{"product_id":"multiphoton-lithography-techniques-materials-and-applications-9783527337170","title":"Multiphoton Lithography: Techniques, Materials, and Applications","description":"\u003cb\u003eBook Synopsis\u003c\/b\u003e\u003cbr\u003eThis first book on this fascinating, interdisciplinary topic meets the much-felt need for an up-to-date overview of the field.\u003cbr\u003e Written with both beginners and professionals in mind, this ready reference begins with an introductory section explaining the basics of the various multi-photon and photochemical processes together with a description of the equipment needed. A team of leading international experts provides the latest research results on such materials as new photoinitiators, hybrid photopolymers, and metallic carbon nanotube composites. They also cover promising applications and prospective trends, including photonic crystals, microfluidic devices, biological scaffolds, metamaterials, waveguides, and functionalized hydrogels. \u003cbr\u003e By bringing together the essentials for both industrial and academic researchers, this is an invaluable companion for materials scientists, polymer chemists, surface chemists, surface physicists, biophysicists, and medical scientists working with 3D micro- and nanostructures.\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003cb\u003eTable of Contents\u003c\/b\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003cp\u003eList of Contributors XI\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eForeword XVII\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIntroduction XIX\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003ePart I Principles of Multiphoton Absorption 1\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e1 Rapid Laser Optical Printing in 3D at a Nanoscale 3\u003c\/b\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003ci\u003eAlbertas Žukauskas, Mangirdas Malinauskas, Gediminas Seniutinas, and Saulius Juodkazis\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.1 Introduction 3\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.2 3D (Nano)polymerization: Linear Properties 4\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.2.1 Photocure andThermal Cure of Photoresists 5\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.2.2 Tight Light Focusing 6\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.2.3 Optical Properties at High Excitation: From Solid to Plasma 8\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.2.4 Heat Accumulation 10\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.3 3D (Nano)polymerization: Nonlinear Properties 13\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.3.1 Strongest Optical Nonlinearities 13\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.3.2 Avalanche Versus Multiphoton Excitation 15\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.4 Discussion 17\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.5 Conclusions and Outlook 18\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAcknowledgments 19\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 19\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e2 Characterization of 2PA Chromophores 25\u003c\/b\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003ci\u003eEricW. Van Stryland and David J. Hagan\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.1 Introduction 25\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.2 Description of Nonlinear Absorption and Refraction Processes 26\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.2.1 Two-Photon Absorption and Bound-Electronic Nonlinear Refraction 26\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.2.2 Excited-State Absorption and Refraction 28\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.3 Methods for Measurements of NLA and NLR 31\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.3.1 Direct Methods 31\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.3.1.1 Nonlinear Transmission 31\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.3.1.2 Z-Scan 32\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.3.1.3 Determining Nonlinear Response from Pulse-width Dependence of Z-Scans 39\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.3.1.4 White-Light-Continuum Z-Scan (WLC Z-Scan) 41\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.3.1.5 Other Variants of the Z-Scan Method 43\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.3.2 Indirect Methods 45\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.3.2.1 Excitation–Probe Methods 45\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.3.2.2 White-Light-Continuum (WLC) Excite–Probe Spectroscopy 48\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.3.2.3 Degenerate Four-Wave Mixing (DFWM) 51\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.3.2.4 Two-Photon-Absorption-Induced Fluorescence Spectroscopy 53\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.3.2.5 Fluorescence Anisotropy 55\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.4 Examples of Use of Multiple Techniques 55\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.4.1 Squaraine Dye 56\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.4.2 Tetraone Dye 57\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.5 Other Methods 59\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.6 Conclusion 60\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAcknowledgments 60\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 60\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e3 Modeling of Polymerization Processes 65\u003c\/b\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003ci\u003eAlexander Pikulin and Nikita Bityurin\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.1 Introduction 65\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.2 Basic Laser Polymerization Chemistry and Kinetic Equations 66\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.3 Phenomenological PolymerizationThreshold and Spatial Resolution 69\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.4 Effect of Fluctuations on the Minimum Feature Size 75\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.5 Diffusion of Molecules 83\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.5.1 Diffusion of the Growing Chains 84\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.5.2 Diffusion of Inhibitor: Diffusion-Assisted Direct LaserWriting 86\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.6 Conclusion 90\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAcknowledgements 91\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 91\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003ePart II Equipment and Techniques\u003c\/b\u003e 95\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e4 Light Sources and Systems for Multiphoton Lithography 97\u003c\/b\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003ci\u003eUlf Hinze and Boris Chichkov\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.1 Laser Light Sources 97\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.2 Ultrashort-Pulse Lasers 98\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.3 Laboratory Systems and Processing Strategy 100\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.4 Further Processing Considerations 105\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 108\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e5 STED-Inspired Approaches to Resolution Enhancement 111\u003c\/b\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003ci\u003eJohn T. Fourkas\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.1 Introduction 111\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.2 Stimulated Emission Depletion Fluorescence Microscopy 113\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.3 Stimulated Emission Depletion in Multiphoton Lithography 117\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.4 Photoinhibition 122\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.5 Inhibition Based on Photoinduced Electron Transfer 123\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.6 Absorbance Modulation Lithography 126\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.7 Challenges for Two-Color, Two-Photon Lithography 127\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.8 Conclusions 128\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAcknowledgments 128\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 128\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003ePart III Materials 133\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e6 Photoinitiators for Multiphoton Absorption Lithography 135\u003c\/b\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003ci\u003eMei-Ling Zheng and Xuan-Ming Duan\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.1 Introduction for Photoinitiators for Multiphoton Absorption Lithography 135\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.1.1 Multiphoton Absorption Lithography 135\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.1.2 Photoinitiators for Multiphoton Absorption Lithography 135\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.1.2.1 History of the Design of Two-Photon Initiators 135\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.1.2.2 Property of Two-Photon Initiators 136\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.1.3 Characterization of Two-Photon Initiators 137\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.1.4 Molecular Design for Photoinitiators 140\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.2 Centrosymmetric Photoinitiators 141\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.3 Noncentrosymmetric Photoinitiators 153\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.4 Application of Photoinitiators in Multiphoton Absorption Lithography 156\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.5 Conclusion 162\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAcknowledgment 163\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 163\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e7 Hybrid Materials for Multiphoton Polymerization 167\u003c\/b\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003ci\u003eAlexandros Selimis and Maria Farsari\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.1 Introduction 167\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.2 Sol–Gel Preparation 168\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.3 Silicate Hybrid Materials 169\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.4 Composite Hybrid Materials 171\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.5 Surface and Bulk Functionalization 173\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.6 Replication 175\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.7 Conclusions 176\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 176\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e8 Photopolymers for Multiphoton Lithography in Biomaterials and Hydrogels 183\u003c\/b\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003ci\u003eMark W. Tibbitt, Jared A. Shadish, and Cole A. DeForest\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.1 Introduction 183\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.2 Multiphoton Lithography (MPL) for Photopolymerization 186\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.3 MPL Equipment for Biomaterial Fabrication 188\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.4 Chemistry for MPL Photopolymerizations 189\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.4.1 Photopolymerization 189\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.4.2 Photoinitiator Selection 191\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.4.3 Photopolymer Chemistries 193\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.4.3.1 Macromer Chemistries 193\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.4.3.2 Photochemical Polymerization and Degradation 194\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.5 Biomaterial Fabrication 202\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.6 Biomaterial Modulation 203\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.7 Biological Design Constraints 206\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.8 Biologic Questions 208\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.9 Outlook 209\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 210\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e9 Multiphoton Processing of Composite Materials and Functionalization of 3D Structures 221\u003c\/b\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003ci\u003eCasey M. Schwarz, Christopher N. Grabill, Jennefir L. Digaum, Henry E.Williams, and Stephen M. Kuebler\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.1 Overview 221\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.2 Polymer–Organic Composites 225\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.2.1 Fluorescent-Dye-Doped Organic Microstructures 225\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.2.2 Organic Composites for Lasing Microstructures 227\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.2.3 Organic Composites for Electrically Conductive Microstructures 227\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.2.4 Other Optically Active Microstructures 229\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.3 Multiphoton Processing of Oxide-Based Materials 230\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.3.1 Titanium Dioxide 231\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.3.2 Zinc Oxide 231\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.3.3 Zirconium Dioxide 232\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.3.4 Iron Oxide 232\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.3.5 Tin Dioxide 233\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.3.6 Germanium Dioxide 234\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.3.7 Silicon Dioxide 234\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.4 Multiphoton Processing of Metallic Composites and Materials 235\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.4.1 Thermal Evaporation 236\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.4.2 e-Beam Evaporation 236\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.4.3 Magnetron Sputtering 236\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.4.4 Chemical Vapor Deposition 237\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.4.5 Functionalization by Attachment of Nanoparticles 238\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.4.6 Electroless Metallization from Solution 239\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.4.7 Multiphoton Lithography of Nanoparticles Supported in a Polymer Matrix 242\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.4.8 DirectWriting of Continuous-Metal Microstructures 244\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.4.9 Metal Backfilling by Electroplating 245\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.5 Multiphoton Processing of Semiconductor Composites and Materials 246\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.5.1 Structures Functionalized with Nanoparticles 246\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.5.2 Structures Functionalized using NP–Polymer Composites 246\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.5.3 Structures Functionalized by In Situ NP Formation 247\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.5.4 Structures Functionalized by NP Coating 248\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.5.5 Structures Functionalized by Silicon Inversion 250\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.5.6 Functional Structures Fabricated in Bulk Chalcogenide Glasses 252\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.5.7 Structures Fabricated in ChG Film 252\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.5.8 Structures Fabricated in ChG–NP Composites 254\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.6 Conclusion 254\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAcknowledgments 255\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 255\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003ePart IV Applications 265\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e10 Fabrication ofWaveguides and Other Optical Elements by Multiphoton Lithography 267\u003c\/b\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003ci\u003eSamuel Clark Ligon, Josef Kumpfmüller, Niklas Pucher, Jürgen Stampfl, and Robert Liska\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.1 Introduction 267\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.2 Acrylate Monomers for Multiphoton Lithography 268\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.3 Thiol–Ene Resins 277\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.4 Sol–Gel-Derived Resins 280\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.5 Cationic Polymerization and Stereolithography 284\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.6 Materials Based on Multiphoton Photochromism 287\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.7 Conclusions 292\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAcknowledgments 292\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 292\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e11 Fabricating Nano and Microstructures Made by Narrow Bandgap Semiconductors and Metals using Multiphoton Lithography 297\u003c\/b\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003ci\u003eMin Gu, Zongsong Gan, and Yaoyu Cao\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.1 Introduction 297\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.2 Fabrication of 3D Structures Made by PbSe with Multiphoton Lithography 298\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.2.1 Challenges of Multiphoton Lithography with Top-Down Approach for Narrow Electronic Bandgap Semiconductors 298\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.2.2 Photoresin Development 299\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.2.3 Two-Photon Lithography of PbSe Structures 302\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.2.4 Confirmation of PbSe Formation 303\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.3 Fabrication of Silver Structures with Multiphoton Lithography 304\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.3.1 Principle of Resolution Improvement by Increasing Photosensitivity in Photoreduction 305\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.3.2 Photosensitivity Enhancement by Tuning LaserWavelength 305\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.3.3 Dot Size Model Based on Photosensitivity 308\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.3.4 Further Increase the Photosensitivity with an Electron Donor 310\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.4 Conclusions 310\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAcknowledgments 312\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 312\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e12 Microfluidic Devices Produced by Two-Photon-Induced Polymerization 315\u003c\/b\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003ci\u003eShoji Maruo\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.1 Introduction 315\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.2 Fabrication of Movable Micromachines 316\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.3 Optically Driven Micromachines 320\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.4 Microfluidic Devices Driven by a Scanning Laser Beam 325\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.5 Microfluidic Devices Driven by a Focused Laser Beam 327\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.6 Microfluidic Devices Driven by an Optical Vortex 330\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.7 Future Prospects 331\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 332\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e13 Nanoreplication Printing and Nanosurface Processing 335\u003c\/b\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003ci\u003eChristopher N. LaFratta\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.1 Introduction: Limitations of Multiphoton Lithography 335\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.2 Micro-transfer Molding (μTM) 336\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.3 μTM of Complex Geometries 338\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.4 Nano-replication of Other Materials 339\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.5 Nanosurface Metallization Processing 342\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.6 Nanosurface Structuring via Ablation 344\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.7 Conclusion and Future Directions 349\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 351\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003ePart V Biological Applications 353\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e14 Three-Dimensional Microstructures for Biological Applications 355\u003c\/b\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003ci\u003eAdriano J. G. Otuka, Vinicius Tribuzi, Daniel S. Correa, and Cleber R. Mendonça\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.1 Introduction 355\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.2 3D Structures for Cells Studies 357\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.3 Biocompatible Materials 363\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.4 Scaffolds for Bacterial Investigation 368\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.5 Microstructures for Drug Delivery 371\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.6 Final Remarks 374\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 374\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIndex 377\u003c\/p\u003e","brand":"Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH","offers":[{"title":"Default Title","offer_id":53196948603223,"sku":"9783527337170","price":125.35,"currency_code":"GBP","in_stock":false}],"url":"https:\/\/bookcurl.com\/products\/multiphoton-lithography-techniques-materials-and-applications-9783527337170","provider":"Book Curl","version":"1.0","type":"link"}