{"product_id":"nanotechnology-applications-for-solar-energy-systems-9781119791140","title":"Nanotechnology Applications for Solar Energy","description":"\u003cb\u003eBook Synopsis\u003c\/b\u003e\u003cbr\u003eNanotechnology Applications for Solar Energy Systems Understand the latest developments in solar nanotechnology with this comprehensive guide Solar energy has never seemed a more critical component of humanity's future. As global researchers and industries work to develop sustainable technologies  and energy sources worldwide, the need to increase efficiency and decrease costs becomes paramount. Nanotechnology has the potential to play a  considerable role in meeting these challenges, leading to the development of solar energy systems that overcome the limitations of existing technologies. Nanotechnology Applications for Solar Energy Systems is a comprehensive guide to the latest technological advancements and applications of nanotechnology in the field of solar energy. It analyzes nanotechnology applications across a full range of solar energy systems, reviewing feasible technological advancements for enhanced performance of solar energy devices, and discussing emerging nanomaterials \u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003cb\u003eTable of Contents\u003c\/b\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003cp\u003eAbout the Editor xiii\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eList of Contributors xv\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003ePreface xix\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e1 Solar Energy Applications 1\u003cbr\u003e \u003c\/b\u003e\u003ci\u003eSwati Singh, Punit Singh, and Zafar Said\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.1 Introduction and Recent Advances 1\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.2 Solar Energy Applications 5\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.2.1 Electricity Production Using Photovoltaics at Large Scale 5\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.2.2 Small-Scale Electricity Production for Houses and Commercial Buildings 6\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.2.3 Off-Grid Applications Using Photovoltaics 6\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.2.4 Concentrating Solar Thermal Electricity 7\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.2.5 Solar Thermochemical Processes 7\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.2.6 Solar Water Heating 8\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.2.7 Heating of Solar Architecture 8\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.2.8 Air Conditioning Through Water Evaporation 8\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.2.9 Artificial Photosynthesis 9\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.2.10 Decomposing Waste and Biofuels Production 9\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.3 Classification of Solar Energy Devices 10\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.3.1 Concentrating Solar Power 10\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.3.2 Building Integrated Solar Systems 10\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.3.3 Solar-Thermal Collectors 11\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.3.4 Solar Thermochemistry 11\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.3.5 Solar Thermal Energy Storage 12\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.3.6 Solar-Driven Water Distillation 12\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.4 Benefits and Opportunities 13\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.5 Challenges 16\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.6 Future Aspects 18\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.7 Conclusion 18\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 19\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e2 Application of Nanofluid for Solar Stills 25\u003cbr\u003e \u003c\/b\u003e\u003ci\u003eMohammad Javad Raji Asadabadi , Mohsen Sheikholeslami, and Ladan Momayez\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.1 Introduction 25\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.2 Desalination Technology 25\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.2.1 What is a Solar Still? 26\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.2.2 Parameters Affecting Pure Water Yield of Basin Type SSs 27\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.2.3 Pure Water Augmentation of Solar Still Units 28\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.3 Nanofluid 33\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.3.1 Nanofluid Basics 34\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.3.2 Nanofluid Characteristics 35\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.3.3 Nanofluid Application in Solar Desalination 35\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 43\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e3 Classification of Concentrating Solar Collectors Based on Focusing Shape and Studying on Their Performance, Financial Evaluation, and Industrial Adoption 49\u003cbr\u003e \u003c\/b\u003e\u003ci\u003eZ. Ebrahimpour and Mark Mba-Wright\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.1 Introduction 49\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.1.1 Overview of Concentrating Solar Collectors 49\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.1.2 Some of the Applications of Concentrating Solar Collectors 50\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.2 Line Focus Concentrating Solar Collectors 51\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.2.1 Linear Fresnel Reflector 51\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.2.2 Parabolic Trough Collector 53\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.2.3 Compound Parabolic 55\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.3 Point Focus and Other Concentrating Solar Collectors 57\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.3.1 Central Receiver System 57\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.3.2 Solar Dish 59\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.3.3 Fresnel Lens 60\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.4 Improving the Thermal Performance of Solar Concentrating Collectors 62\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.5 Industrial Adoption and Costs of Solar Concentrating Collectors 63\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.6 Conclusions and Recommendations 63\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 66\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e4 Nanotechnology for Heat Transfer 71\u003cbr\u003e \u003c\/b\u003e\u003ci\u003eZafar Said , Maham Aslam Sohail, and Evangelos Bellos\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.1 Introduction 71\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.2 Classification of Nanomaterials 72\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.2.1 Zero-dimensional (0D) 72\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.2.2 One-dimensional (1D) 72\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.2.3 Two-dimensional (2D) 72\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.2.4 Three-dimensional (3D) 73\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.3 Heat Transfer Characteristics and Applications of Nanotechnology on the Heat Transfer Enhancement 73\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.3.1 Convective Heat Transfer 75\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.3.2 Boiling Heat Transfer 77\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.3.3 Thermal Conductivity 77\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.3.4 Viscosity 78\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.4 A Review of Studies and Recent Advances Using Nanomaterials in Energy Conversion, Energy Storage, and Heat Transfer Development 79\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.5 Recent Advances 79\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.6 Challenges and Future Scope 86\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.7 Conclusion 87\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 87\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e5 Nanofluids in Linear Fresnel Reflector 99\u003cbr\u003e \u003c\/b\u003e\u003ci\u003eEvangelos Bellos, Zafar Said, and Christos Tzivanidis\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.1 Introduction and Recent Advances of Linear Fresnel Reflectors 99\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.2 The Idea of Using Nanofluids in Solar Collectors 108\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.3 A Review of Studies with Nanofluid-based Linear Fresnel Reflector 112\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.4 Remarks and Future Scope 118\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.4.1 Advantages of LFR 118\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.4.2 Disadvantages of LFR 118\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.5 Conclusions 121\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 121\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e6 Thermal Management and Performance Enhancement of Parabolic Trough Concentrators Using Nanofluids 125\u003cbr\u003e \u003c\/b\u003e\u003ci\u003eMuhammed A. Hassan\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.1 Introduction 125\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.2 Recent Advances of Parabolic Trough Collectors 127\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.3 Application of Nanofluids in PTCs 131\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.4 State-of-Art Studies on Using Nanofluids in Parabolic Trough Collectors 136\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.5 Conclusions and Future Scope 139\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 142\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e7 Developing Innovations in Parabolic Trough Collectors (PTCs) Based on Numerical Studies 145\u003cbr\u003e \u003c\/b\u003e\u003ci\u003eSanaz Akbarzadeh, Maziar Dehghan, Mohammad Sadegh Valipour, and Huijin Xu\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.1 Introduction 145\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.2 An Introduction to Simulation Software 148\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.3 Numerical Studies 148\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.3.1 Design Parameters and Working Conditions in PTCs 150\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.3.2 Using Inserts in PTCs 154\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.3.3 Using Surface Modification Methods in PTCs 157\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.3.4 Using Nanofluids in PTCs 160\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.3.5 Using Nanofluids and Other Passive Methods in PTCs 162\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.3.6 PTCs Integrated into Cooling Systems 165\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.3.7 PTCs Integrated into Concentrated Solar Power Plants 166\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.3.8 PTCs Integrated into Solar-powered Cycles 168\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.3.9 PTCs Integrated into Solar Industrial Process Heat Plants 170\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.3.10 PTCs Integrated into Photovoltaic\/Thermal (PV\/T) System 175\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.3.11 PTCs Integrated into Desalination Systems 175\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.4 Challenges 179\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.5 Conclusion 179\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.6 Future Directions 183\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 183\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e8 Nanofluids in Solar Thermal Parabolic Trough Collectors (PTCs) 191\u003cbr\u003e \u003c\/b\u003e\u003ci\u003eMaziar Dehghan, Sanaz Akbarzadeh, Mohammad Sadegh Valipour, and Hafiz Muhammad Ali\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.1 Introduction 191\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.2 Fundamentals of PTCs 194\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.2.1 Components of a PTC 194\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.2.2 Mathematical Formulations of PTCs 195\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.2.3 Experimental Analysis (Standard Test Methods) 203\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.3 Heat Transfer Fluids (HTFs) in PTCs 203\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.3.1 Thermal Oils 204\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.3.2 Liquid-water Steam 204\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.3.3 Pressurized Gasses 204\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.3.4 Molten Salts 204\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.3.5 Nanofluids 204\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.4 Heat Transfer Improvement Methods in PTCs 206\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.4.1 Design Parameters 206\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.4.2 The Application of Nanofluids in PTCs 208\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.4.3 Combination of Nanofluids and Other Thermal Efficiency Enhancement Methods 219\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.5 Economic Analysis 225\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.6 Challenges 228\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.7 Conclusion 228\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.8 Future Directions 229\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAcknowledgment 230\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 230\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e9 Applications of Nanotechnology in the Harvesting of Solar Energy 239\u003cbr\u003e \u003c\/b\u003e\u003ci\u003eSeyede Mohaddese Mousavi, Zahra Sayah Alborzi, Saba Raveshiyan, and Younes Amini\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.1 Introduction 239\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.1.1 Overview of the Status of the Solar Energy 239\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.1.2 Nanotechnology Overview 240\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.2 Solar Harvesting Technology Using Nanomaterials 242\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.3 Various Modern Solar Harvesting Technologies 242\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.3.1 Solar Collectors 242\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.3.2 Fuel Cells 243\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.3.3 Photocatalysis 243\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.3.4 Solar Photovoltaics 246\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.4 Production Methods of Solar Cell Technology 247\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.4.1 First Generation Solar Cell: Silicon Solar Cells 247\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.4.2 Second Generation Solar Cells: Thin-film Solar Cell 248\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.4.3 Third Generation Solar Cells 250\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.5 Challenges in Using Nanotechnology 251\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.6 Conclusion 252\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 253\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e10 Tubular Solar Thermal System: Recent Development and Its Utilization 257\u003cbr\u003e \u003c\/b\u003e\u003ci\u003eArun Kumar Tiwari and Amit Kumar\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.1 Introduction 257\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.2 Different Tubular Solar System 258\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.2.1 Evacuated Tubular Collector 258\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.2.2 Tubular Solar Still 259\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.2.3 Tubular System for Concentrating Solar Power 262\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.3 Heat Transfer Fluid for the Tubular System 264\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.3.1 Nanofluid 264\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.3.2 Nano-enhanced Molten Salt 264\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.3.3 Liquid Metal 265\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.4 Conclusion 266\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 266\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e11 Nanofluids in Flat Plate Solar Collectors 273\u003cbr\u003e \u003c\/b\u003e\u003ci\u003eL. Syam Sundar and Zafar Said\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.1 Nanofluid in Flat Plate Collector 273\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.2 Introduction and Recent Advances of Flat Plate Collectors 273\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.3 Application of Nanofluids in the Flat Plate Collector 276\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.4 A Review of Studies Using Nanomaterials in Flat Pale Collector 281\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.5 Remarks and Future Scope 284\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.6 Conclusion 284\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 285\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e12 Recent Advances in the Simulation of Solar Photovoltaic Cell Cooling Systems Using Nanofluids 289\u003cbr\u003e \u003c\/b\u003e\u003ci\u003eJavad Mohammadpour and Fatemeh Salehi\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.1 Introduction 289\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.2 Photovoltaic Thermal (PVT) System 291\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.3 Performance Parameters 291\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.4 An Overview of Numerical Approaches 292\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.5 Previous Research on PVT Systems 294\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.5.1 PVT Nanofluid-Based Systems 294\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.5.2 PVT Multiple-Nanofluid-Based Systems 295\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.5.3 PVT\/ PCM Nanofluid-Based Systems 298\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.5.4 Economic Analysis in PVT Studies 299\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.6 Future Works 304\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.7 Conclusions 306\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 306\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e13 Multiphase Modeling of Powder Flow in an Ejector of Solar-driven Refrigeration System by Eulerian-Lagrangian Approach 313\u003cbr\u003e \u003c\/b\u003e\u003ci\u003eMohit Biglarian, Ahmadreza Najafi, Morsal Momeni Larimi, and Masih Parhizkari\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.1 Introduction 313\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.2 Governing Equations 314\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.2.1 Continuity Equation 314\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.2.2 Momentum Equation 314\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.3 Geometry Design and Meshing 315\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.3.1 Generation of the Model 315\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.3.2 Mesh Generation and Study 315\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.3.3 Grid Independency 318\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.3.4 Validation 319\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.4 Results 319\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.4.1 Optimization of the Nozzle 319\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.4.2 Investigation of the Relation between Outlet Velocity and Entrainment Parameter (N) 326\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.4.3 Unsteady Case 327\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.5 Conclusion 335\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eDeclaration of interests 335\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 335\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e14 Radiative Non-Newtonian Nanofluid Flow through Stretchable Disks: An Application to Solar Thermal Systems 337\u003cbr\u003e \u003c\/b\u003e\u003ci\u003eS. A. Shehzad, A. Rauf, and M. Omar\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.1 Introduction 337\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.2 Problem Formulation 339\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.3 Numerical Solution 343\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.4 Results and Discussion 344\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.5 Conclusions 351\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 352\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e15 Cooling of PV\/ T System with Nanofluid and PCM 355\u003cbr\u003e \u003c\/b\u003e\u003ci\u003eMohit Barthwal, Dibakar Rakshit, and Sujit Kr. Verma\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.1 Introduction 355\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.1.1 Overview 355\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.1.2 Need for Cooling of Photovoltaics 356\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.2 Application of Nanofluid and PCM for Cooling of PV\/T System 359\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.2.1 Nanofluids 359\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.2.2 Phase Change Materials 360\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.3 A Review of Studies Using Nanofluid and PCM for Cooling of PV\/T System 361\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.4 Remarks and Future Scope 374\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.5 Conclusion 376\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAcknowledgment 376\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 377\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e16 Revival of Functional Nanofluid Photothermal Materials for Solar Still Applications 381\u003cbr\u003e \u003c\/b\u003e\u003ci\u003eMuhammad Sultan Irshad, Naila Arshad, and Xianbao Wang\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.1 Nanofluid Based Solar Stills 381\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.2 General Factors for Efficient Solar Still 384\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.2.1 Environmental Factors 384\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.2.2 Physical Factors 385\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.3 Development and Modifications 386\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.3.1 Conventional Single-effect Solar Still 386\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.3.2 Solar Reflectors 387\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.3.3 Wicked Type Solar Stills 388\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.4 Application of Nanofluids in Solar Still 388\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.4.1 Methodologies for the Fabrication of Nanofluids 389\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.4.2 Optical Properties of Nanofluids 389\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.4.3 Photothermal of Nanofluids 391\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.5 Carbon-based Nanofluid 391\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.6 Metallic\/ Metal Oxide Nanofluids 392\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.7 Magnetic Nanofluids 394\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.8 Solar Thermal Collectors 395\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.9 Solar-driven Steam Generators 397\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.10 Remarks and Future Scope 398\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.11 Conclusion 399\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 400\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e17 Nanotechnology in Solar Lighting 403\u003cbr\u003e \u003c\/b\u003e\u003ci\u003eChao Shen, Changyun Ruan, and Guoquan lv\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.1 Optical Fiber Lighting Based on Sunlight 403\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.2 Radiation Properties of Nanoparticles 405\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.3 Spectral Control of Nanofluid 406\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.3.1 Full Spectrum Absorption Based on Nanofluids 406\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.3.2 Thermal\/Electrical Decoupling Control Based on Nanofluids 407\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.4 Design of a Solar Lighting\/Heating System 408\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.5 Selection of Nanofluids for the Solar Lighting\/Heating System 409\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.6 System Efficiency of the Solar Lighting\/Heating System 410\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.7 Spectral Characteristics of Output Light of the Solar Lighting\/Heating System 411\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.8 Future Research 413\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.9 Conclusion 414\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 415\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIndex 421\u003c\/p\u003e","brand":"John Wiley \u0026 Sons Inc","offers":[{"title":"Default Title","offer_id":49407153930583,"sku":"9781119791140","price":170.06,"currency_code":"GBP","in_stock":true}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0817\/1739\/5799\/files\/9781119791140.jpg?v=1730498358","url":"https:\/\/bookcurl.com\/products\/nanotechnology-applications-for-solar-energy-systems-9781119791140","provider":"Book Curl","version":"1.0","type":"link"}