{"product_id":"modern-biotechnology-9780470114858","title":"Modern Biotechnology","description":"\u003cb\u003eBook Synopsis\u003c\/b\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003cb\u003eA unique resource for the next generation of biotech innovators\u003c\/b\u003e  \u003cp\u003eEnabling everything from the deciphering of the human genome to environmentally friendly biofuels to lifesaving new pharmaceuticals, biotechnology has blossomed as an area of discovery and opportunity. Modern Biotechnology provides a much-needed introduction connecting the latest innovations in this area to key engineering fundamentals. With an unmatched level of coverage, this unique resource prepares a wide range of readers for the practical application of biotechnology in biopharmaceuticals, biofuels, and other bioproducts.\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eOrganized into fourteen sections, reflecting a typical semester course, Modern Biotechnology covers such key topics as:\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cul\u003e \u003cli\u003e \u003cp\u003eMetabolic engineering\u003c\/p\u003e \u003c\/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e \u003cp\u003eEnzymes and enzyme kinetics\u003c\/p\u003e \u003c\/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e \u003cp\u003eBiocatalysts and other new bioproducts\u003c\/p\u003e \u003c\/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e \u003cp\u003eCell fusion\u003c\/p\u003e \u003c\/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e \u003cp\u003eGenetic engineering, DNA, RNA, and genes\u003c\/p\u003e \u003c\/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e \u003cp\u003eGenomes and geno\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003cb\u003eTrade Review\u003c\/b\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\"Regardless, if one is specifically interested in quantitative microbial biotechnology, then this is a great, concise, and informative Textbook.\" (The Quarterly Review of Biology, 1 December 2011)  \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003cb\u003eTable of Contents\u003c\/b\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003cb\u003e1. BIOTECHNOLOGY.\u003c\/b\u003e  \u003cp\u003eIntroduction.\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe Directed Manipulation of Genes Distinguishes the New Biotechnology From Prior Biotechnology.\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eGrowth of The New Biotechnology Industry Depends on Venture Capital.\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSubmerged Fermentations Are the Industry’s Bioprocessing Cornerstone.\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eOil Prices Affect Parts Of the Fermentation Industry.\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eGrowth of the Antibiotic\/Pharmaceutical Industry.\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe Existence of Antibiotics Was Recognized in 1877.\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003ePenicillin Was The First Antibiotic Suitable for Human Systemic Use.\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eGenesis of the Antibiotic Industry.\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eOther Antibiotics Were Quickly Discovered After the Introduction of Penicillin.\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eDiscovery and Scale-up Are Synergistic in the Development of Pharmaceutical Products.\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe Success of the Pharmaceutical Industry In Research, Development and Engineering Contributed to Rapid Growth but Also Resulted in Challenges.\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eGrowth of the Amino Acid\/Acidulant Fermentation Industry.\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eProduction of Monosodium Glutamate (MSG via Fermentation.\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe Impact of Glutamic Acid Bacteria on Monosodium Glutamate Cost Was Dramatic.\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAuxotrophic and Regulatory Mutants Enabled Production of Other Amino Acids.\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003ePrices and Volumes Are Inversely Related.\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eBiochemical Engineers Have a Key Function in All Aspects of the Development Process for Microbial Fermentation.\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eBibliography.\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eHomework Problems.\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e2. NEW BIOTECHNOLOGY.\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIntroduction.\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eGrowth of The Biopharmaceutical Industry.\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe Biopharmaceutical Industry Is in the Early Part of Its Life Cycle.\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eDiscovery of Type II Restriction Endonucleases Opened A New Era in Biotechnology.\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR Is An Enzyme Mediated, In vitro Amplification of DNA.\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eImpacts of the New Biotechnology on Biopharmaceuticals, Genomics, Plant Biotechnology and Bioproducts.\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eBiotechnology Developments Have Accelerated Biological Research.\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eDrug Discovery Has Benefited From Biotechnology Research Tools.\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe Fusing of Mouse Spleen Cells with T-Cells Facilitated Production of Antibodies.\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eRegulatory Issues Add to The Time Required to Bringing a New Product to Market.\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eNew Biotechnology Methods Enable Rapid Identification Of Genes and Their Protein Products.\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eGenomics Is the Scientific Discipline of Mapping, Sequencing, and Analyzing Genomes.\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eProducts From the New Plant Biotechnology Are Changing The Structure of Large Companies That Sell Agricultural Chemicals.\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eBioproducts from Genetically Engineered Microorganisms Will Become Economically Important to the Fermentation Industry.\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eBibliography.\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eHomework Problems.\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e3. BIOPRODUCTS AND BIOFUELS.\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIntroduction.\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eBiocatalysis and the Growth of Industrial Enzymes.\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eGlucose Isomerase Catalyzed the Birth of A New Process For Sugar Production From Corn.\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIdentification of a Thermally Stable Glucose Isomerase and An Inexpensive Inducer Was Needed For An Industrial Process.\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe Demand for High Fructose Corn Syrup (HFCS Resulted in Large Scale Use of Immobilized Enzymes and Liquid Chromatography.\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eRapid Growth of HFCS Market Share Was Enabled by Large Scale Liquid Chromatography and Propelled by Record High Sugar Prices.\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eBiocatalysts Are Used in Fine Chemical Manufacture.\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eGrowth of Renewable Resources As A Source of Specialty Products and Industrial Chemicals.\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eA Wide Range of Technologies Are Needed to Reduce Costs For Converting Cellulosic Substrates to Value-Added Bioproducts.\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eRenewable Resources Are A Source of Natural Plant Chemicals.\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eBioseparations Are Important To the Extraction, Recovery, and Purification of Plant Derived Products.\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eBioprocess Engineering and Economics.\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eBioseparations and Bioprocess Engineering.\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eBibliography.\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eHomework Problems.\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e4. MICROBIAL FERMENTATIONS.\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIntroduction.\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eFermentations Are Carried Out In Flasks, Glass Vessels, and Specially Designed Stainless Steel Tanks.\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eMicrobial Cells Are Either Prokaryotes or Eucaryotes.\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eClassification of Microorganisms are Based on Kingdoms.\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eProkaryotes are Important Industrial Microorganisms.\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eEukaryotes Are Used Industrially to Produce Ethanol Antibiotics, and Biotherapeutic Proteins.\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eWild Type Organisms Find Broad Industrial Use.\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eMicrobial Culture Requires That Energy and All Components Needed for Cell Growth Be Provided.\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eMedia Components and Their Function (Complex and Defined Media).\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eCarbon Sources Provide Energy, and Sometimes Provide Oxygen.\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eComplex Media Have a Known Basic Composition but a Chemical Composition That is Not Completely Defined.\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIndustrial Fermentation Broths May Have a High Initial Carbon (Sugar Content (Ethanol Fermentation Example).\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe Accumulation of Fermentation Products Is Proportional to Cell Mass In The Bioreactor.\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eA Microbial Fermentation is Characterized by Distinct Phases of Growth.\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eExpressions for Cell Growth Rate are Based on Doubling Time.\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eProducts of Microbial Culture Are Classified In Relation To Their Energy Metabolism (Type I, II and III Fermentations).\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eProduct Yields Are Calculated From the Stoichiometry of Biological Reactions (Yield Coefficients).\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe Embden-Meyerhof Glycolysis and Citric Acid Cycles Are Regulated By The Relative Balance of ATP, ADP and AMP In The Cell.\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eBibliography.\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eHomework Problems.\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e5. MODELING AND SIMULATION.\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIntroduction.\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSimpson’s Rule.\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eFourth-Order Runge-Kutta Method.\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eRunge-Kutta Technique Requires that Higher Order Equations be reduced to 1st Order ODEs to Obtain Their Solution.\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSystems of First Order ODE’s Are Represented in Vector Form.\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eKinetics of Cell Growth.\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eKs Represents Substrate Concentration at Which the Specific Growth Rate is Half of its Maximum.\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSimulation of a Batch Ethanol Fermentation.\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eEthanol Case Study.\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eLuedeking-Piret Model.\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eContinuous Stirred Tank Bioreactor.\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eBatch Fermentor vs. Chemostat.\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eBibliography.\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eHomework Problems.\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e6. AEROBIC BIOREACTORS.\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIntroduction.\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eFermentation of Xylose to 2,3 Butanediol by Klebsiella oxytoca is Aerated but Oxygen Limited.\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003ePhase I. Oxygen sufficient growth occurs early in the fermentation.\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003ePhase II. A transition to oxygen limitation occurs at low cell concentration (1 g\/L).\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003ePhase III. Butanediol is produced under oxygen limiting conditions.\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eOxygen Transfer from Air Bubble to Liquid is Controlled by Liquid-side Mass Transfer.\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eBibliography.\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eHomework Problems.\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAppendix for Chapter 6.\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eExcel Program for Integration of Simultaneous Differential Equations.\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e7. ENZYMES.\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIntroduction.\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eEnzymes and Systems Biology.\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIndustrial Enzymes.\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eEnzymes: In vivo and In vitro.\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eFundamental Properties of Enzymes.\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eClassification of Enzymes.\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIndustrial Enzymes.\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAssaying Enzyme Activity.\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eEnzyme Assays.\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eBatch Reactions.\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThermal Enzyme Deactivation.\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eBibliography.\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eHomework Problems.\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e8. ENZYME KINETICS.\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIntroduction.\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eInitial Rate vs. Integrated Rate Equations.\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eObtaining Constants from Initial Rate Data Is An Iterative Process.\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eBatch Enzyme Reactions: Irreversible Product Formation (No Inhibition).\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eRapid Equilibrium Approach Enables Rapid Formulation of an Enzyme Kinetic Equation.\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe Pseudo-steady-state Method Requires More Effort to Obtain the Hart Equation but is Necessary for Reversible Reactions.\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIrreversible Product Formation in the Presence of Inhibitors and Activators.\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eInhibition.\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eCompetitive Inhibition.\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eUncompetitive Inhibition.\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e(Classical Non-competitive Inhibition.\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSubstrate Inhibition.\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eExample of Reversible Reactions.\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eCoenzymes and Co-factors Interact in a Reversible Manner.\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eKing-Altman Method.\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eImmobilized Enzyme.\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eBibliography.\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eHomework Problems.\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e9. METABOLISM.\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIntroduction.\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAerobic and Anaerobic Metabolism.\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eGlycolysis is the Oxidation of Glucose in the Absence of Oxygen.\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eOxidation Is Catalyzed by Oxidases In the Presence of O2, and by Dehydrogenases in the Absence of O2.\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eA Membrane Bioreactor Couples Reduction and Oxidation Reactions (R-mandelic Acid Example).\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThree Stages of Catabolism Generate Energy, Intermediate Molecules and Waste Products.\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe Glycolysis Pathway Utilizes Glucose Both In the Presence (Aerobic and Absence of O2 (Anaerobic to Produce Pyruvate.\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eGlycolysis Is Initiated By the Transfer of a High Energy Phosphate Group to Glucose.\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eProducts of Anaerobic Metabolism Are Secreted or Processed by Cells to Allow Continuous Metabolism of Glucose by Glycolysis.\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eOther Metabolic Pathways That Utilize Glucose Under Anaerobic Conditions (Pentose Phosphate, Entner-Doudoroff, and Hexose Monophosphate Shunt Pathways).\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eKnowledge of Anaerobic Metabolism Enables Calculation of Theoretical Yields of Products Derived From Glucose.\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eEconomics Favors the Glycolytic Pathway for Obtaining Oxygenated Chemicals from Renewable Resources.\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eCitric Acid Cycle and Aerobic Metabolism.\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eRespiration Is The Aerobic Oxidation of Glucose And Other Carbon-Food-Sources (Citric Acid Cycle).\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe Availability of Oxygen, Under Aerobic Conditions, Enables Microorganisms to Utilize Pyruvate Via the Citric Acid Cycle.\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe Citric Acid Cycle Generates Precursors for Biosynthesis of Amino Acids and Commercially Important Fermentation Products.\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eGlucose Is Transformed to Commercially Valuable Products Via Fermentation Processes: A Summary.\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eEssential Amino Acids Not Synthesized By Microorganisms Must Be Provided As Nutrients (Auxotrophs).\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe Utilization of Fats in Animals Occurs By a Different Mechanism than the TCA Cycle.\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSome Bacteria and Molds Can Grow on Hydrocarbons or Methanol in Aerated Fermentations (Single Cell Protein Case Study).\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eExtremophiles: Microorganisms That Do Not Require Glucose, Utilize H2, and Grow At 80 to 100?C and 200 Atmospheres Have Industrial Uses.\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe Terminology For Microbial Culture Is Inexact: Fermentation Refers to Both Aerobic and Anaerobic Conditions While Respiration Can Denote Anaerobic Metabolism.\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eMetabolism and Biological Energetics.\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eBibliography.\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eHomework Problems.\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e10. BIOLOGICAL ENERGETICS.\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIntroduction.\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eRedox Potential and Gibbs Free Energy in Biochemical Reactions.\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eHeat: Byproduct of Metabolism.\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eBibliography.\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eHomework Problems.\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e11. METABOLIC PATHWAYS.\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIntroduction.\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eLiving Organisms Control Metabolic Pathways at Strategic and Operational Levels.\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAuxotrophs Are Nutritionally Deficient Microorganisms That Enhance Product Yields In Controlled Fermentations (Relief of Feedback Inhibition and Depression).\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eBoth Branched and Unbranched Pathways Cause Feedback Inhibition and Repression (Purine Nucleotide Example).\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe Accumulation of An End Metabolite of A Branched Pathway Requires A Different Strategy Than Accumulation of An Intermediate Metabolite.\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAmino Acids.\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe Formulation of Animal Feed Rations With Exogeneous Amino Acids Is A Major Market For Amino Acids.\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eMicrobial Strain Discovery, Mutation, Screening and Development Facilitated Introduction of Industrial, Aerated Fermentations for Amino Acid Production by C. glutamicum.\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eOverproduction of Glutamate by C. Glutamicum Depends on An Increase in Bacterial Membrane Permeability (Biotin Deficient Mutant).\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eA Threonine and Methionine Auxotroph of C. glutamicum Avoids Concerted Feedback Inhibition and Enables Industrial Lysine Fermentations.\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eCell (Protoplast Fusion Is A Method for Breeding Amino Acid Producers That Incorporate Superior Characteristics of Each Parent (Lysine Fermentation).\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAmino Acid Fermentations Represent Mature Technologies.\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAntibiotics.\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSecondary Metabolites Formed During Idiophase Are Subject to Catabolite Repression and Feedback Regulation (Penicillin and Streptomycin).\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe Production of Antibiotics Was Viewed as a Mature Field Until Antibiotic Resistant Bacteria Began to Appear.\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eBacteria Retain Antibiotic Resistance Even When Use of the Antibiotic Has Been Stopped For Thousands of Generations.\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAntibiotic Resistance Involves Many Genes (Vancomycin Example).\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eBibliography.\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eHomework Problems.\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e12. GENETIC ENGINEERING: DNA, RNA, AND GENES.\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIntroduction.\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eDNA.\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eDNA Is A Double Stranded Polymer of the Nucleotides: Thymine, Adenine, Cytosine and Guanine.\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe Information Contained in DNA Is Huge.\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eGenes Are Nucleotide Sequences That Contain the Information Required for the Cell to Make Proteins.\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eTranscription Is A Process Whereby Specific Regions of the DNA (Genes Serve As A Template to Synthesize Another Nucleotide, Ribonucleic Acid (RNA).\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eChromosomal DNA In A Prokaryote (Bacterium Is Anchored to The Cell?s Membrane While Plasmids are in the Cytoplasm.\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eChromosomal DNA In A Eukaryote (Yeast, Animal or Plant Cells Is Contained In The Nucleus.\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eMicroorganisms Carry Genes In Plasmids Consisting of Shorter Lengths of Circular, Extrachromosomal DNA.\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eRestriction Enzymes Enable Directed In Vitro Cleavage of DNA.\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eDifferent Type II Restriction Enzymes Give Different Patterns of Cleavage And Different Single Stranded Terminal Sequences.\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eDNA Ligase Covalently Joins The Ends of DNA Fragments.\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eDNA Fragments and Genes of Up To 150 Nucleotides Can Be Chemically Synthesized If The Nucleotide Sequence Has Been Previously Determined.\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eProtein Sequences Can Be Deduced And Genes Synthesized Based On Complementary DNA Obtained From Messenger RNA.\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSelectable Markers Are Genes That Facilitate Identification of Transformed Cells That Contain Recombinant DNA.\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eA Second Protein Fused to The Protein Product Is Needed To Protect The Product From Proteolysis (?-Gal-Somatostatin Fusion Protein Example).\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eRecovery of Protein Product From Fusion Protein Requires Correct Selection of Amino Acid That Links The Two Proteins (Met Linker).\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eChemical Modification and Enzyme Hydrolysis Recovers An Active Molecule Containing Met Residues From A Fusion Protein (?-endorphin Example).\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eMetabolic Engineering Differs From Genetic Engineering By the Nature of The End Product.\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eBibliography.\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eHomework Problems.\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e13. METABOLIC ENGINEERING.\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIntroduction.\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eBuilding Blocks.\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eL-Threonine Overproducing Strains of E. coli K-12.\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eGenetically Altered Brevibacterium lactoferrin Has Yielded Improved Amino Acid Producing Strains.\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eMetabolic Engineering May Catalyze Development of New Processes for Manufacture of Oxygenated Chemicals.\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eGene Chips Enable Examination of Glycolytic and Citric Acid Cycle Pathways in Yeast At a Genomic Level (Yeast Genome Microarray Case Study).\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe Fermentation of Pentoses to Ethanol Is A Goal of Metabolic Engineering (Recombinant Bacteria and Yeast Examples).\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eMetabolic Engineering For a 1,3 Propanediol Producing Organism to Obtain Monomer for Polyester Manufacture.\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eRedirection of Cellular Metabolism to Overproduce An Enzyme Catalyst Results In An Industrial Process For Acrylamide Production (Yamada-Nitto Process).\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eBibliography.\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eHomework Problems.\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e14. GENOMES AND GENOMICS.\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIntroduction.\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eHuman Genome Project.\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eDeriving Commercial Potential From Information Contained in Genomes.\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe Genome for E. coli Consists of 4288 Genes That Code for Proteins.\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eDNA Sequencing is Based on Electrophoretic Separations of Defined DNA Fragments.\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSequence Tagged Sites (STSs Determined From Complimentary DNA (cDNA Give Locations of Genes.\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSingle Nucleotide Polymorphisms (SNPs Are Stable Mutations Distributed Throughout the Genome That Locate Genes More Efficiently Than STSs.\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eGene Chip Probe Array.\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003ePolymerase Chain Reaction (PCR).\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe Polymerase Chain Reaction Enables DNA to be Copied In Vitro.\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThermally Tolerant DNA Polymerase From Thermus aquaticus Facilitated Automation of PCR.\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eOnly the 5’ Terminal Primer Sequence Is Needed To Amplify the DNA By PCR.\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe Sensitivity of PCR Can Be A Source of Significant Experimental Error.\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eApplications of PCR Range From Obtaining Fragments of Human DNA For Sequencing To Detecting Genes Associated With Diseases.\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eConclusions.\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eBibliography.\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eHomework Problems.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003c\/ul\u003e","brand":"Wiley","offers":[{"title":"Default Title","offer_id":53515414602071,"sku":"9780470114858","price":99.86,"currency_code":"GBP","in_stock":true}],"url":"https:\/\/bookcurl.com\/products\/modern-biotechnology-9780470114858","provider":"Book Curl","version":"1.0","type":"link"}