{"product_id":"operation-and-control-of-renewable-energy-systems-9781119281689","title":"Operation and Control of Renewable Energy Systems","description":"\u003cb\u003eBook Synopsis\u003c\/b\u003e\u003cbr\u003eA comprehensive reference to renewable energy technologies with a focus on power generation and integration into power systems      This book addresses the generation of energy (primarily electrical) through various renewable sources.\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003cb\u003eTable of Contents\u003c\/b\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003cp\u003ePreface xvii\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e1 Sources of Energy and Technologies 1\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.1 Energy Uses in Different Countries 1\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.2 Energy Sources 3\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.2.1 Non-Renewable Energy Resources 3\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.2.2 Renewable Sources of Energy 3\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.3 Energy and Environment 5\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.3.1 Climate Change 7\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.4 Review of Technologies for Renewable Energy System 8\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.4.1 Fluid Dynamics 8\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.4.1.1 Conservation of Mass 8\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.4.1.2 Conservation of Momentum 9\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.4.1.3 Conservation of Energy 10\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.5 Thermodynamics 11\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.5.1 Enthalpy 12\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.5.2 Specific Heat 12\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.5.3 Zeroth Law 13\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.5.4 First Law 13\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.5.4.1 Limitations of First law 14\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.5.5 Second Law of Thermodynamics 14\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.5.5.1 Kelvin–Planck Statement 15\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.5.5.2 Clausius Statement 16\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.5.6 Third Law of Thermodynamics 16\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.6 Thermodynamic Power Cycles 16\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.6.1 Ideal Cycle (Carnot Cycle) 17\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.6.2 Rankine Cycle 18\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.6.3 Brayton Cycle 18\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.7 Summary 21\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 21\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e2 Power Electronic Converters 23\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.1 Types of Power Electronic Converters 23\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.2 Power Semiconductor Devices 23\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.2.1 Thyristor 25\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.2.1.1 Line Commutation 25\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.2.1.2 Load Commutation 26\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.2.1.3 Forced Commutation 26\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.2.2 Gate Turn-OffThyristor (GTO) 26\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.2.3 Power Bipolar Junction Transistor 27\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.2.4 Power MOSFET 29\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.2.5 Insulated Gate Bipolar Transistor (IGBT) 29\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.3 ac-to-dc Converters 30\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.3.1 Single-Phase Diode Bridge Rectifiers 31\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.3.2 Three-Phase Full-Wave Bridge Diode Rectifiers 32\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.3.3 Single-Phase Fully Controlled Rectifiers 32\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.3.4 Three-Phase Fully Controlled Bridge Converter 33\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.4 dc-to-ac Converters (Inverters) 34\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.4.1 Single-Phase Voltage Source Inverters 34\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.4.2 Square-Wave PWMInverter 34\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.4.3 Single-Pulse-WidthModulation 35\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.4.4 Multiple-Pulse-WidthModulation 36\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.4.5 Sinusoidal-Pulse-WidthModulation 36\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.4.6 Three-Phase Voltage Source Inverters 37\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.4.7 Single-Phase Current Source Inverters 39\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.4.7.1 Three-Phase Current Source Inverter 39\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.5 Multilevel Inverters 40\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.5.1 Diode-Clamped Multilevel Inverter 41\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.5.2 Flying-Capacitor Multilevel Inverter 42\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.5.3 Cascaded Multicell with Different dc Source Inverter 43\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.6 Resonant Converters 43\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.6.1 Series Resonant Converter 44\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.6.1.1 Discontinuous Conduction Mode 45\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.6.2 Parallel Resonant Inverter 45\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.6.3 ZCS Resonant Converters 45\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.6.4 ZVS Resonant Converter 46\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.6.5 Resonant dc-Link Inverters 46\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.7 Matrix Converters 47\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.8 Summary 48\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 48\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e3 Renewable Energy Generator Technology 51\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.1 Energy Conversion 51\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.2 Power Conversion and Control ofWind Energy Systems 51\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.2.1 Induction Generator 52\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.2.2 Permanent Magnet Synchronous Generator 53\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.2.3 Linear PM Synchronous Machine 53\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.3 Operation and Control of Induction Generators forWES 53\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.3.1 Equivalent Circuit 54\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.3.2 Wound-Rotor Induction Machine 55\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.3.3 Doubly Fed Induction Generator (DFIG) 57\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.3.3.1 Equivalent Circuit of DGIG 59\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.3.3.2 Braking System 60\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.4 PermanentMagnet Synchronous Generator 60\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.4.1 Modelling of PMSG 62\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.5 Wave Energy Conversion (WEC) Technologies 63\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.5.1 Linear Permanent Magnet Synchronous Machine 64\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.5.2 Tubular Permanent Magnet LinearWave Generator (TPMLWG) 66\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.5.3 Linear Induction Machines 67\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.6 Summary 67\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 68\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e4 Grid-Scale Energy Storage 69\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.1 Requirement of Energy Storage 69\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.2 Types of Energy Storage Technologies 69\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.3 Electromechanical Storage 70\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.3.1 Pumped Hydro Storage (PHS) System 70\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.3.2 Underground Pumped Hydro Energy Storage 71\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.3.3 Compressed Air Energy Storage 72\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.3.4 Flywheel Storage 73\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.3.4.1 Energy Stored in Flywheel 74\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.3.4.2 Motors for Flywheels 74\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.4 Superconducting Magnetic Energy Storage 75\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.5 Supercapacitors 76\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.5.1 Equivalent Circuit 79\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.6 Chemical Storage (Batteries) 79\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.6.1 Lead–acid Battery 80\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.6.2 UltraBattery 82\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.6.3 Lithium-ion Battery 84\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.6.4 Liquid metal battery 86\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.6.5 Flow Battery 86\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.6.6 Nickle-Based Battery 87\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.7 Thermal Storage 88\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.7.1 Sensible Heat Storage 89\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.7.2 Latent Heat Storage 90\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.7.3 Thermochemical Energy Storage (TES) 91\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.8 Hydrogen Energy Storage Technology 91\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.9 Summary 92\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 93\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e5 Solar Energy Systems 95\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.1 Sun as Source of Energy 95\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.2 Solar Radiations on Earth 95\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.2.1 Spectral Distribution of Solar Energy 96\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.3 Measurement of Solar Radiation 97\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.3.1 Pyrheliometer 97\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.3.2 Pyranometer 99\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.3.3 Sources of Errors in RadiationMeters 100\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.3.4 Sunshine Recorder 100\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.4 Solar Radiation on Different Surfaces 101\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.4.1 Zenith and Zenith Angle 101\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.4.2 Solar Time 102\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.4.3 Latitude (∅) 102\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.4.4 Declination Angle (;;) 102\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.4.5 Hour Angle (;;) 102\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.4.6 Surface Azimuth Angle (Y) 103\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.4.7 Tilt Angle (;;) 103\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.4.8 Angle of Incidence 103\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.4.9 Solar Radiation on an Inclined Surface 104\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.5 Utilization of Solar Energy 104\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.6 Solar Thermal Systems 105\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.6.1 Flat-Plate Collectors 106\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.6.1.1 Thermal Performance of Collector 108\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.6.2 Evacuated Tube Collector 108\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.6.2.1 Direct-Flow Evacuated Tube Collector 109\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.6.2.2 Heat-Pipe Evacuated Tube Collector 109\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.6.3 Parabolic Collectors 111\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.6.4 Linear Fresnel Reflector (LFR) 112\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.6.5 Parabolic Trough Collector (PTC) 113\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.6.6 Cylindrical Trough Collector (CTC) 114\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.6.7 Parabolic Dish Reflector 115\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.6.8 Heliostat Field Collector (HFC) 116\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.7 Application of Solar Energy 117\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.7.1 SolarWater Heating 117\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.7.2 Passive Systems with Thermosiphon Circulation 117\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.7.3 Integrated Collector Storage Systems (Passive) 119\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.7.4 Active Solar Systems 119\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.7.4.1 Direct Circulation Systems 119\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.7.4.2 Indirect Circulation (Closed-Loop) Systems 120\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.7.5 Air Heating Systems 120\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.8 Solar Thermal Power Generation 122\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.9 Desalination ofWater 122\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.10 Steam Pressurization Systems Using Heat Energy 123\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.11 Summary 124\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 124\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e6 Photovoltaic Systems 125\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.1 PV Solar Cells and Solar Module 125\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.1.1 Semiconductor Technology 126\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.2 Solar Cell Characteristics 127\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.2.1 Equivalent Circuit 129\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.2.2 Solar PV Module 129\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.2.3 Series and Parallel Connections of Cells 129\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.2.4 Solar PV Panel 131\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.2.5 PV Array 132\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.2.5.1 Design of PV System 132\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.3 Maximizing Power Output of PV Array 133\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.3.1 Solar Tracking 134\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.3.2 Design of Simple Automatic Solar Tracker 134\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.3.3 Load Matching for Optimal Operation 135\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.4 Maximum Power Point Tracking Algorithm 135\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.4.1 Constant-VoltageMethod 136\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.4.2 Hill-Climbing\/Perturb and Observe Techniques 136\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.4.2.1 Perturb and Observe 137\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.4.3 Incremental Conductance (IC) 137\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.5 Types of Solar Cells and Technologies 138\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.5.1 Crystalline Solar Cells 138\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.5.1.1 Monocrystalline Solar Cells 139\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.5.1.2 Polycrystalline Silicon Cells 140\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.6 Thin-Film Solar Cells 140\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.6.1 Amorphous Silicon Solar Cells (a-Si) 141\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.6.2 Cadmium Telluride (CdTe) 142\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.6.3 Copper Indium Gallium Diselenide (CIGS) 143\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.6.4 Copper Indium Selenide (CIS) 143\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.6.5 Crystalline Silicon (c-si)Thin-Film Solar Cells 144\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.7 Concentrating Photovoltaic Systems 144\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.8 New Emerging Technologies 144\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.9 Solar PV Systems 146\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.9.1 Grid-Connected PV System 147\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.9.2 Grid-Connected System without Battery Storage 147\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.9.3 Grid-Connected System with Battery Storage 148\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.10 Design and Control of Stand-Alone PV System 148\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.10.1 Battery Rating 149\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.11 Summary 150\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 150\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e7 Wind Energy 153\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.1 Wind as Source of Energy 153\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.1.1 Origin ofWind 153\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.1.2 Wind Power Potential 154\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.2 Power and Energy inWind 155\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.3 Aerodynamics ofWind Turbines 156\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.3.1 Momentum 157\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.4 Types ofWind Turbines 160\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.4.1 Horizontal-AxisWind Turbines 160\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.4.1.1 Horizontal-AxisWind Turbines withWake Rotation 161\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.4.2 Vertical-AxisWind Turbines 164\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.4.3 Main Components ofWind Turbine 166\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.4.3.1 Drive Train 167\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.5 Dynamics and Control ofWind Turbines 167\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.5.1 Pitch Control 168\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.5.2 Yaw Control 169\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.5.3 Passive and Active Stall Power Control 169\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.5.3.1 Passive Stall Control 169\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.5.3.2 Active Stall Control 169\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.6 Wind Turbine ConditionMonitoring 170\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.7 Wind Energy Conversion Systems (WECS) 171\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.7.1 Based on Capacity of Power Generation 171\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.7.2 Systems without Power Electronics 171\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.8 OffshoreWind Energy 174\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.8.1 OffshoreWind Turbines 174\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.8.2 Foundation 174\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.8.3 Electrical Connection and Installation 174\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.8.4 Operation and Maintenance 175\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.9 Advantages of OffshoreWind Energy Systems 175\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.10 Environmental Impact ofWind Energy Systems 175\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.10.1 Impact of Noise 175\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.10.2 Electromagnetic Interference 176\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.11 Combining theWind Power Generation System with Energy\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eStorage 176\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.12 Summary 176\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 176\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e8 Biomass Energy Systems 179\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.1 Biomass Energy 179\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.2 Biomass Production 181\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.2.1 Forest Industries 182\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.2.2 Forest Residues 182\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.2.2.1 ForestThinnings 183\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.2.3 Agriculture Residues 183\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.2.4 Energy Crops 183\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.2.5 Food and IndustrialWastes 184\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.3 Biomass Conversion Process 185\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.4 Thermochemical Conversion 185\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.4.1 Combustion 185\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.4.2 Gasification 186\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.4.2.1 Applications 190\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.4.3 Pyrolysis 190\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.4.3.1 Torrefaction 193\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.4.4 Liquefaction 194\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.5 Biochemical\/Biological Conversion 194\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.5.1 Fermentation 195\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.5.2 Anaerobic Digestion 196\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.5.3 Anaerobic Digestion Technologies Suitable for Dairy Manure 198\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.6 Classification of Biogas Plants 199\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.7 Mechanical Extraction (with Esterification) 200\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.8 Municipal SolidWaste to Energy Conversion 201\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.9 The Production of Electricity fromWood and Other Solid Biomass 203\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.10 Summary 205\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 205\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e9 Geothermal Energy 207\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.1 The Origin of Geothermal Energy 207\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.2 Types of Geothermal Resources 208\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.3 Hydrothermal Resources 210\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.3.1 Vapour-Dominated Systems 211\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.3.2 Water-Dominated Systems 212\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.4 The Geopressured Resources 213\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.5 Hard Rock Resources 214\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.5.1 Solidified (Hot Dry Rock Resources) 214\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.5.2 Part Still Molten (Magma) 214\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.6 Energy Contents of Geothermal Resources 215\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.6.1 Hard Dry Rock Resources 215\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.7 Exploration of Geothermal Resources 216\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.8 Geophysical Methods in Geothermal Exploration 217\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.8.1 Thermal Methods 217\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.8.2 Electrical Methods 217\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.8.3 MagneticMeasurements 218\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.9 Geochemical Techniques 219\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.9.1 Water or Solute Geothermometers 219\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.9.1.1 Na-K Geothermometer 219\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.9.1.2 Na-K-Ca Geothermometer 220\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.9.2 Gas Thermometers 220\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.9.3 Isotopes 220\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.9.4 Drilling 220\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.10 Utilization of Geothermal Resource 221\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.10.1 Electricity Generation from Geothermal Resources 222\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.10.2 Dry Steam Power Plants 222\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.10.3 Single-Flash Steam Power Plant 223\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.10.4 Double-Flash Power Plant 225\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.10.5 Binary Cycle Power Plant 226\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.11 Enhanced Geothermal Systems 227\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.11.1 Combined or Hybrid Plants 227\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.11.2 Combined Heat and Power (CHP) Plants 227\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.12 Direct Use of Geothermal Energy 228\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.13 Environmental Impact 230\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.14 Summary 231\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 231\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e10 Ocean Energy 233\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.1 Energy from Ocean 233\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.2 Harnessing the Tidal Energy 235\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.2.1 Tidal Barrage Power 236\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.2.2 Tidal Barrage Technologies 236\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.2.3 Tidal Stream Power 237\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.2.4 Dynamic Tidal Power Generation 238\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.3 Energy of Tides 238\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.4 Turbine Technologies 240\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.4.1 Horizontal-Axis Turbines 240\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.4.2 Vertical-Axis Turbines 241\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.4.3 Reciprocating Hydrofoils 242\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.5 Support Structure 242\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.5.1 Gravity Structures 242\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.5.2 Piled Structures 242\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.5.3 Floating Foundations 243\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.6 Wave Energy 243\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.6.1 Wave Energy and Power 243\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.7 Wave Energy Converters 245\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.7.1 OscillatingWater Column 245\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.7.2 Oscillating Body 246\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.7.3 Overtopping Converters (or Terminators) 246\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.7.4 Point Absorbers and Attenuators 247\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.8 Power Takeoff Systems 248\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.8.1 Air Turbines for OWC 249\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.8.2 Hydraulic Systems 249\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.8.3 Water Turbines 250\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.8.4 Direct Drive 250\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.9 Piezoelectric Generators 252\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.9.1 Power Extraction Systems 253\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.10 OceanThermal Energy Conversion 254\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.10.1 Technology for OTEC 254\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.10.1.1 Closed-Cycle 255\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.10.1.2 Open-Cycle 256\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.10.1.3 Hybrid Systems 257\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.11 Summary 258\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 258\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e11 Fuel Cells 261\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.1 Fuel Cell Technologies 261\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.2 Types of Fuel Cells 262\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.3 Proton Exchange Membrane (PEM) Fuel Cell 262\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.3.1 Water Management 263\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.3.2 Fuel Requirement 265\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.3.3 Reforming Technologies 265\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.3.3.1 Partial Oxidation 266\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.3.4 Hydrogen Storage 266\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.3.5 Catalysts for PEM Fuel Cell 267\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.4 Solid Oxide Fuel Cell 267\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.4.1 Electrolytes for SOFC 268\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.5 Molten Carbonate Fuel Cell 269\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.6 Phosphoric Acid Fuel Cell 270\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.7 Alkaline Fuel Cell 272\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.8 Direct Methanol Fuel Cell 274\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.8.1 CO Removal 276\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.9 Fuel Cell Stacks 276\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.9.1 Cooling with Separate Airflow 277\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.9.2 Liquid Cooling 277\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.10 Fuel Cell Applications 278\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.10.1 Application in Automobile Industry 278\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.10.2 Stationary Power Applications 278\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.10.3 Portable Applications 279\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.11 Modelling of Fuel Cell 280\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.11.1 Steady-StateModel 280\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.12 Summary 281\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 281\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e12 Small Hydropower Plant 283\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.1 Hydropower 283\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.2 Classification of Hydropower Plants 284\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.2.1 Basics of Hydropower Generation 285\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.3 Resource Assessment 285\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.3.1 Velocity Area Method 286\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.3.2 Float Method 287\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.4 System Components 288\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.4.1 DiversionWeir 288\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.4.1.1 Side Intake withoutWeir 288\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.4.1.2 Side Intake withWeir 288\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.4.1.3 Bottom Intake 288\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.4.2 Water Conductor System or Channels 289\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.4.3 Forebay Tank 289\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.4.4 Penstock 289\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.4.5 Spillways 289\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.5 Turbines 290\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.6 Impulse Turbines 290\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.6.1 Pelton Turbine 291\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.6.2 Cross-Flow Turbine 292\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.6.3 Turgo Turbine 293\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.7 Reaction Turbine 294\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.7.1 The Propeller Turbine 295\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.7.2 Reverse Pump Turbines 295\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.8 Generators for Small Hydro Plants 296\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.9 Design Considerations of Micro-Hydropower Plants 297\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.9.1 Example 299\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 299\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e13 Control of Grid-Connected Photovoltaic and Wind Energy Systems 301\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.1 Introduction 301\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.2 Operation and Control of Grid-Connected PV System 302\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.2.1 Control of Single-Phase PV System 302\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.2.1.1 Control of PV-Side dc\/dc Converter 303\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.2.1.2 Control of Grid-Side Inverter 304\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.2.1.3 Inner Current Loop 305\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.3 Grid Synchronization 305\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.4 Control of Three-Phase Grid-Connected PV system 306\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.5 Selection of Inverter for PV System 307\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.5.1 Central Inverters 307\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.5.2 String Inverter 308\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.5.3 ac Module Inverter 309\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.5.4 Multi-String Inverters 310\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.6 Power Decoupling 311\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.7 Isolation Between Input and Output 311\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.8 Transformers and Interconnections 311\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.8.1 Transformerless PV Inverter Topologies 312\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.9 Filters for Grid-Connected PV Inverters 314\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.10 Islanding DetectionMethods 314\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.11 Operation and Control of Grid-ConnectedWind Energy System 315\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.11.1 Grid Integration ofWind Turbine System 316\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.11.2 Power Electronics inWind Energy System 317\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.11.3 Control of Doubly Fed Induction Generator–BasedWind Turbine Systems 318\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.11.3.1 Control of a DFIG under Unbalanced Grid 319\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.11.4 PMSG-BasedWind Energy Conversion System 320\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.11.4.1 Current-Source-Based PMSG 321\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.12 Summary 322\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 322\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e14 Renewable Energy Sources Integration in Microgrid 325\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.1 Microgrid 325\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.2 Types of Microgrids 327\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.3 dc Microgrid 327\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.3.1 Control Methods for dc Grid System 329\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.3.2 Energy Storage System 330\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.3.3 Operational Modes of dc Microgrid 330\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.3.3.1 Mode 1: IslandingMode (Battery Discharge) 330\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.3.3.2 Mode 2: IslandingMode (Excess Power Available) 331\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.3.3.3 Mode 3: Grid-Connected Mode (Power Taken from Grid) 331\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.3.3.4 Mode 4: Grid-Connected Mode (Power Supplied to Grid) 332\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.3.4 Application of dc Microgrids 332\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.4 ac Microgrid 332\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.4.1 Interconnected or Grid-Connected Mode 333\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.4.2 Islanded Mode 334\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.5 Control of ac Microgrid in Grid-Connected Mode 334\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.5.1 Primary Control 337\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.5.2 Secondary Control 337\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.5.3 Tertiary Control 338\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.6 Autonomous Operation of Microgrid 338\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.6.1 Islanding Detection 339\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.6.1.1 ImpedanceMeasurement Method 340\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.6.1.2 Slip-Mode Frequency Shift (SMS) Method 340\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.6.1.3 Active Frequency Drift Method 340\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.6.1.4 Sandia Frequency Shift (SFS) 341\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.6.2 Stability Issues 342\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.7 Load Frequency Control in Microgrid 342\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.7.1 Secondary Load-Frequency Control 343\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.8 Combined ac\/dc Microgrid 343\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.8.1 Operation and Control of Hybrid ac\/dc Grid 344\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.8.2 Modelling 345\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.9 Summary 345\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 345\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIndex 347\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e","brand":"John Wiley \u0026 Sons Inc","offers":[{"title":"Default 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