{"product_id":"nano-and-cell-mechanics-9781118460399","title":"Nano and Cell Mechanics","description":"\u003cb\u003eBook Synopsis\u003c\/b\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003cp\u003eResearch in nano and cell mechanics has received much attention from the scientific community as a result of society needs and government initiatives to accelerate developments in materials, manufacturing, electronics, medicine and healthcare, energy, and the environment. Engineers and scientists are currently engaging in increasingly complex scientific problems that require interdisciplinary approaches. In this regard, studies in this field draw from fundamentals in atomistic scale phenomena, biology, statistical and continuum mechanics, and multiscale modeling and experimentation. As a result, contributions in these areas are spread over a large number of specialized journals, which prompted the Editors to assemble this book.\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003ci\u003eNano and Cell Mechanics: Fundamentals and Frontiers\u003c\/i\u003e brings together many of the new developments in the field for the first time, and covers fundamentals and frontiers in mechanics to accelerate developments in nano- and bio-technologies.\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003cb\u003eTable of Contents\u003c\/b\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eAbout the Editors xiii\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eList of Contributors xv\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eForeword xix\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSeries Preface xxi\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003ePreface xxiii\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003ePart One BIOLOGICAL PHENOMENA\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e1 Cell–Receptor Interactions 3\u003c\/b\u003e\u003cbr\u003e \u003ci\u003eDavid Lepzelter and Muhammad Zaman\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.1 Introduction 3\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.2 Mechanics of Integrins 4\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.3 Two-Dimensional Adhesion 7\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.4 Two-Dimensional Motility 9\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.5 Three-Dimensional Adhesion 11\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.6 Three-Dimensional Motility 12\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.7 Apoptosis and Survival Signaling 13\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.8 Cell Differentiation Signaling 13\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.9 Conclusions 14\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 15\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e2 Regulatory Mechanisms of Kinesin and Myosin Motor Proteins: Inspiration for Improved Control of Nanomachines 19\u003c\/b\u003e\u003cbr\u003e \u003ci\u003eSarah Rice\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.1 Introduction 19\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.2 Generalized Mechanism of Cytoskeletal Motors 19\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.3 Switch I: A Controller of Motor Protein and G Protein Activation 21\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.4 Calcium-Binding Regulators of Myosins and Kinesins 23\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.5 Phospho-Regulation of Kinesin and Myosin Motors 262.6 Cooperative Action of Kinesin and Myosin Motors as a “Regulator” 28\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.7 Conclusion 29\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 30\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e3 Neuromechanics: The Role of Tension in Neuronal Growth and Memory 35\u003cbr\u003e \u003c\/b\u003e\u003ci\u003eWylie W. Ahmed, Jagannathan Rajagopalan, Alireza Tofangchi, and Taher A. Saif\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.1 Introduction 35\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.1.1 What is a Neuron? 36\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.1.2 How Does a Neuron Function? 38\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.1.3 How Does a Neuron Grow? 40\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.2 Tension in Neuronal Growth 41\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.2.1 In Vitro Measurements of Tension in Neurons 41\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.2.2 In Vivo Measurements of Tension in Neurons 43\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.2.3 Role of Tension in Structural Development 45\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.3 Tension in Neuron Function 48\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.3.1 Tension Increases Neurotransmission 48\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.3.2 Tension Affects Vesicle Dynamics 48\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.4 Modeling the Mechanical Behavior of Axons 52\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.5 Outlook 58\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 58\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003ePart Two NANOSCALE PHENOMENA\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e4 Fundamentals of Roughness-Induced Superhydrophobicity 65\u003c\/b\u003e\u003cbr\u003e \u003ci\u003eNeelesh A. Patankar\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.1 Background and Motivation 65\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.2 Thermodynamic Analysis: Classical Problem (Hydrophobic to Superhydrophobic) 67\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.2.1 Problem Formulation 68\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.2.2 The Cassie–Baxter State 71\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.2.3 Predicting Transition from Cassie–Baxter to Wenzel State 73\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.2.4 The Apparent Contact Angle of the Drop 77\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.2.5 Modeling Hysteresis 79\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.3 Thermodynamic Analysis: Classical Problem (Hydrophilic to Superhydrophobic) 84\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.4 Thermodynamic Analysis: Vapor Stabilization 86\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.5 Applications and Future Challenges 90\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAcknowledgments 91\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 91\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e5 Multiscale Experimental Mechanics of Hierarchical Carbon-Based Materials 95\u003c\/b\u003e\u003cbr\u003e \u003ci\u003eHoracio D. Espinosa, Tobin Filleter, and Mohammad Naraghi\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.1 Introduction 95\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.2 Multiscale Experimental Tools 97\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.2.1 Revealing Atomic-Level Mechanics: In-Situ TEM Methods 98\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.2.2 Measuring Ultralow Forces: AFM Methods 101\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.2.3 Investigating Shear Interactions: In-Situ SEM\/AFM Methods 102\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.2.4 Collective and Local Behavior: Micromechanical Testing Methods 103\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.3 Hierarchical Carbon-Based Materials 106\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.3.1 Weak Shear Interactions between Adjacent Graphitic Layers 106\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.3.2 Cross-linking Adjacent Graphitic Layers 110\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.3.3 Local Mechanical Properties of CNT\/Graphene Composites 113\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.3.4 High Volume Fraction CNT Fibers and Composites 115\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.4 Concluding Remarks 120\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 123\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e6 Mechanics of Nanotwinned Hierarchical Metals 129\u003cbr\u003e \u003c\/b\u003e\u003ci\u003eXiaoyan Li and Huajian Gao\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.1 Introduction and Overview 129\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.1.1 Nanotwinned Materials 130\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.1.2 Numerical Modeling of Nanotwinned Metals 132\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.2 Microstructural Characterization and Mechanical Properties of Nanotwinned Materials 134\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.2.1 Structure of Coherent Twin Boundary 134\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.2.2 Microstructures of Nanotwinned Materials 135\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.2.3 Mechanical and Physical Properties of Nanotwinned Metals 137\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.3 Deformation Mechanisms in Nanotwinned Metals 145\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.3.1 Interaction between Dislocations and Twin Boundaries 146\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.3.2 Strengthening and Softening Mechanisms in Nanotwinned Metals 147\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.3.3 Fracture of Nanotwinned Copper 155\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.4 Concluding Remarks 156\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 157\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e7 Size-Dependent Strength in Single-Crystalline Metallic Nanostructures 163\u003c\/b\u003e\u003cbr\u003e \u003ci\u003eJulia R. Greer\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.1 Introduction 163\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.2 Background 164\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.2.1 Experimental Foundation 164\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.2.2 Models 167\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.3 Sample Fabrication 170\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.3.1 FIB Approach 170\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.3.2 Directional Solidification and Etching 172\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.3.3 Templated Electroplating 173\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.3.4 Nanoimprinting 173\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.3.5 Vapor–Liquid–Solid Growth 174\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.3.6 Nanowire Growth 175\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.4 Uniaxial Deformation Experiments 175\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.4.1 Nanoindenter-Based Systems (Ex Situ) 176\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.4.2 In-Situ Systems 176\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.5 Discussion and Outlook on Size-Dependent Strength in Single-Crystalline Metals 178\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.5.1 Cubic Crystals 178\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.5.2 Non-Cubic Single Crystals 183\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.6 Conclusions and Outlook 184\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 185\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003ePart Three EXPERIMENTATION\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e8 In-Situ TEM Electromechanical Testing of Nanowires and Nanotubes 193\u003c\/b\u003e\u003cbr\u003e \u003ci\u003eHoracio D. Espinosa, Rodrigo A. Bernal, and Tobin Filleter\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.1 Introduction 193\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.1.1 Relevance of Mechanical and Electromechanical Testing for One-Dimensional Nanostructures 194\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.1.2 Mechanical and Electromechanical Characterization of Nanostructures: The Need for In-Situ TEM 196\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.2 In-Situ TEM Experimental Methods 197\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.2.1 Overview of TEM Specimen Holders 199\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.2.2 Methods for Mechanical and Electromechanical Testing of Nanowires and Nanotubes 200\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.2.3 Sample Preparation for TEM of One-Dimensional Nanostructures 208\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.3 Capabilities of In-Situ TEM Applied to One-Dimensional Nanostructures 212\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.3.1 HRTEM 212\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.3.2 Diffraction 216\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.3.3 Analytical Techniques 217\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.3.4 In-Situ Specimen Modification 218\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.4 Summary and Outlook 220\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAcknowledgments 221\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 221\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e9 Engineering Nano-Probes for Live-Cell Imaging of Gene Expression 227\u003cbr\u003e Gang Bao, Brian Wile, and Andrew Tsourkas\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.1 Introduction 227\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.2 Molecular Probes for RNA Detection 229\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.2.1 Fluorescent Linear Probes 229\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.2.2 Linear FRET Probes 232\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.2.3 Quenched Auto-ligation Probes 233\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.2.4 Molecular Beacons 234\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.2.5 Dual-FRET Molecular Beacons 236\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.2.6 Fluorescent Protein-Based Probes 237\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.3 Probe Design, Imaging, and Biological Issues 239\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.3.1 Specificity of Molecular Beacons 239\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.3.2 Fluorophores, Quenchers, and Signal-to-Background 241\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.3.3 Target Accessibility 242\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.4 Delivery of Molecular Beacons 244\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.4.1 Microinjection 245\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.4.2 Cationic Transfection Agents 245\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.4.3 Electroporation 245\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.4.4 Chemical Permeabilization 246\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.4.5 Cell-Penetrating Peptide 246\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.5 Engineering Challenges and Future Directions 248\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAcknowledgments 249\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 249\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e10 Towards High-Throughput Cell Mechanics Assays for Research and Clinical Applications 255\u003c\/b\u003e\u003cbr\u003e \u003ci\u003eDavid R. Myers, Daniel A. Fletcher, and Wilbur A. Lam\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.1 Cell Mechanics Overview 255\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.1.1 Cell Cytoskeleton and Cell-Sensing Overview 256\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.1.2 Forces Applied by Cells 259\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.1.3 Cell Responses to Force and Environment 260\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.1.4 General Principles of Combined Mechanical and Biological Measurements 261\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.2 Bulk Assays 262\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.2.1 Microfiltration 262\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.2.2 Rheometry 264\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.2.3 Ektacytometry 266\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.2.4 Parallel-Plate Flow Chambers 267\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.3 Single-Cell Techniques 268\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.3.1 Micropipette Aspiration 268\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.3.2 Atomic Force Microscopy 270\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.3.3 Microplate Stretcher 272\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.3.4 Optical Tweezers 273\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.4 Existing High-Throughput Cell Mechanical-Based Assays 274\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.4.1 Optical Stretchers 274\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.4.2 Traction Force Microscopy via Bead-Embedded Gels 275\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.4.3 Traction Force Microscopy via Micropost Arrays 275\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.4.4 Substrate Stretching Assays 277\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.4.5 Magnetic Twisting Cytometry 277\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.4.6 Microfluidic Pore and Deformation Assays 278\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.5 Cell Mechanical Properties and Diseases 280\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 284\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e11 Microfabricated Technologies for Cell Mechanics Studies 293\u003c\/b\u003e\u003cbr\u003e \u003ci\u003eSri Ram K. Vedula, Man C. Leong, and Chwee T. Lim\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.1 Introduction 293\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.2 Microfabrication Techniques 294\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.2.1 Photolithography and Soft Lithography 294\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.2.2 Microphotopatterning (μPP) 297\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.3 Applications to Cell Mechanics 298\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.3.1 Micropatterned Substrates 298\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.3.2 Micropillared Substrates 301\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.3.3 Microfluidic Devices 304\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.4 Conclusions 307\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 307\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003ePart Four MODELING\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e12 Atomistic Reaction Pathway Sampling: The Nudged Elastic BandMethod and Nanomechanics Applications 313\u003c\/b\u003e\u003cbr\u003e \u003ci\u003eTing Zhu, Ju Li, and Sidney Yip\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.1 Introduction 313\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.1.1 Reaction Pathway Sampling in Nanomechanics 314\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.1.2 Extending the Time Scale in Atomistic Simulation 314\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.1.3 Transition-State Theory 315\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.2 The NEB Method for Stress-Driven Problems 315\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.2.1 The NEB method 315\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.2.2 The Free-End NEB Method 317\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.2.3 Stress-Dependent Activation Energy and Activation Volume 320\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.2.4 Activation Entropy and Meyer–Neldel Compensation Rule 322\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.3 Nanomechanics Case Studies 324\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.3.1 Crack Tip Dislocation Emission 324\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.3.2 Stress-Mediated Chemical Reactions 326\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.3.3 Bridging Modeling with Experiment 327\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.3.4 Temperature and Strain-Rate Dependence of Dislocation Nucleation 329\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.3.5 Size and Loading Effects on Fracture 330\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.4 A Perspective on Microstructure Evolution at Long Times 332\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.4.1 Sampling TSP Trajectories 333\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.4.2 Nanomechanics in Problems of Materials Ageing 334\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 336\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e13 Mechanics of Curvilinear Electronics 339\u003c\/b\u003e\u003cbr\u003e \u003ci\u003eShuodao Wang, Jianliang Xiao, Jizhou Song, Yonggang Huang, and John A. Rogers\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.1 Introduction 339\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.2 Deformation of Elastomeric Transfer Elements during Wrapping Processes 342\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.2.1 Strain Distribution in Stretched Elastomeric Transfer Elements 342\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.2.2 Deformed Shape of Elastomeric Transfer Elements 344\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.3 Buckling of Interconnect Bridges 347\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.4 Maximum Strain in the Circuit Mesh 351\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.5 Concluding Remarks 355\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAcknowledgments 355\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 355\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e14 Single-Molecule Pulling: Phenomenology and Interpretation 359\u003c\/b\u003e\u003cbr\u003e \u003ci\u003eIgnacio Franco, Mark A. Ratner, and George C. Schatz\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.1 Introduction 359\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.2 Force–Extension Behavior of Single Molecules 360\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.3 Single-Molecule Thermodynamics 364\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.3.1 Free Energy Profile of the Molecule Plus Cantilever 365\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.3.2 Extracting the Molecular Potential of Mean Force φ(ξ ) 366\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.3.3 Estimating Force–Extension Behavior from φ(ξ ) 369\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.4 Modeling Single-Molecule Pulling Using Molecular Dynamics 370\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.4.1 Basic Computational Setup 370\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.4.2 Modeling Strategies 371\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.4.3 Examples 373\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.5 Interpretation of Pulling Phenomenology 376\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.5.1 Basic Structure of the Molecular Potential of Mean Force 377\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.5.2 Mechanical Instability 378\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.5.3 Dynamical Bistability 381\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.6 Summary 384\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAcknowledgments 385\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 385\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e15 Modeling and Simulation of Hierarchical Protein Materials 389\u003cbr\u003e \u003c\/b\u003e\u003ci\u003eTristan Giesa, Graham Bratzel, and Markus J. Buehler\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.1 Introduction 389\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.2 Computational and Theoretical Tools 391\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.2.1 Molecular Simulation from Chemistry Upwards 391\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.2.2 Mesoscale Methods for Modeling Larger Length and Time Scales 392\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.2.3 Mathematical Approaches to Biomateriomics 394\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.3 Case Studies 400\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.3.1 Atomistic and Mesoscale Protein Folding and Deformation in Spider Silk 400\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.3.2 Coarse-Grained Modeling of Actin Filaments 402\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.3.3 Category Theoretical Abstraction of a Protein Material and Analogy to an Office Network 403\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.4 Discussion and Conclusion 406\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAcknowledgments 406\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 406\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e16 Geometric Models of Protein Secondary-Structure Formation 411\u003c\/b\u003e\u003cbr\u003e \u003ci\u003eHendrik Hansen-Goos and Seth Lichter\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.1 Introduction 411\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.2 Hydrophobic Effect 412\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.2.1 Variable Hydrogen-Bond Strength 415\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.3 Prior Numerical and Coarse-Grained Models 415\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.4 Geometry-Based Modeling: The Tube Model 416\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.4.1 Motivation 416\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.4.2 Impenetrable Tube Models 417\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.4.3 Including Finite-Sized Particles Surrounding the Protein 419\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.4.4 Models Using Real Protein Structure 421\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.5 Morphometric Approach to Solvation Effects 422\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.5.1 Hadwiger’s Theorem 422\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.5.2 Applications 424\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.6 Discussion, Conclusions, Future Work 429\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.6.1 Results 429\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.6.2 Discussion and Speculations 430\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAcknowledgments 433\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 433\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e17 Multiscale Modeling for the Vascular Transport of Nanoparticles 437\u003c\/b\u003e\u003cbr\u003e \u003ci\u003eShaolie S. Hossain, Adrian M. Kopacz, Yongjie Zhang, Sei-Young Lee, Tae-Rin Lee, Mauro Ferrari, Thomas J.R. Hughes, Wing Kam Liu, and Paolo Decuzzi\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.1 Introduction 437\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.2 Modeling the Dynamics of NPs in the Macrocirculation 438\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.2.1 The 3D Reconstruction of the Patient-Specific Vasculature 439\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.2.2 Modeling the Vascular Flow and Wall Adhesion of NPs 440\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.2.3 Modeling NP Transport across the Arterial Wall and Drug Release 440\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.3 Modeling the NP Dynamics in the Microcirculation 448\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.3.1 Semi-analytical Models for the NP Transport 449\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.3.2 An IFEM for NP and Cell Transport 452\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.4 Conclusions 456\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAcknowledgments 456\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 457\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIndex 461\u003c\/p\u003e","brand":"John Wiley \u0026 Sons Inc","offers":[{"title":"Default Title","offer_id":49528829870423,"sku":"9781118460399","price":107.0,"currency_code":"GBP","in_stock":true}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0817\/1739\/5799\/files\/9781118460399.jpg?v=1731873184","url":"https:\/\/bookcurl.com\/products\/nano-and-cell-mechanics-9781118460399","provider":"Book Curl","version":"1.0","type":"link"}