{"product_id":"microgrid-planning-and-design-9781119453505","title":"Microgrid Planning and Design","description":"\u003cb\u003eBook Synopsis\u003c\/b\u003e\u003cbr\u003eA practical guide to microgrid systems architecture, design topologies, control strategies and integration approaches Microgrid Planning and Design offers a detailed and authoritative guide to microgrid systems. The authors - noted experts on the topic - explore what is involved in the design of a microgrid, examine the process of mapping designs to accommodate available technologies and reveal how to determine the efficacy of the final outcome. This practical book is a compilation of collaborative research results drawn from a community of experts in 8 different universities over a 6-year period. Microgrid Planning and Design contains a review of microgrid benchmarks for the electric power system and covers the mathematical modeling that can be used during the microgrid design processes. The authors include real-world case studies, validated benchmark systems and the components needed to plan and design an effective microgrid system. This important guide: Offers a practical and up-to-\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003cb\u003eTable of Contents\u003c\/b\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003cp\u003eAbout the Authors xiii\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eDisclaimer xv\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eList of Figures xvii\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eList of Tables xxiii\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eForeword xxv\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003ePreface xxvii\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAcknowledgments xxix\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAcronyms and Abbreviations xxxi\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e1 Introduction \u003c\/b\u003e\u003cb\u003e1\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.1 Why Microgrid Research Requires a Network Approach 5\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.2 NSERC Smart MicroGrid Network (NSMG-Net) – The Canadian Experience 7\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.3 Research Platform 8\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.4 Research Program and Scope 9\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.5 Research Themes in Smart Microgrids 10\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.5.1 Theme 1: Operation, Control, and Protection of Smart Microgrids 10\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.5.1.1 Topic 1.1: Control, Operation, and Renewables for Remote Smart Microgrids 12\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.5.1.2 Topic 1.2: Distributed Control, Hybrid Control, and Power Management for Smart Microgrids 12\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.5.1.3 Topic 1.3: Status Monitoring, Disturbance Detection, Diagnostics, and Protection for Smart Microgrids 13\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.5.1.4 Topic 1.4: Operational Strategies and Storage Technologies to Address Barriers for Very High Penetration of DG Units in Smart Microgrids 13\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.5.2 Theme 2 Overview: Smart Microgrid Planning, Optimization, and Regulatory Issues 14\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.5.2.1 Topic 2.1: Cost–Benefits Framework – Secondary Benefits and Ancillary Services 16\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.5.2.2 Topic 2.2: Energy and Supply Security Considerations 16\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.5.2.3 Topic 2.3: Demand Response Technologies and Strategies – Energy Management and Metering 16\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.5.2.4 Topic 2.4: Integration Design Guidelines and Performance Metrics – Study Cases 17\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.5.3 Theme 3: Smart Microgrid Communication and Information Technologies 18\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.5.3.1 Topic 3.1: Universal Communication Infrastructure 20\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.5.3.2 Topic 3.2: Grid Integration Requirements, Standards, Codes, and Regulatory Considerations 20\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.5.3.3 Topic 3.3: Distribution Automation Communications: Sensors, Condition Monitoring, and Fault Detection 20\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.5.3.4 Topic 3.4: Integrated Data Management and Portals 21\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.6 Microgrid Design Process and Guidelines 21\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.7 Microgrid Design Objectives 23\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.8 Book Organization 23\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e2 Microgrid Benchmarks \u003c\/b\u003e\u003cb\u003e25\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.1 Campus Microgrid 25\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.1.1 Campus Microgrid Description 25\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.1.2 Campus Microgrid Subsystems 27\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.1.2.1 Components and Subsystems 27\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.1.2.2 Automation and Instrumentation 28\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.2 Utility Microgrid 30\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.2.1 Description 30\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.2.2 Utility Microgrid Subsystems 32\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.3 CIGRE Microgrid 33\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.3.1 CIGRE Microgrid Description 33\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.3.2 CIGRE Microgrid Subsystems 35\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.3.2.1 Load 35\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.3.2.2 Flexibility 35\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.4 Benchmarks Selection Justification 36\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e3 Microgrid Elements and Modeling \u003c\/b\u003e\u003cb\u003e37\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.1 Load Model 37\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.1.1 Current Source Based 37\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.1.2 Grid-Tie Inverter Based 38\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.2 Power Electronic Converter Models 39\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.3 PV Model 41\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.4 Wind Turbine Model 43\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.5 Multi-DER Microgrids Modeling 44\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.6 Energy Storage System Model 47\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.7 Electronically Coupled DER (EC-DER) Model 49\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.8 Synchronous Generator Model 50\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.9 Low Voltage Networks Model 50\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.10 Distributed Slack Model 51\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.11 VVO\/CVR Modeling 53\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e4 Analysis and Studies Using Recommended Models \u003c\/b\u003e\u003cb\u003e57\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.1 Energy Management Studies 57\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.2 Voltage Control Studies 57\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.3 Frequency Control Studies 58\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.4 Transient Stability Studies 58\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.5 Protection Coordination and Selectivity Studies 59\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.6 Economic Feasibility Studies 59\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.6.1 Benefits Identification 59\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.6.2 Reduced Energy Cost 59\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.6.3 Reliability Improvement 60\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.6.4 Investment Deferral 61\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.6.5 Power Fluctuation 61\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.6.6 Improved Efficiency 61\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.6.7 Reduced Emission 62\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.7 Vehicle-to-Grid (V2G) Impact Studies 62\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.8 DER Sizing of Microgrids 62\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.9 Ancillary Services Studies 62\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.10 Power Quality Studies 63\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.11 Simulation Studies and Tools 63\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e5 Control, Monitoring, and Protection Strategies \u003c\/b\u003e\u003cb\u003e65\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.1 Enhanced Control Strategy – Level 1 Function 65\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.1.1 Current-Control Scheme 66\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.1.2 Voltage Regulation Scheme 68\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.1.3 Frequency Regulation Scheme 68\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.1.4 Enhanced Control Strategy Under Network Faults 68\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.2 Decoupled Control Strategy – Level 1 Function 70\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.3 Electronically Coupled Distributed Generation Control Loops – Level 1 Function 71\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.3.1 Voltage Regulation 71\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.3.2 Frequency Regulation 71\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.4 Energy Storage System Control Loops – Level 1 Function 72\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.4.1 Voltage Regulation 72\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.4.2 Frequency Regulation 74\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.5 Synchronous Generator (SG) Control Loops – Level 1 Function 77\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.5.1 Voltage Regulation 77\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.5.2 Frequency Regulation 77\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.6 Control of Multiple Source Microgrid – Level 1 Function 77\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.7 Fault Current Limiting Control Strategy – Level 1 Function 80\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.8 Mitigating the Impact on Protection System – Level 1 Function 80\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.9 Adaptive Control Strategy – Level 2 Function 81\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.10 Generalized Control Strategy – Level 2 Function 81\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.11 Multi-DER Control – Level 2 Function 83\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.12 Centralized Microgrid Controller Functions – Level 3 Function 84\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.13 Protection and Control Requirements 85\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.14 Communication-Assisted Protection and Control 85\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.15 Fault Current Control of DER 86\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.16 Load Monitoring for Microgrid Control – Level 3 Function 87\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.17 Interconnection Transformer Protection 88\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.18 Volt-VAR Optimization Control – Level 3 Function 89\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e6 Information and Communication Systems \u003c\/b\u003e\u003cb\u003e91\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.1 IT and Communication Requirements in a Microgrid 91\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.1.1 HAN Communications 92\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.1.2 LAN Communications 92\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.1.3 WAN Communications 94\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.2 Technological Options for Communication Systems 94\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.2.1 Cellular\/Radio Frequency 95\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.2.2 Cable\/DSL 95\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.2.3 Ethernet 95\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.2.4 Fiber Optic SONET\/SDH and E\/GPON over Fiber Optic Links 96\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.2.5 Microwave 96\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.2.6 Power Line Communication 96\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.2.7 WiFi (IEEE 802.11) 96\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.2.8 WiMAX (IEEE 802.16) 96\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.2.9 ZigBee 97\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.3 IT and Communication Design Examples 97\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.3.1 Universal Communication Infrastructure 97\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.3.2 Grid Integration Requirements, Standard, Codes, and Regulatory Considerations 97\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.3.2.1 Recommended Signaling Scheme and Capacity Limit of PLC Under Bernoulli-Gaussian Impulsive Noise 98\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.3.2.2 Studying and Developing Relevant Networking Techniques for an Efficient and Reliable Smart Grid Communication Network (SGCN) 98\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.3.3 Distribution Automation 98\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.3.3.1 Apparent Power Signature Based Islanding Detection 98\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.3.3.2 ZigBee in Electricity Substations 99\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.3.4 Integrated Data Management and Portals 99\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.3.4.1 The Multi Agent Volt-VAR Optimization (VVO) Engine 99\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e7 Power and Communication Systems \u003c\/b\u003e\u003cb\u003e101\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.1 Example of Real-Time Systems Using the IEC 61850 Communication Protocol 103\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e8 System Studies and Requirements \u003c\/b\u003e\u003cb\u003e105\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.1 Data and Specification Requirements 105\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.1.1 Topology-Related Characteristics 107\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.1.2 Demand-Related Characteristics 108\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.1.3 Economics- and Environment-Related Characteristics 108\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.2 Microgrid Design Criteria 108\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.2.1 Reliability and Resilience 108\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.2.1.1 Reliability 109\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.2.1.2 Resilience 109\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.2.2 DER Technologies 109\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.2.2.1 Electric Storage Systems 109\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.2.2.2 Photovoltaic Solar Power 110\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.2.2.3 Wind Power 111\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.2.3 DER Sizing 112\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.2.4 Load Prioritization 114\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.2.5 Microgrid Operational States 114\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.2.5.1 Grid-connected Mode 114\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.2.5.2 Transition to Islanded Mode 115\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.2.5.3 Islanded Mode 115\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.2.5.4 Transition to Grid-connected Mode 116\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.3 Design Standards and Application Guides 116\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.3.1 ANSI\/NEMA 116\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.3.2 IEEE 116\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.3.3 UL 118\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.3.4 NEC 118\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.3.5 IEC 118\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.3.6 CIGRE 118\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e9 Sample Case Studies for Real-Time Operation \u003c\/b\u003e\u003cb\u003e121\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.1 Operational Planning Studies 121\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.2 Economic and Technical Feasibility Studies 122\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.3 Policy and Regulatory Framework Studies 123\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.4 Power-Quality Studies 125\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.5 Stability Studies 125\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.6 Microgrid Design Studies 128\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.7 Communication and SCADA System Studies 129\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.8 Testing and Evaluation Studies 129\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.9 Example Studies 130\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e10 Microgrid Use Cases \u003c\/b\u003e\u003cb\u003e133\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.1 Energy Management System Functional Requirements Use Case 133\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.2 Protection 136\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.3 Intentional Islanding 139\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e11 Testing and Case Studies 143\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.1 EMS Economic Dispatch 143\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.1.1 Applicable Design on the Campus Microgrid 143\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.1.2 Design Guidelines 144\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.1.3 Multi-Objective Optimization – Example 145\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.1.3.1 System Description 145\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.1.3.2 Optimization Formulation 146\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.1.4 Results and Discussion 149\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.1.4.1 Comparison to Existing Campus DEMS 149\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.1.4.2 Business Case Overview 152\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.2 Voltage and Reactive Power Control 153\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.2.1 VVO\/CVR Architecture 153\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.3 Microgrid Anti-Islanding 155\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.3.1 Test System 156\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.3.1.1 Distribution System 156\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.3.1.2 Inverter System 158\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.3.2 Tests Performed and Results 158\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.3.2.1 Nuisance Tripping 159\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.3.2.2 Islanding 160\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.4 Real-Time Testing 166\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.4.1 Hardware-In-The-Loop Real Time Test Bench 167\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.4.2 Real-Time System Using IEC 61850 Communication Protocol 169\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e12 Conclusion \u003c\/b\u003e\u003cb\u003e173\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.1 Challenges and Methodologies 173\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.1.1 Theme 1 – Operation, Control, and Protection of Smart Microgrids 173\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.1.1.1 Topic 1.1 – Control, Operation, and Renewables for Remote Smart Microgrids 174\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.1.1.2 Topic 1.2 – Distributed Control, Hybrid Control, and Power Management for Smart Microgrids 176\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.1.1.3 Topic 1.3 – Status Monitoring, Disturbance Detection, Diagnostics, and Protection for Smart Microgrids 180\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.1.1.4 Topic 1.4 – Operational Strategies and Storage Technologies to Address Barriers for Very High Penetration of DG Units in Smart Microgrids 183\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.1.2 Theme 2: Smart Microgrid Planning, Optimization, and Regulatory Issues 185\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.1.2.1 Topic 2.1 Cost-Benefits Framework – Secondary Benefits and Ancillary Services 185\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.1.2.2 Topic 2.2 Energy and Supply Security Considerations 187\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.1.2.3 Topic 2.3 Demand-Response Technologies and Strategies – Energy Management and Metering 190\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.1.2.4 Topic 2.4: Integration Design Guidelines and Performance Metrics – Study Cases 192\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.1.3 Theme 3: Smart Microgrid Communication and Information Technologies 193\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.1.3.1 Topic 3.1 Universal Communication Infrastructure 194\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.1.3.2 Topic 3.2 Grid Integration Requirements, Standards, Codes, and Regulatory Considerations 195\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.1.3.3 Topic 3.3: Distribution Automation Communications: Sensors, Condition Monitoring, and Fault Detection (Topic Leader: Meng; Collaborators: Chang, Li, Iravani, Farhangi, NB Power) 200\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.1.3.4 Topic 3.4: Integrated Data Management and Portals 202\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.2 Final Thoughts 204\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 205\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIndex 211\u003c\/p\u003e","brand":"John Wiley \u0026 Sons Inc","offers":[{"title":"Default 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