{"product_id":"necessary-conditions-of-learning-9780415739146","title":"Necessary Conditions of Learning","description":"\u003cb\u003eBook Synopsis\u003c\/b\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eNecessary Conditions of Learning\u003c\/em\u003e presents a research approach (phenomenography) and a theory (the variation theory of learning) introduced and developed by Ference Marton and taken up by his wide and varied following around the world—together with their practical applications in educational contexts. \u003c\/p\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003cb\u003eTrade Review\u003c\/b\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003cp\u003e\"Marton has provided an outstanding exposition of his lifetime’s thought. Through describing research and teaching in a variety of subjects he exemplifies the theory of learning through discernment of variation. This stimulating and scholarly book acts both as a handbook for design of teaching and teaching materials, and as a basis for understanding more about learning in educational contexts.\"\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eAnne Watson, University of Oxford, UK \u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003cb\u003eTable of Contents\u003c\/b\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003cp\u003ePreface\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e1. What makes humans human? \u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eCultural evolution\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe species that teaches its offspring\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe origin of pedagogy\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eLearning from others\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eLearning as a by-product and learning as an aim\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\"De-pedagogizing\" learning\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003ePedagogies of learning\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eTeachers’ professional knowledge\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eWhat this book is about\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e2. What is to be learned? \u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eWhat matters? \u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eOrganizing learning\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eWhat is to be learned? \u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eLearning as differentiation\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eDifferent meanings of what is to be learned\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e3. Sameness and difference in learning\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe problem with direct reference\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eDiscerning features that have been discerned previously\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eDiscerning features that have not been discerned previously\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eWe do have to learn to discern features whether or not they are innate\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eLearning to discern novel features and aspects\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eDimensions of variation, and values* \u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eNeither from the specific to the general, nor the other way around\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003ePatterns of variation and invariance\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe path of learning\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eCritical aspects and critical features again\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eWhy is the experience of difference, against a background of the experience \u003cbr\u003eof sameness, necessary for learning to discern novel features and novel \u003cbr\u003easpects?\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eDelimitation\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eGrouping\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eDifferences and experienced differences\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eDiscernment, difference, simultaneity\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eDiscerning and learning to discern\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eUsing the known to prepare for the unknown\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe transfer of learning\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e4. What does the world look like to others? \u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe revelation of Jonas Emanuelsson\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eWhat is to be learned, again: Ways of seeing\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eFinding critical aspects\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe learner’s perspective and the observer’s perspective\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eLogic and understanding\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eAsking questions\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eAnalyzing answers\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe idea of phenomenography\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eQualitative differences in learning, specific to specific objects of learning\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e5. The art of learning\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eLearners generating patterns of variation and invariance\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eDiscoveries as discernments\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eInnovations and the opening up of new dimensions of variation\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eFinding novel meanings\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e6. Making learning possible\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThree faces of the object of learning\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eNecessary conditions of necessary conditions of learning\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe origin of differences\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eAnalysing lessons\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eComparing teaching\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eRelating learning and teaching to each other\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eBringing about learning: Patterns of variation and invariance as tools for \u003cbr\u003eplanning and conducting teaching\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eBringing learning about: Implementing patterns of variation and \u003cbr\u003einvariance\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eBringing about learning: The order of things\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eHierarchical and sequential structure in reading and writing\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eCan the \"art of learning\" be learned?\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThere are no teaching experiments\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003ePutting conjectures to the test\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe Chinese connection\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e7. Learning to help others to learn\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eWhat teachers have to be good at\u003c\/p\u003e","brand":"Taylor \u0026 Francis","offers":[{"title":"Default Title","offer_id":51018190192983,"sku":"9780415739146","price":50.34,"currency_code":"GBP","in_stock":true}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0817\/1739\/5799\/files\/9780415739146.jpg?v=1750775959","url":"https:\/\/bookcurl.com\/products\/necessary-conditions-of-learning-9780415739146","provider":"Book Curl","version":"1.0","type":"link"}