{"product_id":"nature-and-properties-of-soils-the-9780133254488","title":"Nature and Properties of Soils The","description":"\u003cb\u003eBook Synopsis\u003c\/b\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003cp style=\"MARGIN:\"\u003e\u003cb\u003eDr. Raymond Weil, Professor, University of Maryland College Park\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp style=\"MARGIN:\"\u003eB.S. in Crop Science from Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 1970.\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp style=\"MARGIN:\"\u003eM.S. in Soil Science from Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 1973.\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp style=\"MARGIN:\"\u003ePh.D. in Soil Ecology from Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, 1977.\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp style=\"MARGIN:\"\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp style=\"MARGIN:\"\u003eElected Fellow in 2003 of both the Soil Science Society of America and the American Society of Agronomy.\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp style=\"MARGIN:\"\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp style=\"MARGIN:\"\u003eWeil has been active in soil science research since 1972 and has made many contributions in the areas of nutrient cycling and management, environmental impact of soil management, and assessment of soil quality. His current research is focused on the assessment and improvement of soil quality and organic matter.  He has conducted research in several countries outside the United States, including Ethiopia, \u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003cb\u003eTable of Contents\u003c\/b\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eContents\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003ePreface xv\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e1The soils around us 1\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.1 What Ecosystem Services Do Soils Perform? 2\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.2 How Do Soils Support Plant Growth? 3\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.3 How Do Soils Regulate Water Supplies? 7\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.4 How Do Soils Recycle Raw Materials? 8\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.5 How Do Soils Modify the Atmosphere? 8\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.6 What Lives in the Soil Habitat? 8\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.7 Soil as an Engineering Medium 11\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.8 The Pedosphere and the Critical Zone? 12\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.9 Soils as Natural Bodies 12\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.5 How Do Living Organisms (Including People) Affect Soil Formation? 57\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.6 How Does Topography Affect Soil Formation? 62 2.7 How Does Time Affect Soil Formation 65\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.8 Four Basic Processes of Soil Formation 67\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.9 The Soil Profile 70\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.10 Urban Soils 77\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.11 Conclusion 81 \u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eStudy Questions 81 \u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 82\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.10 The Soil Profile and Its Layers (Horizons) 15 3\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.11 Topsoil and Subsoil 18\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.12 Soil–Interface of Air, Minerals, Water, and Life 20\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.13 What are the Mineral (Inorganic) Constituents of Soils? 20\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.14 The Nature of Soil Organic Matter 23\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.15 Soil Water–Dynamic and Complex 25\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.16 Soil Air: A Changing Mixture of Gases 26\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.17 How Do Soil Components Interact to Supply Nutrients to Plants? 26\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.18 How Do Plant Roots Obtain Nutrients? 28\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.19 Soil Health, Degradation, and Resilience 30\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.20 Conclusions 31 \u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eStudy Questions 32\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 32\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e2 Information of soils from Parent Materials 33\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.1 Weathering of Rocks and Minerals 33\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.2 What Environmental Factors Influence Soil Formation? 41\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.3 Parent Materials 42\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.4 How Does Climate Affect Soil Formation? 55\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e3 Soil Classification 83\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.1 Concept of Individual Soils 83\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.2 Soil Taxonomy: A Comprehensive Classification System 85\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.3 Categories and Nomenclature of Soil Taxonomy 92\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.4 Soil Orders 94\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.5 Entisols (Recent: Little If Any Profile Development) 96\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.6 Inceptisols (Few Diagnostic Features: Inception of B Horizon) 99\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.7 Andisols (Volcanic Ash Soils) 100\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.8 Gelisols (Permafrost and Frost Churning) 102\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.9 Histosols (Organic Soils Without Permafrost) 103\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.10 Aridisols (Dry Soils) 107\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.11 Vertisols (Dark, Swelling, and Cracking Clays) 109\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.12 Mollisols (Dark, Soft Soils of Grasslands) 112\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.13 Alfisols (Argillic or Natric Horizon, Moderately Leached) 114\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.14 Ultisols (Argillic Horizon, Highly Leached) 115\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.15 Spodosols (Acid, Sandy, Forest Soils, Highly Leached) 117\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.16 Oxisols (Oxic Horizon, Highly Weathered) 118\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.17 Lower-Level Categories in Soil Taxonomy 121 3.18 Conclusion 128\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eStudy Questions 129\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 129\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e4 Soil architecture and Physical Properties 130\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.1 Soil Color 130\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.2 Soil Texture (Size Distribution of Soil Particles) 134\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.3 Soil Textural Classes 139\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.4 Structure of Mineral Soils 144\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.5 Formation and Stabilization of Soil Aggregates 148\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.6 Tillage and Structural Management of Soils 156\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.7 Soil Density 161\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.8 Pore Space of Mineral Soils 171\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.9 Soil Properties Relevant to Engineering Uses 175\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.10 Conclusion 185 \u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eStudy Questions 185 \u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 186\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e5 Soil Water: Characteristics and Behavior 188\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.1 Structure and Related Properties of Water 189\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.2 Capillary Fundamentals and Soil Water 191\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.3 Soil Water Energy Concepts 193\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.4 Soil Water Content and Soil Water Potential 199\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.5 The Flow of Liquid Water in Soil 207\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.6 Infiltration and Percolation 213\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.7 Water Vapor Movement in Soils 217\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.8 Qualitative Description of Soil Wetness 218\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.9 Factors Affecting Amount of Plant-Available Soil Water 222\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.10 Mechanisms by Which Plants are Supplied with Water 228\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.11 Conclusion 230 \u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eStudy Questions 230 \u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 232\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e6 Soil and the hydrologic Cycle 233\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.1 The Global Hydrologic Cycle 234\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.2 Fate of Incoming Water 236\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.3 The Soil—Plant—Atmosphere Continuum (SPAC) 244\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.4 Control of ET 250\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.5 Liquid Losses of Water from the Soil 255 \u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.6 Percolation and Groundwater 257\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.7 Enhancing Soil Drainage 262\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.8 Septic Tank Drain Fields 269\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.9 Irrigation Principles and Practices 273\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.10 Conclusion 280 \u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eStudy Questions 282 \u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 282\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e7 Soil aeration and Temperature 284\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.1 Soil Aeration–The Process 284\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.2 Means of Characterizing Soil Aeration 286 \u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.3 Oxidation—Reduction (Redox) Potential 288 \u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.4 Factors Affecting Soil Aeration and Eh 292 \u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.5 Ecological Effects of Soil Aeration 294\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.6 Soil Aeration in Urban Landscapes 298\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.7 Wetlands and Their Poorly Aerated Soils 301 \u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.8 Processes Affected by Soil Temperature 308 \u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.9 Absorption and Loss of Solar Energy 314\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.10 Thermal Properties of Soils 316 \u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.11 Soil Temperature Control 321 \u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.12 Conclusion 324\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eStudy Questions 325\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 325\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e8 The Colloidal fraction: seat of soil Chemical and Physical activity 327\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.1 General Properties and Types of Soil Colloids 328\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.2 Fundamentals of Layer Silicate Clay Structure 332\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.3 Mineralogical Organization of Silicate Clays 334\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.4 Structural Characteristics of Nonsilicate Colloids 342\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.5 Genesis and Geographic Distribution of Soil Colloids 344\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.6 Sources of Charges on Soil Colloids 346\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.7 Adsorption of Cations and Anions 348\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.8 Cation Exchange Reactions 350\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.9 Cation Exchange Capacity (CEC) 356\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.10 Exchangeable Cations in Field Soils 362\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.11 Anion Exchange 364\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.12 Sorption of Pesticides and Groundwater Contamination 366\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.13 Binding of Biomolecules to Clay and Humus 369\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e9 Soil acidity 374\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.1 What Processes Cause Soil Acidification? 375\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.2 Role of Aluminum in Soil Acidity 379\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.3 Pools of Soil Acidity 380\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.4 Buffering of pH in Soils 385\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.5 How Can We Measure Soil PH? 386\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.6 Human-Influenced Soil Acidification 390\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.7 Biological Effects of Soil pH 397\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.8 Raising Soil pH by Liming 404\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.9 Alternative Ways to Ameliorate the Ill Effects of Soil Acidity 410\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.10 Lowering Soil pH 414\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.11 Conclusion 415 \u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eStudy Questions 417 \u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 417\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e10 Soils of dry regions: alkalinity, salinity, and sodicity 420\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.1 Characteristics and Problems of Dry Region Soils 421\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.2 Causes of High Soil pH (Alkalinity) 429\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.3 Development of Salt-Affected Soils 431\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.4 Measuring Salinity and Sodicity 435\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.5 Classes of Salt-Affected Soils 438\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.6 Physical Degradation of Soil by Sodic Chemical Conditions 441\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.7 Biological Impacts of Salt-Affected Soils 444 \u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.8 Water-Quality Considerations for Irrigation 449 \u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.9 Reclamation of Saline Soils 452\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.10 Reclamation of Saline—Sodic and Sodic Soils 456 \u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.11 Management of Reclaimed Soils 461\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.12 Conclusion 461\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eStudy Questions 462\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 463\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e11 Organisms and ecology of the soil 464\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.1 The Diversity of Organisms in the Soil 465\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.2 Organisms in Action 470\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.3 Abundance, Biomass, and Metabolic Activity 475 \u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.4 Earthworms 477\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.5 Ants and Termites 482\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.6 Soil Microanimals 486\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.7 Plant Roots 490\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.8 Soil Algae 494\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.9 Soil Fungi 494\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.10 Soil Prokaryotes: Bacteria and Archaea 502\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.11 Conditions Affecting the Growth and Activity of Soil Microorganisms 509\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.12 Beneficial Effects of Soil Organisms on Plant Communities 510\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.13 Soil Organisms and Plant Damage 512\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.14 Ecological Relationships among Soil Organisms 517\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.15 Conclusion 521 \u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eStudy Questions 522 \u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 523\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e12 Soil organic Matter 526\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.1 The Global Carbon Cycle 526\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.2 Organic Decomposition in Soils 530\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.3 Factors Controlling Rates of Residue Decomposition and Mineralization 535\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.4 Genesis and Nature of Soil Organic Matter and Humus 543\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.5 Influences of Organic Matter on Plant Growth and Soil Function 550\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.6 Amounts and Quality of Organic Matter in Soils 555\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.7 Carbon Balance in the Soil—Plant—Atmosphere System 556\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.8 Environmental Factors Influencing Soil Organic Carbon Levels 560\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.9 Soil Organic Matter Management 564\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.10 Soils and Climate Change 568 \u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.11 Composts and Composting 575 \u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.12 Conclusion 579\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eStudy Questions 580 \u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 581\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e13 Nitrogen and sulfur economy of soils 583\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.1 Influence of Nitrogen on Plant Growth and Development 584\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.2 Distribution of Nitrogen and the Nitrogen Cycle 585\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.3 Immobilization and Mineralization 587\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.4 Dissolved Organic Nitrogen 590\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.5 Ammonium Fixation by Clay Minerals 591\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.6 Ammonia Volatilization 591\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.7 Nitrification 593\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.8 Gaseous Losses by Denitrification and Anammox 596\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.9 Biological Nitrogen Fixation 601\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.10 Symbiotic Fixation with Legumes 603\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.11 Symbiotic Fixation with Nonlegumes 608\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.12 Nonsymbiotic Nitrogen Fixation 610\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.13 Nitrogen Deposition from the Atmosphere 611\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.14 The Nitrate Leaching Problem 613\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.15 Practical Management of Soil Nitrogen 617\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.16 Importance of Sulfur 625\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.17 Natural Sources of Sulfur 626\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.18 The Sulfur Cycle 631\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.19 Behavior of Sulfur Compounds in Soils 631\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.20 Sulfur Oxidation and Reduction 634 \u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.21 Sulfur Retention and Exchange 637 \u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.22 Sulfur and Soil Fertility Maintenance 638 \u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.23 Conclusion 639\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eStudy Questions 639 \u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 640\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e14 Soil Phosphorus and Potassium 643\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.1 Phosphorus in Plant Nutrition and Soil Fertility 644\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.2 Effects of Phosphorus on Environmental Quality 646\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.3 The Phosphorus Cycle 652\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.4 Organic Phosphorus in Soils 657\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.5 Inorganic Phosphorus in Soils 661\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.6 Solubility of Inorganic Soil Phosphorus 664\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.7 Phosphorus-Fixation Capacity of Soils 667\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.8 Plant Strategies for Adequate Phosphorus Acquisition from Soils 672\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.9 Practical Phosphorus Management 674\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.10 Potassium: Nature and Ecological Roles 677\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.11 Potassium in Plant and Animal Nutrition 678\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.12 The Potassium Cycle 681\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.13 The Potassium Problem in Soil Fertility 683\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.14 Forms and Availability of Potassium in Soils 685\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.15 Factors Affecting Potassium Fixation in Soils 688\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.16 Practical Aspects of Potassium Management 689\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.17 Conclusion 691 \u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eStudy Questions 692 \u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 693\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e15 Calcium, Magnesium, silicon, and Trace elements 696\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.1 Calcium as an Essential Nutrient 697 \u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.2 Magnesium as a Plant Nutrient 699 \u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.3 Silicon in Soil—Plant Ecology 703 \u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.4 Deficiency Versus Toxicity 708\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.5 Micronutrient Roles in Plants 710\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.6 Sources of Micronutrients 715\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.7 Factors Influencing the Availability of the Trace Element Cations 719\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.8 Organic Compounds as Chelates 724\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.9 Factors Influencing the Availability of the Trace Element Anions 728\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.10 Soil Management and Trace Element Needs 734\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.11 Conclusion 741 \u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eStudy Questions 742 \u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 743\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e16 Practical Nutrient Management 745\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.1 Goals of Nutrient Management 745\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.2 Nutrients as Pollutants 749\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.3 Natural Ecosystem Nutrient Cycles 762\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.4 Recycling Nutrients Through Animal Manures 766\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.5 Industrial and Municipal By-Products 775\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.6 Practical Utilization of Organic Nutrient Sources 778\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.7 Inorganic Commercial Fertilizers 782\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.8 Fertilizer Application Methods 788\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.9 Timing of Fertilizer Application 792\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.10 Diagnostic Tools and Methods 793\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.11 Soil Analysis 798\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.12 Site-Index Approach to Phosphorus Management 804\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.13 Some Advances and Challenges in Fertilizer Management 807\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.14 Conclusion 812 \u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eStudy Questions 814 \u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 815\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e17 Soil erosion and its Control 818\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.1 Significance of Soil Erosion and Land Degradation 819\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.2 On-Site and Off-Site impacts of Accelerated Soil Erosion 825\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.3 Mechanics of Water Erosion 828\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.4 Models to Predict the Extent of Water-Induced Erosion 831\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.5 Factors Affecting Interrill and Rill Erosion 834\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.6 Conservation Tillage 842\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.7 Vegetative Barriers 849\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.8 Control of Gully Erosion and Mass Wasting 850\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.9 Control of Accelerated Erosion on Range- and Forestland 853\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.10 Erosion and Sediment Control on Construction Sites 856\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.11 Wind Erosion: Importance and Factors Affecting It 860\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.12 Predicting and Controlling Wind Erosion 864\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.13 Tillage Erosion 867\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.14 Land Capability Classification as a Guide to Conservation 871\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.15 Progress in Soil Conservation 873\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.16 Conclusion 875 \u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eStudy Questions 876 \u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 877\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e18 Soils and Chemical Pollution 879\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e18.1 Toxic Organic Chemicals 880\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e18.2 Kinds of Organic Contaminants 885\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e18.3 Behavior of Organic Chemicals in Soil 887\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e18.4 Effects of Pesticides on Soil Organisms 894\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e18.5 Remediation of Soils Contaminated with Organic Chemicals 896\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e18.6 Soil Contamination with Toxic Inorganic Substances 906\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e18.7 Potential Hazards of Chemicals in Sewage Sludge 912\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e18.8 Prevention and Remediation of Inorganic Soil Contamination 916\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e18.9 Landfills 919\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e18.10 Radionuclides in Soil 925 \u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e18.11 Radon Gas from Soils 929 \u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e18.12 Conclusion 932\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eStudy Questions 932\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 933\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e19 Geographic soils information 936\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e19.1 Soil Spatial Variability in the Field 936\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e19.2 Techniques and Tools for Mapping Soils 941 \u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e19.3 Modern Technology for Soil Investigations 946 \u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e19.4 Remote Sensing in Soil Survey 951\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e19.5 Making a Soil Survey 959\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e19.6 Using Soil Surveys 962\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e19.7 Geographic Information Systems (GIS) 968 1\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.8 Digital Soil Maps: Properties or Polygons? 971 \u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e19.9 GIS, GPS, and Precision Agriculture 976\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e19.10 Conclusion 979 \u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eStudy Questions 980 \u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 980\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e20 Prospects for soil health in the anthropocene 982\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e20.1 The Concepts of Soil Health and Soil Quality 983\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e20.2 Soil Resistance and Resilience 991 \u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e20.3 Soils and Global Ecosystem Services 993\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e20.4 Using Plants to Improve Soil Health 996\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e20.5 Feeding the Human Population 999\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e20.6 Intensified Agriculture–the Green Revolution 1000\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e20.7 Impacts of Vastly Increased Ratios of People to Land 1005\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e20.8 Sustainable Agriculture in Developed Countries 1010\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e20.9 Biochar: Hype or Hope for Soil Quality? 1017\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e20.10 Organic Farming Systems 1019\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e20.11 Sustainable Agriculture Systems for Resource- Poor Farmers 1026\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e20.12 Conclusion 1037 \u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eStudy Questions 1037 \u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 1038\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eappendix a World Reference Base, Canadian, and Australian Soil Classification Systems 1041\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eappendix B SI Units, Conversion Factors, Periodic Table of the Elements, and Plant Names 1046\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eGlossary of soil science Terms 1052 index 1071\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e","brand":"Pearson Education","offers":[{"title":"Default Title","offer_id":51455967068503,"sku":"9780133254488","price":195.91,"currency_code":"GBP","in_stock":false}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0817\/1739\/5799\/files\/9780133254488.jpg?v=1755033238","url":"https:\/\/bookcurl.com\/products\/nature-and-properties-of-soils-the-9780133254488","provider":"Book 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