{"product_id":"microplastics-in-the-ecosphere-9781119879503","title":"Microplastics in the Ecosphere","description":"\u003cb\u003eBook Synopsis\u003c\/b\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003cb\u003eMicroplastics in the Ecosphere\u003c\/b\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eDiscover the environmental impact of microplastics with this comprehensive resource\u003c\/b\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eMicroplastics are the minute quantities of plastic that result from industrial processes, household release and the breakdown of larger plastic items. Widespread reliance on plastic goods and, particularly, single-use plastics, which has been increased by the COVID-19 pandemic, has made microplastics ubiquitous; they can be found throughout the ecosphere, including in the bloodstreams of humans and other animals. As these plastics emerge as a potential threat to the environment and to public health, it has never been more critical to understand their distribution and environmental impact. \u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003ci\u003eMicroplastics in the Ecosphere\u003c\/i\u003e aims to cultivate that understanding with a comprehensive overview of microplastics in terrestrial ecosystems. It analyzes microplastic distribution in aerosphere, hydrosphere, and soil, tracing these plastics from their product\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003cb\u003eTable of Contents\u003c\/b\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eList of Contributors xvii\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003ePreface xxii\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eSection I Single Use Plastics 1\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e1 Scientometric Analysis of Microplastics across the Globe 3\u003cbr\u003e \u003c\/b\u003e\u003ci\u003eMansoor Ahmad Bhat, Fatma Nur Eraslan, Eftade O. Gaga, and Kadir Gedik\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.1 Introduction 3\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.2 Materials and Methods 5\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.3 Results and Discussion 5\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.3.1 Trends in Scientific Production and Citations 5\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.3.2 Top Funding Agencies 6\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.3.3 Top 10 Global Affiliations 7\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.3.4 Top Countries 8\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.3.5 Top 10 Databases and Journals 9\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.3.6 Top 10 Published Articles 9\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.3.7 Top 10 Author Keywords and Research Areas 10\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.4 Conclusion 11\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAcknowledgments 12\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 12\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e2 Microplastic Pollution in the Polar Oceans – A Review 15\u003cbr\u003e \u003c\/b\u003e\u003ci\u003eManju P. Nair and Anu Gopinath\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.1 Introduction 15\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.1.1 Plastics 15\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.1.2 Plastic Pollution 15\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.1.3 Microplastics 16\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.1.4 Importance of Microplastic Pollution in the Polar Oceans 17\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.2 Polar Regions 17\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.2.1 General 17\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.2.2 Sea Ice 19\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.2.3 Water 19\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.2.4 Sediments 21\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.2.5 Biota 22\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.3 Future Perspectives 23\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.4 Conclusions 24\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 24\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e3 Microplastics – Global Scenario 29\u003cbr\u003e \u003c\/b\u003e\u003ci\u003eMajeti Narasimha Vara Prasad\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.1 Introduction 29\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.2 Environmental Issues of Plastic Waste 54\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.3 Coprocessing of Plastic Waste in Cement Kilns 55\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.4 Disposal of Plastic Waste Through Plasma Pyrolysis Technology (PPT) 56\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.4.1 Merits of PPT 57\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 59\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e4 The Single- Use Plastic Pandemic in the COVID- 19 Era 65\u003cbr\u003e \u003c\/b\u003e\u003ci\u003eFatma Nur Eraslan, Mansoor Ahmad Bhat, Kadir Gedik, and Eftade O. Gaga\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.1 Introduction 65\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.2 Materials and Methods 66\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.2.3 Estimation of the Daily Amount of Medical Waste in Hospitals 67\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.3.1 Personal Protective Equipment 67\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.3.2 Packaging SUPs 68\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.3.2.1 Trends in Plastic Waste Generation, Management, and Environmental Fate during the COVID- 19 Era 69\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.4.1 Environmental Impacts from SUP Waste 70\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.4.2 Management of SUP Waste 71\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.5 Conclusions and Future Prospects 72\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 72\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eSection II Microplastics in the Aerosphere 77\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e5 Atmospheric Microplastic Transport 79\u003cbr\u003e \u003c\/b\u003e\u003ci\u003eYudith Vega Paramitadevi, Ana Turyanti, Ersa Rishanti, Beata Ratnawati, Bimastyaji Surya Ramadan, and Nurani Ikhlas\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.1 The Phenomenon of Microplastic Transport 79\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.2 Factors Affecting Microplastic Transport 81\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.2.1 Types of MPs 81\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.2.2 Characteristics and Sources of Microplastics Emitters 81\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.2.3 Meteorological Conditions 82\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.2.4 Altitude and Surface Roughness 83\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.2.5 Microplastic Deposition Processes in the Ocean 83\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.2.6 Microplastics Deposition Processes in the Air 84\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.3 Microplastic Transport Modelling 85\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.3.1 Eulerian Method 87\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 92\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e6 Microplastics in the Atmosphere and Their Human and Eco Risks 97\u003cbr\u003e \u003c\/b\u003e\u003ci\u003eDhammika N. Magana- Arachchi and Rasika P. Wanigatunge\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.1 Introduction 97\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.2 Microplastics in the Atmosphere 97\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.2.2 Chemical Composition 98\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.2.3 Sources of Microplastics 99\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.2.5 Effects of Climatic Conditions on MP Distribution 101\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.3 Impact of Microplastics on Human Health and the Eco Risk 102\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.3.2 Eco Risk 106\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.4 Strategies to Minimise Atmospheric MPs through Future Research 107\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.5 Conclusion 108\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAcknowledgements 109\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 109\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e7 Sampling and Detection of Microplastics in the Atmosphere 113\u003cbr\u003e \u003c\/b\u003e\u003ci\u003eSudip Choudhury, Kuheli Deb, Saurav Paul, Bimal Bhusan Chakraborty, and Sunayana Goswami\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.1 Introduction 113\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.2 Classification 114\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.3.4 Biota 115\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.5 Detection and Characterisation of MPs in the Atmosphere 116\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.5.1 Microscopic Techniques for Detecting MPs 117\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.5.1.6 Hot Needle Technique 119\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.5.1.7 Digital Holography 119\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.5.2 Spectroscopic Techniques for Analysing MPs 120\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.6 Conclusion 121\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eFunding 121\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 121\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e8 Sources and Circulation of Microplastics in the Aerosphere – Atmospheric Transport of Microplastics 125\u003cbr\u003e \u003c\/b\u003e\u003ci\u003eGobishankar Sathyamohan, Madushika Sewwandi, Balram Ambade, and Meththika Vithanage\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.1 Introduction 125\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.1.1 Occurrence and Abundance of Atmospheric MP 126\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.1.2 Plastic Polymers and Their Properties 127\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.1.3 Sources and Pathways of MPs in the Atmosphere 129\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.2 Temporal and Spatial Trends in MP Accumulation 130\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.3 Formation of MPs 131\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.3.1 Physical Weathering 132\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.3.4 Photo- thermal Oxidation 133\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.3.5 Thermal Degradation 134\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.4.1 Wet Deposition 136\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.6 Predicting MP Dispersion and Transport 137\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.7 Eco- Environmental Impacts 138\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.8 Future Perspectives 139\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 140\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eSection III Microplastics in the Aquatic Environment 147\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e9 Interaction of Chemical Contaminants with Microplastics 149\u003cbr\u003e \u003c\/b\u003e\u003ci\u003eAsitha T. Cooray, Janitha Walpita, Pabasari A. Koliyabandara, and Ishara U. Soyza\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.1 Introduction 149\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.2 Interactions 150\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.3 Mechanisms 152\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.3.3 Kinetics of the Sorption Process 154\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.3.5 Pseudo- Second- Order Model 155\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.3.8 Isotherm Models 156\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.5 Future Approaches 157\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 158\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e10 Microplastics in Freshwater Environments 163\u003cbr\u003e \u003c\/b\u003e\u003ci\u003eFlorin- Constantin Mihai, Laura A.T. Markley, Farhan R. Khan, Giuseppe Suaria, and Sedat Gundogdu\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.1 Introduction 163\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.2 Microplastics in Rivers and Tributaries 164\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.3 Microplastics in Lakes 166\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.4 Microplastics in Groundwater Sources 167\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.5 Microplastics in Glaciers and Ice Caps 168\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.6 Microplastics in Deltas 169\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.7 Conclusion 171\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAcknowledgment 171\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 171\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e11 Microplastics in Landfill Leachate: Flow and Transport 177\u003cbr\u003e \u003c\/b\u003e\u003ci\u003eAnna Kwarciak- Kozłowska\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.1 Plastics and Microplastics 177\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.2 Microplastics in Landfill Leachate 180\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.3 Summary 183\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAcknowledgments 183\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 183\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e12 Microplastics in the Aquatic Environment – Effects on Ocean Carbon Sequestration and Sustenance of Marine Life 189\u003cbr\u003e \u003c\/b\u003e\u003ci\u003eArunima Bhattacharya and Aryadeep Roychoudhury\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.1 Introduction 189\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.2 Microplastics in the Aquatic Environment 190\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.2.2.1 Chemical Nature 191\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.3.2.1 Effect on Phytoplankton Photosynthesis and Growth 192\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.3.2.2 Effect on Zooplankton Development and Reproduction 193\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.4 Microplastics and Marine Fauna 194\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.4.2.1 Shrimp 195\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.4.4 Effects on Marine Mammals 196\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.6 Conclusion and Future Perspectives 197\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAcknowledgments 197\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 197\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eSection IV Microplastics in Soil Systems 201\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e13 Entry of Microplastics into Agroecosystems: A Serious Threat to Food Security and Human Health 203\u003cbr\u003e \u003c\/b\u003e\u003ci\u003eSiril Singh, Sheenu Sharma, Rajni Yadav, and Anand Narain Singh\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.1 Introduction 203\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.2 Sources of Microplastics in Agroecosystems 204\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.2.3 Application of Sewage Sludge\/Biosolids 205\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.2.6 Landfill Sites 206\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.3.2 Implications for Crop Plants and Food Security 209\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.4 Human Health Risks 211\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.5 Knowledge Gaps 212\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.6 Conclusion and Future Recommendations 212\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAcknowledgments 213\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 213\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e14 Migration of Microplastic- Bound Contaminants to Soil and Their Effects 219\u003cbr\u003e \u003c\/b\u003e\u003ci\u003eMarta Jaskulak and Katarzyna Zorena\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.1 Introduction 219\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.2 Microplastics as Sorbing Materials for Hazardous Chemicals 220\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.3 Types of Microplastic- Bound Contaminants in Soils 222\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.4 Effects of Exposure and Co- exposure in Soil – Consequences of Contaminant Sorption for MP Toxicity and Bioaccumulation 223\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.5 Microplastic- Bound Contaminants in Soils as Potential Threats to Human Health 224\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.6 Conclusions 226\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 226\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e15 Plastic Mulch- Derived Microplastics in Agricultural Soil Systems 233\u003cbr\u003e \u003c\/b\u003e\u003ci\u003eSammani Ramanayaka, Hao Zhang, and Kirk T. Semple\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.1 Plastic Mulch Films in Agriculture 233\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.2 Types of Synthetic Polymer Mulch Films 234\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.4 Mulch Microplastic Pollution in Soil 235\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.4.1 Influences of Mulch Microplastics on Soil Physical Properties 236\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.4.2.1 Soil Organic Matter (SOM) 237\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.4.2.2 Soil pH 238\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.4.3 The Impact of Microplastics on Soil Biological Properties 239\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.5 Mulch Microplastics as a Vector 240\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.6 Challenges and Future Perspectives 242\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 243\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e16 Critical Review of Microplastics in Soil 249\u003cbr\u003e \u003c\/b\u003e\u003ci\u003eFábio C. Nunes, Lander de Jesus Alves, Cláudia C.N. de Carvalho, Majeti Narasimha Vara Prasad, and José R. de Souza Filho\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.1 Introduction 249\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.2 Sources and Transfer of Microplastics in Soils 251\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.3 Classification, Qualification, and Quantification of Microplastics in Soil 253\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.4 Effects and Risks of Microplastics on Soil Health 255\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.5 Analytical Methodologies for Microplastics in Soil 259\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.6 Epilogue and Future Perspectives 262\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAcknowledgment 262\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 262\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e17 What Do We Know About the Effects of Microplastics on Soil? 271\u003cbr\u003e \u003c\/b\u003e\u003ci\u003eAna Paula Pinto, Teresa Ferreira, Ana V. Dordio, Alfredo Jorge Palace Carvalho, and Jorge M.S. Faria\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.1 Introduction 271\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.2 Why and How Do MPs End Up in the Soil? 272\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.2.1 Mulching Films 273\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.2.2 Sewage Sludge\/Compost Application 274\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.2.3 Irrigation 275\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.4 Microplastics as Carriers of Soil Contaminants – Contaminant Vectors 277\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.4.1 MPs as Carriers of Metals and\/or Metalloids 278\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.4.2 MPs as Carriers of Organic Pollutants 279\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.5 Microplastic Effects 280\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.5.2 MP Effects on Plant Growth Performance 283\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.5.3 MP Effects on Soil Nutrient Cycling 289\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.6 Conclusions and Perspectives for Future Research 291\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 292\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e18 Microbial Degradation of Plastics 305\u003cbr\u003e \u003c\/b\u003e\u003ci\u003eAbin Sebastian, Aleena Maria Paul, Donia Dominic, Misriya Shaji, Priya Jose, Sarika Sasi, and Majeti Narasimha Vara Prasad\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e18.1 Introduction 305\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e18.2 Diversity of Plastic- Degrading Microbes 307\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e18.3 Mechanism of Microbe- Mediated Decomposition of Plastics 309\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e18.4 Molecular Factors in the Microbial Breakdown of Plastics 311\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e18.5 Microbes and Sustainable Degradation of Plastics 313\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e18.5.1 Outlook 315\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 316\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e19 Microplastics and Soil Nutrient Cycling 321\u003cbr\u003e \u003c\/b\u003e\u003ci\u003eMadhuni Wijesooriya, Hasintha Wijesekara, Madushika Sewwandi, Sasimali Soysa, Anushka Upamali Rajapaksha, Meththika Vithanage, and Nanthi Bolan\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e19.1 Introduction 321\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e19.2 Microplastics in Soil 322\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e19.3 Effect of Microplastics on Nutrient Cycling 323\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e19.3.1 Soil Nitrogen Cycling 324\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e19.3.3 Soil Phosphorous Content 325\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e19.4 Effect of Microplastic- Driven Factors on Soil Nutrient Cycling 326\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e19.4.1 Properties of Microplastics 326\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e19.4.3 Soil Chemical Characteristics 329\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e19.4.4 Soil Physical Characteristics 330\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e19.4.5 Consequences of Microplastics for Nutrient Cycling and Implications 331\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e19.5 Mechanisms of Microplastic- Driven Plant Toxicity\/Nutrient Uptake 332\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e19.6 Future Perspectives 333\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 333\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eSection V Microplastics in Food Systems 339\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e20 Microplastics in the Food Chain 341\u003cbr\u003e \u003c\/b\u003e\u003ci\u003eChamila V.L. Jayasinghe, Sharmila Jayatilake, H. Umesh K.D.Z. Rajapakse, N.K. Sandunika Kithmini, and K.M. Prakash M. Kulathunga\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e20.1 Introduction 341\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e20.2 Presence of Microplastics in the Food Chain 342\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e20.2.1 Transmission Through the Food Chain 343\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e20.2.2 Other Pathways Through Which Microplastics Enter Food 345\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e20.2.2.1 Transmission from Food Packaging 346\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e20.3 Possible Health Effects of Microplastics in Food 347\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e20.4 How to Minimize Microplastic Contamination in Food 348\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e20.4.1 Need for Research on the Realistic Ecological Impact of Microplastics 349\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e20.4.2 Effective Methods of Microplastic Detection and Removal 349\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e20.4.4 Efficient Disposal of Plastic Waste 350\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e20.5 Summary 350\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 351\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e21 Microplastics in Salt and Drinking Water 357\u003cbr\u003e \u003c\/b\u003e\u003ci\u003eMuthumali U. Adikari, Nirmala Prasadi, and Chamila V.L. Jayasinghe\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e21.1 Microplastics in Salt 357\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e21.1.1 Introduction 357\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e21.1.1.1 Microplastics in Salt: Occurrence and Abundance 357\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e21.1.1.2 Microplastic Contamination in Different Salt Types 358\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e21.1.1.3 Estimated Consumption of Microplastics through Salt 360\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e21.2.1 Introduction 361\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e21.2.4 Microplastics in Drinking Water: Analytical Methods Used 363\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e21.2.5 Removal Strategies 364\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e21.3 Summary 365\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 365\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e22 Microplastics in Commercial Seafood (Invertebrates) and Seaweeds 369\u003cbr\u003e \u003c\/b\u003e\u003ci\u003eSanchala Gallage\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e22.1 Microplastics in Commercial Seafood and Seaweeds 369\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e22.1.3 Possible MP Accumulation Pathways in Commercial Seafood 371\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e22.1.4 Microplastics in Commercial Seafood and Seaweeds 372\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e22.1.4.2 Microplastics in Shrimp 373\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e22.1.4.3 Microplastics in Crabs 374\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e22.1.4.4 Microplastics in Lobsters 375\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e22.1.4.5 Microplastics in Sea Urchins and Sea Cucumbers 376\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e22.1.4.6 Microplastics in Seaweeds 377\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e22.1.5 Concluding Notes 377\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAcknowledgement 378\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 378\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e23 Microplastic Toxicity to Humans 381\u003cbr\u003e \u003c\/b\u003e\u003ci\u003eMagdalena Madeła\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e23.1 Introduction 381\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e23.2 Ingestion of Microplastics 382\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e23.3 Human Exposure to Inhalation of Microplastics 384\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e23.4 Human Exposure to Dermal Contact with Microplastics 385\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e23.5 Conclusions 386\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 387\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eSection VI Treatment Technologies and Management 391\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e24 Management of Microplastics from Sources to Humans 393\u003cbr\u003e \u003c\/b\u003e\u003ci\u003eSamanthika Senarath and Dinushi Kaushalya\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e24.1 Introduction 393\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e24.1.1 Composition and Characteristics of Microplastics 394\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e24.2 Classification and Sources of Microplastics 394\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e24.2.1 Sources of Human Exposure to Microplastics 395\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e24.3 Impact of Microplastics on Human Health 396\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e24.4 Social and Ecological Impacts of Microplastics 397\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e24.4.1 Management Strategies for Microplastics 398\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e24.4.1.1 Proper Management of Plastics and Plastic Waste 399\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e24.4.1.2 Use of Bio- based and Biodegradable Plastics 400\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e24.4.1.3 Improvement of Wastewater and Solid Waste Treatment Processes 400\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e24.5 Prospects in Microplastic Management 401\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e24.6 Summary 401\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 401\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e25 Single- Use Ordinary Plastics vs. Bioplastics 405\u003cbr\u003e \u003c\/b\u003e\u003ci\u003eIwona Zawieja\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e25.1 Ordinary Plastic – General Characteristics 405\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e25.2 Bioplastics – General Characteristics 406\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e25.3 Biodegradability of Bioplastics 408\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e25.5 Environmental Benefits of Using Bioplastic 410\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e25.6 Summary 412\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAcknowledgments 412\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 413\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eSection VII Case Studies 415\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e26 Plastic Nurdles in Marine Environments Due to Accidental Spillage 417\u003cbr\u003e \u003c\/b\u003e\u003ci\u003eMadushika Sewwandi, Santhirasekaram Keerthanan, Kalani Imalka Perera, and Meththika Vithanage\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e26.1 Introduction 417\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e26.1.2 Plastic Nurdles 418\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e26.2.2.1 Nurdle Distribution on Beaches in the Atlantic Ocean in the Twentieth Century 419\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e26.2.2.2 Nurdle Distribution on Beaches in the Atlantic Ocean in the Twenty- First Century 420\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e26.2.2.3 Nurdle Pollution in the Mediterranean Sea 421\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e26.3.2 Fate and Transport of Nurdles in Marine Systems 422\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e26.3.3 Impacts of Nurdle Spillage on the Marine Environment 423\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e26.4 X- Press Pearl Shipwreck – Case Study 424\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e26.4.1 Nurdle Spillage 424\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e26.4.3 Characteristics and Contamination of Spilled Nurdles 425\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e26.4.4 Possible Impacts 427\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e26.4.4.1 Marine Environment 428\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e26.4.4.5 Impact on the Economy 429\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 429\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e27 Compost- Hosted Microplastics – Municipal Solid Waste Compost 433\u003cbr\u003e \u003c\/b\u003e\u003ci\u003eK.S.D. Premarathna, Sammani Ramanayaka, Ayanthie Navaratne, Hasintha Wijesekara, Jasintha Jayasanka, and Meththika Vithanage\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e27.1 Municipal Solid Waste 433\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e27.1.2 Composting Process as a Source of Microplastics 435\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e27.2.2 Sizes of microplastics 436\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e27.2.3 Characteristics of Compost- Hosted Microplastics 436\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e27.3 Impact of Microplastic- Contaminated Compost on Soil Properties 437\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e27.3.2 Impact on Soil Chemical Properties 438\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e27.4 Compost- Hosted Microplastics as a Vector 440\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e27.4.1 Effect on Soil Organisms 441\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e27.5 Future Perspectives 442\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 443\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e28 Single- Use Ordinary Plastics and Bioplastics – A Case Study in Brazil 449\u003cbr\u003e \u003c\/b\u003e\u003ci\u003eLuís P. Azevedo, Carlos A.F. Lagarinhos, Denise C.R. Espinosa, and Majeti Narasimha Vara Prasad\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e28.1 Introduction 449\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e28.1.1 Municipality of São Paulo (the Largest in the Country) – State Law No. 15374\/2011 451\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e28.1.2 State of Rio de Janeiro – State Law No. 8473\/2019 451\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e28.1.3 Santos(SP) – Municipal Law 232\/2019 452\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e28.1.4 Ilhabela(SP) – Municipal Law 598\/2008 452\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e28.1.5 São Sebastião (SP) – Municipal Law 2590\/2018 452\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e28.1.6 Natal (RN) – Municipal Law 295\/2009 452\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e28.1.7 Fernando de Noronha Island (PE) – District Decree 002\/2018 452\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e28.2.2 Polybutylene Adipate Terephthalate (PBAT) Bioplastic 453\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e28.2.5 Shrimp Shell Bioplastic 454\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e28.2.9 Organic Waste Bioplastic 455\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e28.5 Energy Recovery 457\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e28.6 Public Policies 458\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e28.7 Impacts of Environmental Legislation 459\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e28.8 Challenges of Bioplastics Production 460\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e28.9 Conclusions 461\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 462\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e29 Microplastics Remediation – Possible Perspectives for Mitigating Saline Environments 465\u003cbr\u003e \u003c\/b\u003e\u003ci\u003eAmir Parnian, Mehdi Mahbod, and Majeti Narasimha Vara Prasad\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e29.1 Introduction 465\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e29.2 Assimilation of Microplastics in Saline Water Bodies and Soil Ecosystems 467\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e29.3 Microplastic Self- Aging and Degradation: Hopes and Risks for the Ecosystem 468\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e29.4 Microplastics: Technologies for Remediating Saline Environments 468\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e29.5 Economic and Social Aspects of Microplastic Remediation in Saline Conditions 471\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e29.6 Conclusion: Hopes, and Resistance to Environmental Remediation to Achieve a Cleaner Environment 472\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 472\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e30 The Management of Waste Tires: A Case Study in Brazil 477\u003cbr\u003e \u003c\/b\u003e\u003ci\u003eCarlos Alberto Ferreira Lagarinhos, Denise Crocce Romano Espinosa, Jorge Alberto Soares Tenório, and Luís Peres de Azevedo\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e30.1 Introduction 477\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e30.2 Methodology 478\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e30.3 Results and Discussions 479\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e30.3.4 Comparison Between Systems for Recycling Tires in the EU Countries, the United States, Japan, and Brazil 481\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e30.3.5 Technologies for Reuse, Recycling, and Energy Recovery 484\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e30.3.8 Tire Pyrolysis Process 486\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e30.3.9 Reclaimed Rubber and Rugs for Automobiles 486\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e30.3.11 Asphalt Rubber 487\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e30.4 Reverse Logistics Tires in Brazil 488\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e30.4.2 Recycling by Tire Manufacturers 490\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e30.6 Conclusions 495\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 496\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIndex 499\u003c\/p\u003e","brand":"John Wiley \u0026 Sons Inc","offers":[{"title":"Default Title","offer_id":49407180734807,"sku":"9781119879503","price":191.25,"currency_code":"GBP","in_stock":true}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0817\/1739\/5799\/files\/9781119879503.jpg?v=1730498458","url":"https:\/\/bookcurl.com\/products\/microplastics-in-the-ecosphere-9781119879503","provider":"Book Curl","version":"1.0","type":"link"}