{"product_id":"neuropsychopharmacology-and-therapeutics-9781118385654","title":"Neuropsychopharmacology and Therapeutics","description":"\u003cb\u003eBook Synopsis\u003c\/b\u003e\u003cbr\u003eNeuropsychopharmacology is a relatively new subject area in the neurosciences.\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003cb\u003eTable of Contents\u003c\/b\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003cp\u003ePreface xiii\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAbout the Companion Website xv\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e1 Introduction to Neuropsychopharmacology 1\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.1 Overview 1\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.2 A Brief Overview of the Anatomy and Function of the Brain 2\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.2.1 The Brainstem 2\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.2.2 The Metencephalon 3\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.2.3 Diencephalon 4\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.2.4 The Telencephalon 5\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.2.5 The Cerebral Ventricles and Cerebrospinal Fluid 7\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.3 Important Neurotransmitters 7\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.3.1 GABA and GABA Receptors 7\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.3.2 Glutamate and Glutamate Receptors 10\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.4 Central Nervous System Stimulant and Depressant Drugs 11\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.5 Central Nervous System (CNS) Stimulant Drugs 13\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.5.1 Psychomotor Stimulants 13\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.5.2 Analeptic Drugs 19\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.6 Depressant Drugs 21\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.6.1 Benzodiazepines 21\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.6.2 Other Depressant Drugs 23\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.7 Genetics 23\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.8 Electroencephalography and Imaging Techniques 24\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.8.1 Electroencephalography 24\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.8.2 X-Rays 24\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.8.3 Computed Tomography 24\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.8.4 Positron Emission Tomography 25\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.8.5 Magnetic Resonance Imaging 25\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.8.6 Functional MRI 25\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.9 Diagnostic Criteria for Mental Disorders 25\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.10 Animals Models for CNS Disorders 26\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.11 Summary 27\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e2 Parkinson’s Disease 28\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.1 Overview 28\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.2 Historical Background 28\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.3 Epidemiology 29\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.4 Primary Clinical Features 29\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.5 Secondary Clinical Features 30\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.6 Parkinson’s Disease and the Extrapyramidal System 31\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.7 Neurotransmission in the Extrapyramidal System and Parkinson’s Disease 33\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.7.1 Modulation of the Direct and Indirect Pathways 35\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.8 Causes of Parkinson’s Disease 36\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.8.1 Genes and Parkinson’s Disease 37\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.8.2 Environmental Neurotoxins 39\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.8.3 Oxidative Stress 41\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.9 Summary 42\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.10 Pharmacotherapy for Parkinson’s Disease 42\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.10.1 L-DOPA (L-Dihydroxyphenylalanine) 43\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.10.2 L-DOPA Treatment 44\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.10.3 Adverse Effects of L-DOPA 44\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.10.4 Adverse Effects after Long-Term Treatment 46\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.10.5 Alternative Formulations of L-DOPA and Other Pharmacological Agents 48\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.11 Nonmotor Symptoms of Parkinson’ Disease and the Development of a New Hypothesis 53\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.12 Pharmacological and Nonpharmacological Strategies for Treatment of Other Motor and Nonmotor Symptoms of Parkinson’s Disease 55\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.13 Other Nonpharmacological Methods of Treating Parkinson’s Disease 56\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.13.1 Lesions of the Globus Pallidus or Subthalamic Nucleus 56\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.13.2 Neurostimulation 57\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.13.3 Brain Grafts 57\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.14 Possible Future Strategies to Treat Parkinson’s Disease 58\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.14.1 Stem Cell Therapy 58\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.14.2 Gene Therapy 58\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.15 Early Diagnosis for Treatment of Parkinson’s Disease 59\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.16 Summary and Conclusions 59\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e3 Memory, Dementia and Alzheimer’s Disease 61\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.1 Overview 61\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.2 Learning and Memory 61\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.2.1 Temporal Stages of Learning, Memory and Recall 62\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.2.2 Where are STM and LTM Stored in the Brain? 67\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.3 Overview of Dementia 69\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.4 Alzheimer’s Disease (AD) 71\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.4.1 Clinical Symptoms of Alzheimer’s Disease 72\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.4.2 Neuropathological Changes 74\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.4.3 Molecular Pathology 74\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.4.4 Staging of Alzheimer’s Disease 80\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.4.5 Onset of Alzheimer’s Disease 80\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.4.6 Neurochemical Changes in Alzheimer’s Disease 82\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.4.7 Pharmacotherapy of Alzheimer’s Disease 85\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.4.8 Future Pharmacological Strategies in the Treatment of Alzheimer’s Disease 88\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.4.9 Cardiovascular Disease 91\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.4.10 Conclusions 91\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.5 Summary 92\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e4 Epilepsy 93\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.1 Overview 93\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.2 Background 94\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.3 Classification and Types of Epilepsy 94\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.3.1 Focal Seizures 94\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.3.2 Generalized Seizures 95\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.3.3 Epilepsy Syndromes 97\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.3.4 Epidemiology 98\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.4 Underlying Causes of Epilepsy 98\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.5 Epileptic Mechanisms 99\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.5.1 Electrophysiological Mechanisms 99\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.5.2 Mechanisms Underpinning Drug Treatment of Epilepsy 100\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.6 Pharmacotherapy 101\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.6.1 Valproate (Valproic Acid and Sodium Valproate) 101\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.6.2 Phenytoin 105\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.6.3 Carbamazepine 106\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.6.4 Ethosuximide 107\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.6.5 Gabapentin 107\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.6.6 Pregabalin 108\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.6.7 Lamotrigine 109\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.6.8 Tiagabine 109\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.6.9 Topiramate 110\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.6.10 Levetiracetam 110\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.6.11 Retigabine 111\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.6.12 Zonisamide 111\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.6.13 Benzodiazepines 112\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.6.14 Barbiturates 112\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.7 Vagal Nerve Stimulation 113\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.8 Summary 113\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e5 Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder 115\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.1 Overview 115\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.2 Background to ADHD 116\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.3 Diagnostic Criteria for ADHD 118\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.4 ADHD and Comorbidity 119\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.5 Epidemiology 120\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.6 Aetiology of ADHD 120\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.6.1 Genetic Factors 120\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.6.2 Environmental Factors 121\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.7 The Pathophysiology of ADHD 122\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.7.1 The Prefrontal Cortex, Executive Function and ADHD 122\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.7.2 Frontocortical-Striatal Networks and ADHD 126\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.8 The Biochemical Hypothesis of ADHD 130\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.9 Executive Functional Skills, Neurodevelopment and ADHD 132\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.10 Summary of the Pathophysiology of ADHD 135\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.11 Management of ADHD 135\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.11.1 Pharmacotherapy 136\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.11.2 Nonpharmacological Management of ADHD 142\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.12 Summary and Conclusions 144\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e6 Affective Disorders 1: Depression 147\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.1 Outline 147\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.2 Emotion, Mood and Affective Disorders 148\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.3 Background to Depression 149\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.4 Clinical Features of Major Depressive Disorder 150\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.4.1 Subtypes of Depressive Disorders 150\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.5 Epidemiology 152\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.6 Causes of Depression 153\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.6.1 Genetic Influences 153\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.6.2 Biochemical Hypotheses of Depression 154\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.7 Stress, Learned Helplessness and Depression 163\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.7.1 Stress and MDD 164\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.7.2 What is Stress? 164\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.7.3 Stress and Depression 166\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.7.4 Brain Derived Neurotropic Factor, Neurotropic Effects and Depression 167\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.7.5 Genetics, Stress and Depression 168\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.7.6 Early-Life Stress, Depression and Epigenetics 169\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.7.7 Depression and Inflammation 171\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.7.8 Depression and Glutamate 171\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.7.9 Depression and Physical Diseases 171\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.8 Drug Treatment of Depression 172\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.8.1 Overview 172\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.8.2 Types of Antidepressant Drug 174\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.8.3 Possible Future Drugs for MDD 186\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.9 Nonpharmacological Treatments for Depression 187\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.9.1 Electroconvulsive Therapy 187\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.9.2 Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation 188\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.9.3 Vagus Nerve Stimulation 189\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.9.4 Phototherapy (Light Therapy) 189\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.9.5 Deep Brain Stimulation 190\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.9.6 Cognitive Behavioural Therapy 190\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.9.7 Interpersonal Therapy 191\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.9.8 Behavioural Therapy 192\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.9.9 Mindfulness-Based Cognitive Therapy 192\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.10 Summary 192\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e7 Affective Disorders 2: Bipolar Disorder 194\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.1 Outline 195\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.2 Background to Bipolar Disorder 195\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.3 Clinical Features of Bipolar Disorder and Diagnostic Criteria 196\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.3.1 Symptoms of Mania 196\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.3.2 Symptoms of Hypomania 197\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.3.3 Symptoms of Depression 197\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.3.4 Categories of Bipolar Disorder 197\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.3.5 Rapid Cycling 197\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.3.6 Mixed Features 197\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.3.7 Cyclothymia 198\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.3.8 Suicide 198\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.3.9 Course of Illness 198\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.4 Epidemiology 198\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.5 Cause of Bipolar Disorder 199\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.5.1 Genetic Factors 199\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.5.2 Environmental Factors 199\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.5.3 Neurobiology of Bipolar Disorder 199\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.6 Management of Bipolar Disorder 201\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.6.1 Pharmacotherapy 201\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.6.2 Drugs Used in the Treatment of Bipolar Disorder 204\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.7 Pregnancy and Bipolar Disorder 208\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.8 Psychological Treatments 208\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.8.1 Psychoeducation 208\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.8.2 Family-Focused Treatment 209\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.8.3 Cognitive Behavioural Therapy 209\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.8.4 Interpersonal and Social Rhythm Therapy 209\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.8.5 Lifestyle Changes 210\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.9 Summary and Conclusions 210\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e8 Anxiety Disorders 211\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.1 Overview 211\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.2 Background 212\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.3 Anxiety Disorders and Diagnostic Criteria 212\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.3.1 Generalized Anxiety Disorder 212\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.3.2 Social Anxiety Disorder 213\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.3.3 Panic Attack and Panic Disorder 214\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.3.4 Agoraphobia 215\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.3.5 Others Types of Anxiety Disorders 216\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.4 Neurobiology of Anxiety Disorders 216\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.4.1 Fear and the Amygdala 216\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.4.2 Anatomy and Circuitry of the Amygdala 217\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.4.3 Physiological Responses to Fear-Eliciting Stimuli 217\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.4.4 Conditioned Fear Response 220\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.4.5 Conditioned Fear Extinction 223\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.5 Worry 224\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.6 Are there Other Anxiety Circuits? 225\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.7 Neurotransmitters and Anxiety Disorders 225\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.8 Management of Anxiety Disorders 226\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.8.1 Pharmacotherapy 226\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.8.2 Psychosocial Therapies 232\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.9 Summary and Outcomes 234\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e9 Sleep and Sleep Disorders 236\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.1 Overview 236\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.2 Introduction 237\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.3 Physiology of Sleep 238\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.3.1 Stages of Sleep 238\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.3.2 The Ascending Reticular Activating System 240\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.3.3 Slow Wave Sleep Mechanisms 242\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.3.4 Rapid Eye Movement Sleep Mechanisms 245\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.4 Sleep Disorders 246\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.4.1 Insomnia 246\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.4.2 Hypersomnia or Hypersomnolence 254\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.5 Summary and Conclusions 257\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e10 Schizophrenia 259\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.1 Overview 259\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.2 Background 260\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.3 Clinical Features of Schizophrenia 264\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.3.1 Phases of Schizophrenia 264\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.3.2 Diagnostic Criteria for Schizophrenia 265\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.3.3 Violence, Self-Harm and Suicide 265\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.3.4 General Physical Health and Mortality 266\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.4 Epidemiology 266\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.5 Pathology 266\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.6 Aetiology 267\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.6.1 Genetics of Schizophrenia 267\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.6.2 Environmental Risk Factors 268\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.7 Developmental Hypothesis of Schizophrenia 270\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.8 Biochemical Hypotheses 270\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.8.1 Dopamine and the Dopamine Hypothesis of Schizophrenia 270\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.8.2 The Mesolimbic System and Schizophrenia 273\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.8.3 The Mesocortical System and Schizophrenia 273\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.8.4 Glutamate, GABA and Dopamine: A Revised Hypothesis of Schizophrenia 274\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.9 Management of Schizophrenia 277\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.9.1 Pharmacotherapy 277\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.9.2 Nonpharmacological Management of Schizophrenia 288\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.10 Summary and Conclusions 288\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e11 Drug Abuse and Addiction 290\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.1 Outline 290\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.2 Background 291\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.3 Neurobiology of Substance Abuse and Addiction 293\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.3.1 The Mesolimbic Reward Systems and Addictive Drugs 293\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.3.2 Extensions of the Hypothesis 298\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.3.3 Transition from Hedonic Actions to Habits to Compulsions 300\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.3.4 Summary 301\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.4 Risk Factors 301\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.4.1 Environmental Factors 301\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.4.2 Genetic Factors 302\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.5 Management of Addiction 302\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.5.1 Alcohol 306\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.5.2 Heroin 307\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.6 Summary 308\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 310\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIndex 327\u003c\/p\u003e","brand":"John Wiley \u0026 Sons Inc","offers":[{"title":"Default Title","offer_id":49406862557527,"sku":"9781118385654","price":47.45,"currency_code":"GBP","in_stock":true}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0817\/1739\/5799\/files\/9781118385654.jpg?v=1730497371","url":"https:\/\/bookcurl.com\/products\/neuropsychopharmacology-and-therapeutics-9781118385654","provider":"Book Curl","version":"1.0","type":"link"}