{"product_id":"petrochemistry-9781119647768","title":"Petrochemistry","description":"\u003cb\u003eBook Synopsis\u003c\/b\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eA comprehensive textbook on petrochemical conversion processes for petroleum and natural gas fractions as produced by refinery operations\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThis innovative textbook provides essential links between the chemical sciences and chemical technology, between petrochemistry and hydrocarbon technology. The book brings alive key concepts forming the basis of chemical technology and presents a solid background for innovative process development. In all chapters, the processes described are accompanied by simplified flow schemes, encouraging students to think in terms of conceptual process designs.\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003ci\u003ePetrochemistry: Petrochemical Processing, Hydrocarbon Technology and Green Engineering\u003c\/i\u003e introduces students to a variety of topics related to the petrochemical industry, hydrocarbon processing, fossil fuel resources, as well as fuels and chemicals conversion. The first chapter covers the fundamentals and principals for designing several of the processes in the book, includin\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003cb\u003eTable of Contents\u003c\/b\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eAbout the Book xv\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003ePreface xvii\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAcknowledgments xix\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eGeneral Literature xxi\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eNomenclature xxv\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAbbreviations and Acronyms xxvii\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e1 Chemical Technology \u003c\/b\u003e\u003cb\u003e1\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.1 Introduction 2\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.2 Chemical Engineering 5\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.2.1 Conservation of Mass 7\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.2.2 Conservation of Energy 7\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.2.3 Conservation of Momentum 8\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.2.4 Thermodynamics of Chemical Reactions 8\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.2.5 Chemical Kinetics 11\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.2.5.1 Reaction Rate: Activation Energy 11\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.2.6 Reactors 12\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.2.6.1 Conversion, Selectivity, and Yields 12\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.2.6.2 Continuous Tubular Reactor 13\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.2.6.3 The Reaction Order 15\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.2.6.4 Rate Constant 15\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.2.7 Industrial Catalysts 16\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.2.7.1 The Place of Catalytic Processes in Hydrocarbon Technology 16\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.2.7.2 Homogeneous Catalysts 16\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.2.7.3 Heterogeneous Catalysts 18\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.2.7.4 Classifying Catalysts 19\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.2.8 Conversion of Hydrocarbons: Active Intermediate Forms 21\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.2.8.1 Carbocations 21\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.2.8.2 Radicals 23\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.2.8.3 Initiated Decomposition 26\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.3 Potential Steps Toward Greener Chemical Technology 28\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.3.1 Maturity 29\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.3.2 Participation in International Trade 29\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.3.3 Competition from Developing Countries 30\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.3.4 Capital Intensity and Economies of Scale 31\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.3.5 Criticality and Pervasiveness 32\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.3.6 Freedom of Market Entry 33\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.3.7 Stringent Requirements of the Clean Air Act (CAA) 34\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.3.8 High R\u0026amp;D for Ecologically Oriented Projects 34\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.3.9 Dislocations and Environmental Impacts 38\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.3.10 Feedstock Recycling 40\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.4 The Top Chemical Companies 41\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.5 The Top Chemicals 43\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eFurther Reading 45\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e2 Current Trends in Green Hydrocarbon Technology \u003c\/b\u003e\u003cb\u003e47\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.1 Introduction 47\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.2 Eco-Friendly Catalysts 48\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.3 Hydrogen 50\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.4 Alternative Feedstocks 51\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.5 Alternative Technologies 53\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.6 Feedstock Recycling 54\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.7 Functionalization of Hydrocarbons 55\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.7.1 Partial Oxidation of Methane 55\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.8 Biorefining 56\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eFurther Reading 56\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e3 Clean Energy Technology \u003c\/b\u003e\u003cb\u003e59\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.1 Rational Use of Energy 59\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.2 The Problem of Energy in Chemical Technology 62\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.2.1 The Basics of Energy Management to Improve Economic Budgeting 63\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.2.2 Types of Energy and Energy Sources for Chemical Technology 63\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.3 Waste Fuel Utilization 65\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.3.1 Electricity 65\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.3.2 Energy Efficiency Improvements 65\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.3.3 Energy and the Environment 66\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.3.3.1 Carbon and Greenhouse Emissions 66\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.3.3.2 Formation of Particulate Matter 67\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.3.3.3 CO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c\/sub\u003e Emissions 68\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.4 Energy Technology 70\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.4.1 Thermodynamics 70\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.4.2 Power Recovery in Other Systems 71\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.4.3 Heat Recovery, Energy Balances, and Heat-Exchange Networks 71\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.4.4 Waste-Heat Boilers 72\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.4.5 Product-to-Feed Heat Interchange 73\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.4.6 Combustion Air Preheat 73\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.4.7 Heat Pumps 74\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.5 Energy Accounting 75\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eFurther Reading 77\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e4 Sources of Hydrocarbons \u003c\/b\u003e\u003cb\u003e79\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.1 Introduction 80\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.2 Natural Gas 81\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.2.1 Definitions and Terminology 82\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.2.2 Origin 83\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.2.3 Occurrence 84\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.2.4 Reserves 84\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.2.5 Recovery 84\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.2.6 Storage 85\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.3 Petroleum or Crude Oil 85\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.4 Coal and Its Liquefaction 88\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.5 Shale Gas and Tight Oil: Unconventional Fossil Fuels 89\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.5.1 Introduction 90\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.5.2 Glossary and Terminology 91\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.5.3 Energy in 2018 93\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.5.4 Energy Outlook 2035 94\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.6 Shale Gas 96\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.6.1 Geology 98\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.6.2 Formation of Natural Gas Reservoirs 99\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.6.2.1 General 99\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.6.2.2 Unconventional Reservoir 99\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.6.2.3 Low-Permeability Gas Reservoirs 101\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.6.2.4 Fractured Shales 102\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.7 Tight Oil 102\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.7.1 Types of Tight Oil Plays 103\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.7.1.1 Geo-Stratigraphic Play 104\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.7.1.2 Shale Oil Play 104\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.7.2 Technologies Used to Recover Tight Oil 104\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.7.2.1 Horizontal Drilling 105\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.7.2.2 Hydraulic Fracturing 105\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.7.2.3 Microseismic Events 106\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.7.3 Initial Production 106\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.7.3.1 Infill Drilling 106\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.7.3.2 Wellbore Construction and Groundwater Protection 107\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.7.3.3 Minimizing Footprint 107\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.7.4 Environmental Impacts of Natural Gas 107\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.7.4.1 Water and Air Quality, Methane, and Other Important Greenhouse Gases 108\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.7.4.2 Earthquakes 108\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.7.5 Conclusion 108\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.8 Heavy Oils, Shale, and Tar Sand 109\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eFurther Reading 110\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e5 Links with Natural Gas, Crude Oil, and Petroleum Refineries \u003c\/b\u003e\u003cb\u003e113\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.1 Links with Natural Gas 113\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.1.1 Introduction 113\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.1.2 Processing 114\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.1.3 Water Removal 114\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.1.4 Acid Gas Removal: Environmentally Friendly Solvents 115\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.1.5 Fractionation 115\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.1.6 Turboexpander Process 116\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.1.7 Solvent Recovery 116\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.1.8 Chemicals From Natural Gas 117\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.2 LPG as an Ethylene Feedstock 117\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.3 Heavy Condensates 117\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.4 Links with Crude Oil 118\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.4.1 Naphtha 119\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.4.2 Middle Distillates 122\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.4.3 Heavy Condensates Recovery 123\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.5 Links with Petroleum Refineries 124\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.5.1 Fluid Catalytic Cracking 124\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.5.2 Catalytic Reforming 128\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.5.2.1 Maximum Aromatic Production 131\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.5.2.2 Aromatics Complex 131\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e6 Hydrocarbon Technology, Trends, and Outlook in Petrochemistry \u003c\/b\u003e\u003cb\u003e133\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.1 Definition 133\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.2 Petrochemistry and Its Products 140\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eFurther Reading 142\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e7 Pillar A of Petrochemistry \u003c\/b\u003e\u003cb\u003e143\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003ci\u003eProduction of Lower Alkenes\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.1 Steam Cracking (Pyrolysis) 143\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.1.1 Reaction in Steam Cracking 145\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.1.2 Thermodynamics 145\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.1.3 Mechanism 145\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.1.4 Kinetics 145\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.2 Industrial Process 145\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.2.1 Composition of Feedstock 146\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.2.2 Pyrolysis Temperature and Residence Time 146\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.2.3 Partial Pressure of Hydrocarbon and Steam-to-Naphtha Ratio 147\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.2.4 Severity and Selectivity 147\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.2.5 Furnace Run Length 148\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.3 Ethylene Furnace Design 148\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.3.1 Heat Exchanger 149\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.4 Coke Formation During Pyrolysis and Decoking Measures 150\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.4.1 Catalytic Gasification of Coke During Production 150\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.4.2 Sulfur Addition to Ethane Feedstocks 153\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.5 Product Processing 153\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.5.1 Hot Section 155\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.5.2 Quench Section 155\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.6 Typical Naphtha Cracker Plant 155\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.6.1 Hot Section 155\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.6.2 Cold Section 156\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.7 Gas-Feed Cracker Process Design 156\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.8 Trends in Technological Development of Steam Crackers for Production of Ethylene 159\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.8.1 Direct Involvement in Petrochemical Production 161\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.8.2 Integrating SC Operations 162\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eFurther Reading 164\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e8 Pillar A of Petrochemistry \u003c\/b\u003e\u003cb\u003e165\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003ci\u003eOther Sources of Lower Alkenes\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.1 Catalytic Dehydrogenation of Light Alkanes 165\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.2 Methanol to Alkenes 169\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.2.1 MTO Catalyst 169\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.3 Metathesis 171\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.3.1 Process Chemistry 171\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.4 Oxidative Coupling of Methane 172\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.5 Current and Future Developments 174\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eFurther Reading 175\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e9 Pillar A of Petrochemistry \u003c\/b\u003e\u003cb\u003e177\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003ci\u003ePetrochemicals from C\u003c\/i\u003e\u003csub\u003e2\u003c\/sub\u003e\u003ci\u003e – C\u003c\/i\u003e\u003csub\u003e3\u003c\/sub\u003e\u003ci\u003e Alkenes\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.1 Introduction 177\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.2 Chemicals from Ethylene 178\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.3 Chemicals from Propylene 178\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.4 Polymerization 179\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e10 Pillar B of Petrochemistry 181\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003ci\u003eProduction of BTX Aromatics\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.1 Introduction 181\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.2 Alkylation 183\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.2.1 Ethylbenzene 183\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.2.1.1 Process Chemistry 183\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.2.1.2 New Eco-Friendly Catalyst 184\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.2.1.3 Environmental Protection of the Described Process 185\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.2.1.4 CDTECH EB Process 185\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.2.1.5 EBMAX Process 187\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.2.2 Cumene 188\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.2.2.1 Process Chemistry 188\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.2.2.2 Environmental Protection of the Process Description 189\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eFurther Reading 190\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e11 Pillar B of Petrochemistry \u003c\/b\u003e\u003cb\u003e191\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003ci\u003eChemicals from BTX Aromatics\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.1 Chemicals from Aromatic Hydrocarbons 191\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.2 Styrene 192\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.2.1 Process Chemistry 193\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.2.2 Process Descriptions 193\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.3 Hydrogenation 194\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.3.1 Partial Hydrogenation of Benzene to Cyclohexene 195\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.4 Hydrodealkylation of Toluene 196\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.5 Isomerization 197\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.6 Disproportionation of Toluene 198\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.7 Oxidation Processes 199\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.7.1 Cumene → Phenol + Acetone 199\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.7.2 Process Chemistry 200\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.7.2.1 Cumene Oxidation to Cumene Hydroperoxide 200\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.7.2.2 Cumene Hydroperoxide Cleavage to Phenol and Acetone 200\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.7.2.3 Distillation Section 200\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.7.3 Process Description 201\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.7.4 Benzene → Maleic Anhydride 202\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.7.5 Cyclohexane → Cyclohexanol + Cyclohexanone → Adipic Acid 202\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.7.6 P-Xylene → Terephthalic Acid \/ Dimethyl Terephthalate 203\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.8 Condensation Processes 204\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.8.1 Aniline 204\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.8.2 4,4′-Diphenylmethane Diisocyanate 204\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.8.3 Toluene → Dinitrotoluene and Toluene Diisocyanate 205\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.8.4 Bisphenol A 206\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.8.4.1 Bisphenol Reaction 208\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.8.4.2 Process Description 208\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e12 Pillar C of Petrochemistry \u003c\/b\u003e\u003cb\u003e209\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003ci\u003eC\u003c\/i\u003e\u003csub\u003e1\u003c\/sub\u003e\u003ci\u003e Technologies\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.1 Introduction 210\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.2 Synthesis Gas 211\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.2.1 Steam Reforming of Methane – Stringent Greenhouse Gas 212\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.2.1.1 Reactions and Thermodynamics 213\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.2.2 Steam Reforming Process 214\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.2.3 Hydrogen 215\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.2.4 MegaMethanol Technology 215\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.2.4.1 Process Description 216\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.2.5 Autothermal Reforming 218\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.2.6 Combined Reforming 219\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.2.7 Methanol Synthesis 220\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.2.7.1 Methanol Synthesis Loop 222\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.2.7.2 Methanol Distillation 222\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.2.8 MTBE 223\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.2.8.1 Environmentally Friendly Process of Catalytic Distillation 224\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.2.9 Etherification of Glycerol by Isobutylene 225\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.2.10 Fisher–Tropsch Synthesis 228\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.2.11 Acetic Acid 229\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.2.11.1 Background Information 229\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.2.11.2 Principal Reaction 230\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.2.11.3 Catalyst Preparation Reactions 230\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.2.11.4 Process Description 231\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.2.12 Hydroformylation 231\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.2.12.1 Thermodynamics 232\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.2.12.2 Catalyst Development 233\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.2.12.3 Catalytic Cycle 233\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.2.12.4 Kinetics 234\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.2.12.5 Process Flowsheet 234\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.2.12.6 Comparison of the Hydroformylation Process 235\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eFurther Reading 236\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e13 Hydrogen Technologies \u003c\/b\u003e\u003cb\u003e237\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.1 Introduction 237\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.2 Hydrogen as an Alternative Fuel 239\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.2.1 Production of Hydrogen 240\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.2.1.1 Dry Reforming, Methane, and CO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c\/sub\u003e Chemical Transformation 241\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.3 Vehicle On-Board Fuel Reforming 243\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.3.1 Steam Reforming of Naphtha (Gasoline) 245\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.3.2 On-Board Diesel Fuel Processing 246\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.3.3 Direct and Gradual Internal Reforming of Methane 248\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.3.4 Methanol-to-Hydrogen Production 249\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.3.5 Steam Reforming of Ethanol 252\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.4 Vehicular Hydrogen Storage Approaches 254\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.4.1 Reversible On-Board Approaches 255\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.4.1.1 Compressed Hydrogen Gas 255\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.4.1.2 Liquid Hydrogen Tanks 256\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.4.1.3 Metal Hydrides 256\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.4.1.4 High-Surface-Area Sorbents and Carbon-Based Materials 256\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.4.2 Chemical Hydrogen Storage: Regenerable Off-Board 257\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.4.2.1 Hydrolysis Reactions 257\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.4.2.2 Hydrogenation\/Dehydrogenation Reactions 257\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.4.2.3 Ammonia Borane and Other Boron Hydrides 258\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.4.2.4 Ammonia 258\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.4.2.5 Alane 258\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.5 Gas Conversion Technologies\/Natural Gas Upgrading 258\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.5.1 GTL Conversion of Syngas to Fuel 259\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eFurther Reading 259\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e14 Biorefineries \u003c\/b\u003e\u003cb\u003e263\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.1 Introduction 263\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.2 Petrochemistry 264\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.3 Carbonization of Coal 264\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.4 Manufacturing of Activated Carbon 265\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.5 Chemicals and Fuels from Biomass 266\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.5.1 Degasification 266\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.5.2 Oxygenation 268\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.5.3 Levoglucosan 270\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eFurther Reading 272\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e15 Recycling Technologies \u003c\/b\u003e\u003cb\u003e273\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.1 Feedstock Recycling of Plastic Wastes 273\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.2 Fuels and Chemicals from Polymer Waste 275\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.3 Fuels and Chemicals from Used Tires 277\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eFurther Reading 281\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e16 Microchannel Technologies and Nanotechnology \u003c\/b\u003e\u003cb\u003e283\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.1 Introduction 283\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.2 Fluid Flow in Microchannels 285\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.3 Intensified Superheated Processing 286\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.3.1 Oxidative Dehydrogenation of Hydrocarbons 287\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.3.2 Steam Reforming of Ethanol 287\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.3.3 Fischer-Tropsch Synthesis and GTL 288\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.4 Steam Cracking of Hydrocarbons 289\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.5 Nanotechnology 292\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.5.1 Definition 292\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.5.2 Fundamental Concepts 294\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.5.3 Nanomaterials 295\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.5.4 Applications 295\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eFurther Reading 296\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIndex 297\u003c\/p\u003e","brand":"John Wiley \u0026 Sons Inc","offers":[{"title":"Default Title","offer_id":49407108809047,"sku":"9781119647768","price":81.65,"currency_code":"GBP","in_stock":true}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0817\/1739\/5799\/files\/9781119647768.jpg?v=1730498206","url":"https:\/\/bookcurl.com\/products\/petrochemistry-9781119647768","provider":"Book Curl","version":"1.0","type":"link"}