Production\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e31.3 Catalytic Naphtha Reforming\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e31.3.1 Reaction Chemistry\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e31.3.2 Conventional Reforming Catalysts\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e31.4 Catalytic Naphtha Reforming Operation\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e31.4.1 Operating Conditions\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e31.4.2 Fuel Properties\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e31.4.3 Yield Estimation\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eReferences\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e32. Aliphatic Alkylation\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e32.1 Introduction\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e32.2 Aliphatic Alkylation Technology\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e32.2.1 Feed Material\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e32.2.2 HF Catalyzed Aliphatic Alkylation\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e32.2.3 H2SO4 Catalyzed Aliphatic Alkylation\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e32.2.4 Comparison of HF and H2SO4 Catalyzed Processes\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e32.3 Reaction Chemistry\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e32.3.1 Liquid Acid Catalysts\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e32.3.2 Solid Acid Catalysts\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e32.4 Aliphatic Alkylation Operation\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e32.4.1 Operating Parameters\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e32.4.2 Fuel Properties\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eReferences\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e33. Olefin Oligomerization\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e33.1 Introduction\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e33.2 Olefin Oligomerization Technology\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e33.2.1 Feed Material\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e33.2.2 Fixed Bed Olefin Oligomerization\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e33.2.3 Liquid Phase Olefin Oligomerization\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e33.2.4 Catalyst Selection\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e33.2.5 Refinery Benzene Reduction\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e33.3 Reaction Chemistry\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e33.3.1 Acid Catalysts\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e33.3.2 Organometallic Catalysts\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e33.4 Oligomerization Operation\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e33.4.1 Operating Parameters\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e33.4.2 Fuel Properties\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eReferences\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e34. Etherification\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e34.1 Introduction\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e34.2 Etherification Technology\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e34.2.1 Feed Material\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e34.2.2 General Description\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e34.3 Etherification\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e34.3.1 Reaction Chemistry\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e34.3.2 Reaction Thermodynamics\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e34.3.3 Etherification Catalysts\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e34.4 Etherification Operation\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e34.4.1 Operating Parameters\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e34.4.2 Volumetric Yield\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e34.4.3 Fuel Properties of Alcohols and Ethers\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eReferences\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eSection 8: Lubricants and Supporting Technologies\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e35. Lubricant Base Oils\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e35.1 Introduction\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e35.2 Lubricant Base Oil Production Technology\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e35.2.1 Feed Material\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e35.2.2 Technology Selection\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e35.2.3 Propane Deasphalting\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e35.2.4 Solvent Extraction\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e35.2.5 Solvent Dewaxing\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e35.2.6 Clay Treating\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eReferences\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e36. Supporting Technologies\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e36.1 Hydrogen Production and Purification\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e36.2 Light Hydrocarbon Gas Processing\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e36.3 Acid Gas Removal\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e36.4 Sulfur Recovery From Acid Gas\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e36.4.1 Claus Process\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e36.4.2 Claus Tail Gas Treatment\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eReferences\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eAppendix A. Definitions\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eAppendix B. Chapter Discussion\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eAppendix C. Chapter Problems\u003c\/p\u003e","brand":"Taylor \u0026 Francis Inc","offers":[{"title":"Default Title","offer_id":49408669548887,"sku":"9781466563001","price":82.64,"currency_code":"GBP","in_stock":false}],"url":"https:\/\/bookcurl.com\/products\/petroleum-refining-9781466563001","provider":"Book Curl","version":"1.0","type":"link"}