{"product_id":"microconstituents-in-the-environment-9781119825258","title":"Microconstituents in the Environment","description":"\u003cb\u003eBook Synopsis\u003c\/b\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003cb\u003eTable of Contents\u003c\/b\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003cp\u003ePreface xix\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eList of Contributors xxi\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAbout the Editors xxix\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003ePart I Fundamental Ideas Regarding Microconstituents in the Environment 1\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e1 Introduction to Microconstituents 3\u003cbr\u003e \u003c\/b\u003e\u003ci\u003eManaswini Behera, Prangya Ranjan Rout, Puspendu Bhunia, Rao Y. Surampalli, Tian C. Zhang, Chih-Ming Kao, and Makarand M. Ghangrekar\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.1 Introduction 3\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.2 Classification of Microconstituents 5\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.2.1 Pharmaceuticals and Personal Care Products 5\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.2.2 Pesticides 8\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.2.3 Disinfection By-Products 8\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.2.4 Industrial Chemicals 9\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.2.5 Algal Toxins 9\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.3 Source of Microconstituents 10\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.3.1 Source of Pharmaceutical and Personal Care Products (PPCPs) in the Environment 10\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.3.2 Source of Pesticides in the Environment 11\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.3.3 Source of Disinfection By-Products in the Environment 13\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.3.4 Source of Industrial Chemicals in the Environment 14\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.3.5 Source of Algal Toxins in the Environment 16\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.4 Physical and Chemical Properties of Microconstituents 17\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.5 Impact on Human Society and Ecosystem 18\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.5.1 Impact on Human Health 21\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.5.2 Impact on the Ecosystem 21\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.6 The Structure of the Book 24\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.7 Conclusions 26\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e2 Occurrence 37\u003cbr\u003e \u003c\/b\u003e\u003ci\u003ePrangya Ranjan Rout, Manaswini Behera, Puspendu Bhunia, Tian C. Zhang, and Rao Y. Surampalli\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.1 Introduction 37\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.2 Goals of Occurrence Survey 40\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.3 Environmental Occurrence of Microconstituents 40\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.3.1 Occurrence of Microconstituents in Groundwater 41\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.3.2 Occurrence of Microconstituents in Surface Water 43\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.3.3 Occurrence of Microconstituents in Marine Water 44\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.3.4 Occurrence of Microconstituents in Drinking Water 45\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.3.5 Occurrence of Microconstituents in WWTPs Effluent and Sludge 46\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.3.6 Occurrence of Microconstituents in Soil 47\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.3.7 Occurrence of Microconstituents in Foods and Vegetables 48\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.4 Challenges and Future Prospective in Occurrence Survey 49\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.5 Conclusions 49\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e3 Sampling, Characterization, and Monitoring 55\u003cbr\u003e \u003c\/b\u003e\u003ci\u003eMansi Achhoda, Nirmalya Halder, Lavanya Adagadda, Sanjoy Gorai, Meena Kumari Sharma, Naresh Kumar Sahoo, Sasmita Chand, and Prangya Ranjan Rout\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.1 Introduction 55\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.2 Sampling Protocols of Different Microconstituents 56\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.2.1 Sample Preparation 56\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.2.1.1 Traditional Sampling Techniques 57\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.2.1.2 Automatic Samplers and Pumps 58\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.2.1.3 Pore-Water Sampling 58\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.2.2 Extraction of Microconstituents 58\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.2.3 Passive Sampling 60\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.2.4 Quality Assurance and Quality Control 62\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.2.5 Internal vs. External Quality Control 62\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.3 Quantification and Analysis of Microconstituents 63\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.3.1 Detection Techniques 63\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.3.2 UV-Visible Optical Methods 64\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.3.3 NMR Spectroscopy 65\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.3.4 Chromatographic Methods Tandem Mass Spectrometry 67\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.3.5 Biological Assay for Detection 67\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.3.6 Sensors and Biosensors for Detection 72\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.4 Source Tracking Techniques 73\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.4.1 Performance Criteria 73\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.4.2 Tracer Selection 73\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.4.3 Different Source Tracking Methods 75\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.4.4 Statistical Approaches in Source Tracking Modeling 76\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.4.4.1 Principal Component Analysis (PCA) 76\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.4.4.2 Multiple Linear Regression (MLR) 76\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.5 Remote Sensing and GIS Applications for Monitoring 77\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.5.1 Basic Concepts and Principles 77\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.5.2 Measurement and Estimation Techniques 77\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.5.3 Applications for Microconstituents Monitoring 78\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.6 Conclusions 79\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e4 Toxicity Assessment of Microconstituents in the Environment 89\u003cbr\u003e \u003c\/b\u003e\u003ci\u003eNagireddi Jagadeesh, Baranidharan Sundaram, and Brajesh Kumar Dubey\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.1 Introduction 89\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.2 Microplastics in the Environment 91\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.3 Microplastics Pathways, Fate, and Behavior in the Environment 92\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.4 Concentration of Microplastics in the Environment 94\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.5 Influence of Microplastics on Microorganisms 94\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.6 Toxicity Mechanisms 95\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.6.1 Effect on Aquatic Ecosystem 95\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.6.2 Effect on Human Health 96\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.6.3 Toxicity Testing 96\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.6.3.1 Test Without PE MPs 97\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.6.3.2 With Microbeads 97\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.6.3.3 Analysis Limitations 98\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.7 Risk Assessment 98\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.8 Future Challenges in Quantification of the Environment 99\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.9 Conclusions 99\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003ePart II The Fate and Transportation of Microconstituents 107\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e5 Mathematical Transport System of Microconstituents 109\u003cbr\u003e \u003c\/b\u003e\u003ci\u003eDwarikanath Ratha, Richa Babbar, K.S. Hariprasad, C.S.P. Ojha, Manoj Baranwal, Prangya Ranjan Rout, and Aditya Parihar\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.1 Introduction 109\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.2 Need for Mathematical Models 111\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.3 Fundamentals of Pollutant Transport Modeling 112\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.4 Development of Numerical Model 117\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.4.1 Advective Transport 117\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.4.2 Dispersive Transport 120\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.4.3 Discretization in Space and Time 120\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.5 Application of Models 123\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.6 Softwares for Pollutant Transport 126\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.6.1 Hydrus Model for Pollution Transport 126\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.7 Mathematical and Computational Limitation 126\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.8 Conclusions 129\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e6 Groundwater Contamination by Microconstituents 133\u003cbr\u003e \u003c\/b\u003e\u003ci\u003eJiun-Hau Ou, Ku-Fan Chen, Rao Y. Surampalli, Tian C. Zhang, and Chih-Ming Kao\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.1 Introduction 133\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.2 Major Microconstituents in Groundwater 134\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.3 Mechanisms for Groundwater Contamination By Microconstituents 135\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.4 Modeling Transport of Microconstituents 136\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.5 Limitations 139\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.6 Concluding Remarks 139\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e7 Microconstituents in Surface Water 143\u003cbr\u003e \u003c\/b\u003e\u003ci\u003ePo-Jung Huang, Fang-Yu Liang, Thakshila Nadeeshani Dharmapriya, and Chih-Ming Kao\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.1 Introduction 143\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.2 Major Microconstituents in Surface Water 143\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.2.1 Pharmaceuticals and Personal Care Products (PPCPs) 143\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.2.2 Endocrine-Disrupting Chemicals 146\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.2.3 Industrial Chemicals 149\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.2.4 Pesticides 150\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.3 Water Cycles, Sources, and Pathways of Microconstituents, and the Applicability of Mathematical Models 152\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.3.1 Pharmaceutical and Personal Care Products (PPCPs) 152\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.3.2 Pesticides in Surface Water 153\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.3.3 The Applicability of Mathematical Models 155\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.3.4 Advantages and Disadvantages of Mathematical Tools 155\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.4 Fate and Transport of Microconstituents in Aquatic Environments 157\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.4.1 Adsorption of Microconstituents 157\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.4.2 Biodegradation and Biotransformation of Caffeine 158\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.4.3 Biodegradation and Biotransformation of Steroidal Estrogen 158\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.5 Modeling of Microconstituents in Aquatic Environments 161\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.5.1 BASINS System Overview 162\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.5.2 HSPF Model Evaluation (Hydrological Simulation Program Fortran Model) 164\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.5.3 Fundamental Mechanisms of SWAT Pesticide Modeling 166\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.5.3.1 SWAT Model Description 166\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.5.3.2 SWAT Model Set-Up 167\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.5.4 Model Sensitivity Analysis, Calibration, and Validation 168\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.5.4.1 Coefficient of Determination, R 2 168\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.5.4.2 Nash–Sutcliffe Efficiency Coefficient, NSE 169\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.5.5 Basin Level Modeling (Pesticide Transport) 170\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.6 Conclusions 172\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e8 Fate and Transport of Microconstituents in Wastewater Treatment Plants 181\u003cbr\u003e \u003c\/b\u003e\u003ci\u003eZong-Han Yang, Po-Jung Huang, Ku-Fan Chen, and Chih-Ming Kao\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.1 Introduction 181\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.1.1 The Sources of Microconstituents in Wastewater Treatment Plants 181\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.1.2 The Behavior of Microconstituents 183\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.2 The Fate of Microconstituents in WWTPs 183\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.2.1 Traditional Wastewater Treatment Process 183\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.2.2 The Fate of MCs in WWTPs 185\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.2.3 Biodegradation of Microconstituents 186\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.2.4 Sorption Onto Sludge Solids in WWTPs 188\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.3 Treatment Methods for Microconstituents Removal 189\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.3.1 Activated Sludge Process (ASP) 189\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.3.2 Membrane Bioreactor (MBR) 190\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.3.3 Moving Bed Biofilm Reactor (MBBR) 191\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.3.4 Trickling Filter 191\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.4 Critical Parameters in WWTP Operation for MCs 191\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.4.1 ASP Operation 191\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.4.2 MBR Operation 193\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.4.3 MBBR Operation 193\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.4.4 TF Operation 194\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.5 Conclusions 194\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e9 Various Perspectives on Occurrence, Sources, Measurement Techniques, Transport, and Insights Into Future Scope for Research of Atmospheric Microplastics 203\u003cbr\u003e \u003c\/b\u003e\u003ci\u003eSailesh N. Behera, Mudit Yadav, Vishnu Kumar, and Prangya Ranjan Rout\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.1 Introduction 203\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.2 Classification and Properties of Microplastics 206\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.2.1 Classification of Atmospheric Microplastics 206\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.2.2 Characteristics of Atmospheric Microplastics 206\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.2.3 Qualitative Assessment to Identify Microplastics 208\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.3 Sources of Atmospheric Microplastics 209\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.4 Measurement of Atmospheric Microplastics 210\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.5 Occurrence and Ambient Concentration of Microplastics 211\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.6 Factors Affecting Pollutant Concentration 213\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.7 Transport of Atmospheric Microplastics 214\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.8 Modeling Techniques in Prediction of Fate in the Atmosphere 215\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.9 Control Technologies in Contaminant Treatment 216\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.10 Challenges in Future Climate Conditions 217\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.11 Future Scope of Research 218\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.12 Conclusions 219\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e10 Modeling Microconstituents Based on Remote Sensing and GIS Techniques 227\u003cbr\u003e \u003c\/b\u003e\u003ci\u003eAnoop Kumar Shukla, Satyavati Shukla, Rao Y. Surampalli, Tian C. Zhang, Ying-Liang Yu, and Chih-Ming Kao\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.1 Basic Components of Remote Sensing and GIS-Based Models 227\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.1.1 Source of Light or Energy 228\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.1.2 Radiation and the Atmosphere 229\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.1.3 Interaction With the Subject Target 229\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.1.4 Sensing Systems 229\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.1.5 Data Collection 229\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.1.6 Interpretation and Analysis 229\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.2 Coupling GIS With 3D Model Analysis and Visualization 230\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.2.1 Modeling and Simulation Approaches 231\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.2.1.1 Deterministic Models 231\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.2.1.2 Stochastic Models 231\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.2.1.3 Rule-Based Models 232\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.2.1.4 Multi-Agent Simulation of Complex Systems 232\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.2.2 GIS Implementation 232\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.2.2.1 Full Integration–Embedded Coupling 232\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.2.2.2 Integration Under a Common Interface–Tight Coupling 233\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.2.2.3 Loose Coupling 233\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.2.2.4 Modeling Environment Linked to GIS 233\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.3 Emerging and Application 233\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.3.1 Multispectral Remote Sensing 233\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.3.2 Hyperspectral Remote Sensing 234\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.3.3 Geographic Information System (GIS) 234\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.3.4 Applications 234\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.3.4.1 Urban Environment Management 234\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.3.4.2 Wasteland Environment 235\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.3.4.3 Coastal and Marine Environment 236\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.4 Uncertainty in Environmental Modeling 236\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.5 Future of Remote Sensing and GIS Application in Pollutant Monitoring 237\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.5.1 Types of Satellite-Based Environmental Monitoring 239\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.5.1.1 Atmosphere Monitoring 239\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.5.1.2 Air Quality Monitoring 239\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.5.1.3 Land Use\/Land Cover (LULC) 240\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.5.1.4 Hazard Monitoring 240\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.5.1.5 Marine and Phytoplankton Studies 240\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.6 Identification of Microconstituents Using Remote Sensing and GIS Techniques 241\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.7 Conclusions 242\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003ePart III Various Physicochemical Treatment Techniques of Microconstituents 247\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e11 Process Feasibility and Sustainability of Struvite Crystallization From Wastewater Through Electrocoagulation 249\u003cbr\u003e \u003c\/b\u003e\u003ci\u003eAlisha Zaffar, Nageshwari Krishnamoorthy, Chinmayee Sahoo, Sivaraman Jayaraman, and Balasubramanian Paramasivan 249\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.1 Introduction 249\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.2 Struvite Crystallization Through Electrocoagulation 251\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.2.1 Working Principle 251\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.2.2 Types of Electrocoagulation 252\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.2.2.1 Batch Electrocoagulation 252\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.2.2.2 Continuous Electrocoagulation 254\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.2.2.3 Advantages of Electrocoagulation Over Other Methods for Struvite Precipitation 256\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.3 Influential Parameters Affecting Struvite Crystallization 257\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.3.1 pH of the Medium 257\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.3.2 Magnesium Source and Mg 2+ : PO 3– 4 Molar Ratio 258\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.3.3 Current Density 259\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.3.4 Voltage and Current Efficiency 260\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.3.5 Electrode Type and Interelectrode Distance 261\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.3.6 Stirring Speed, Reaction Time, and Seeding 262\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.3.7 Presence of Competitive Ions and Purity of Struvite Crystals 263\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.4 Energy, Economy, and Environmental Contribution of Struvite Precipitation by Electrocoagulation 264\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.5 Summary and Future Perspectives 266\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e12 Adsorption of Microconstituents 273\u003cbr\u003e \u003c\/b\u003e\u003ci\u003eChalla Mallikarjuna, Rajat Pundlik, Rajesh Roshan Dash, and Puspendu Bhunia\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.1 Introduction 273\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.2 Adsorption Mechanism 274\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.3 Adsorption Isotherms and Kinetics 276\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.3.1 Adsorption Isotherms 276\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.3.1.1 Langmuir Isotherm 276\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.3.1.2 Freundlich Isotherm 276\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.3.1.3 Dubinin–Radushkevich Isotherm 277\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.3.1.4 Redlich–Peterson Isotherm 277\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.3.1.5 Brunauer–Emmett–Teller (BET) Isotherm 278\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.3.2 Adsorption Kinetics 278\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.3.2.1 Pseudo-First-Order Equation 278\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.3.2.2 Pseudo-Second-Order Equation 279\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.3.2.3 Elovich Model 279\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.3.2.4 Intraparticle Diffusion Model 279\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.4 Factors Affecting Adsorption Processes 280\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.4.1 Surface Area 280\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.4.2 Contact Time 280\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.4.3 Nature and Initial Concentration of Adsorbate 280\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.4.4 pH 280\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.4.5 Nature and Dose of Adsorbent 281\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.4.6 Interfering Substance 281\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.5 Multi-Component Preference Analysis 281\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.6 Conventional and Emerging Adsorbents 282\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.6.1 Conventional Adsorbents 282\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.6.2 Commercial Activated Carbons 282\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.6.3 Inorganic Material 284\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.6.4 Ion-Exchange Resins 285\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.6.5 Emerging\/Non-Conventional Adsorbents 285\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.6.5.1 Natural Adsorbents 286\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.6.5.2 Agricultural Wastes 287\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.6.5.3 Industrial By-Product (Industrial Solid Wastes) 287\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.6.5.4 Solid Waste-Based Activated Carbons 288\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.6.5.5 Bio-Sorbents 288\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.6.5.6 Miscellaneous Adsorbents 289\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.7 Desirable Properties and Surface Modification of Adsorbents 290\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.7.1 Desorption\/Regeneration Studies 290\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.7.2 Column Studies 291\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.7.2.1 Surface Modification of Adsorbents 293\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.8 Disposal Methods of Adsorbents and Concentrate 295\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.9 Advantages and Disadvantages of Adsorption 296\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.9.1 Advantages 296\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.9.2 Disadvantages 297\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.10 Conclusions 297\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e13 Ion Exchange Process for Removal of Microconstituents From Water and Wastewater 303\u003cbr\u003e \u003c\/b\u003e\u003ci\u003eMuhammad Kashif Shahid, H.N.P. Dayarathne, Bandita Mainali, Jun Wei Lim, and Younggyun Choi\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.1 Introduction 303\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.2 Properties of Different Ion Exchange Resin 304\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.3 Functionalities of Polymeric Resins 306\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.4 Ion Exchange Mechanism 310\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.5 Ion Exchange Kinetics 312\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.6 Application of Ion Exchange for Treatment of Microconstituents 313\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.7 Summary 316\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e14 Membrane-Based Separation Technologies for Removal of Microconstituents 321\u003cbr\u003e \u003c\/b\u003e\u003ci\u003eSanket Dey Chowdhury, Rao Y. Surampalli, and Puspendu Bhunia\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.1 Introduction 321\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.2 Classification of Available MBSTs 323\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.3 Classification of Membranes and Membrane Materials and Their Properties 323\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.3.1 Classification of Membranes 323\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.3.2 Classification and Properties of Membrane Materials 329\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.3.2.1 Membrane Classification 329\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.3.2.1.1 Cellulose Derivatives 330\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.3.2.1.2 Aromatic Polyamides 330\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.3.2.1.3 Polysulphone 330\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.3.2.1.4 Polyimides 330\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.3.2.1.5 Polytetrafluoroethylene 331\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.3.2.1.6 Polycarbonates 331\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.3.2.1.7 Polypropylene 331\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.3.2.2 Cutting-Edge Membranes 331\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.4 Fundamental Principles and Hydraulics of Microconstituents Removal via Different MBSTs 332\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.4.1 Fundamental Principles 332\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.4.2 Hydraulics of Microconstituents Removal 351\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.4.2.1 Modes of Operation 352\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.4.2.2 Definitions of Some Frequently Used Terms in MBSTs 353\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.5 Application of the MBSTs for Removing Microconstituents From Aqueous Matrices 354\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.6 Membrane Fouling 355\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.6.1 Classification of Membrane Fouling 355\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.6.1.1 Particulate or Colloidal Fouling 356\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.6.1.2 Biological or Microbial Fouling 356\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.6.1.3 Scaling or Precipitation Fouling 356\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.6.1.4 Organic Fouling 356\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.6.2 Mechanisms of Membrane Fouling 356\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.6.3 Control of Membrane Fouling 357\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.7 Future Perspectives 358\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.8 Conclusions 358\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e15 Advanced Oxidation Processes for Microconstituents Removal in Aquatic Environments 367\u003cbr\u003e \u003c\/b\u003e\u003ci\u003eSanket Dey Chowdhury, Rao Y. Surampalli, and Puspendu Bhunia\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.1 Introduction 367\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.2 Classification of AOPs 369\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.3 Fundamentals of Different AOPs 370\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.4 Fundamentals of Individual AOPs 370\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.4.1 Fundamentals of Microconstituents Degradation by Ozonation Process 370\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.4.2 Fundamentals of Microconstituents Degradation by UV-Irradiation 371\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.4.3 Fundamentals of Microconstituents Degradation by Photocatalysis 371\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.4.4 Fundamentals of Microconstituents Degradation by Electrochemical Oxidation (EO) or Anodic Oxidation (AO) and Sonolysis 373\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.4.5 Fundamentals of Microconstituents Degradation by the Fenton Process 373\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.5 Fundamentals of Integrated AOPs 374\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.6 Fundamentals of UV-Irradiation-Based Integrated AOPs 374\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.6.1 Uv\/h 2 O 2 374\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.6.2 UV Photocatalysis\/Ozonation 374\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.6.3 UV\/Fenton Process 375\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.6.4 UV\/Persulfate (PS) or Permonosulfate (PMS) 375\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.6.5 UV\/Cl 2 376\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.7 Fundamentals of Ozonation-Based Integrated AOPs 376\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.7.1 Ozonation\/H 2 O 2 376\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.7.2 Ozonation\/PS or PMS 376\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.8 Fundamentals of Fenton Process-Based Integrated AOPs 376\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.8.1 Heterogeneous Fenton Process 376\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.8.2 Photo-Fenton Process 377\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.8.3 Sono-Fenton Process 377\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.9 Fundamentals of Electrochemical-Based Integrated AOPs 377\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.9.1 Electro-Fenton Process 377\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.9.2 Sono-Electro-Fenton Process 378\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.9.3 Photo-Electro-Fenton Process 378\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.10 Application of Individual\/Integrated AOPs for Microconstituents Removal 378\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.10.1 PPCP Removal 378\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.10.2 Pesticide Removal 389\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.10.3 Surfactant Removal 390\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.10.4 PFAS Removal 390\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.11 Future Perspectives 390\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.12 Conclusions 392\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003ePart IV Various Physico-Chemical Treatment Techniques of Microconstituents 405\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e16 Aerobic Biological Treatment of Microconstituents 407\u003cbr\u003e \u003c\/b\u003e\u003ci\u003eHung-Hsiang Chen, Thi-Manh Nguyen, Ku-Fan Chen, Chih-Ming Kao, Rao Y. Surampalli, and Tian C. Zhang\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.1 Introduction 407\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.2 Aerobic Biological Systems\/Processes 408\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.2.1 High-Rate Systems 408\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.2.1.1 Suspended Growth Processes 408\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.2.1.2 Attached Growth Processes 410\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.2.2 Low-Rate Systems 411\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.3 Removal of CECs By Different Aerobic\/Anoxic Treatment Processes 411\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.3.1 ASPs 412\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.3.2 Removal of CECs By Different Aerobic\/Anoxic Treatment Processes 412\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.3.3 MBR and Membranes Technology 413\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.3.4 ASPs and\/or Trickling Filters 413\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.3.5 Lagoons and Constructed Wetlands 413\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.3.6 Mixed Technologies 414\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.4 Aerobic Biodegradation of Selected CECs 415\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.4.1 Hormones and Their Conjugates 415\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.4.2 Nanoparticles (NPs) and Nanomaterials (NMs) 417\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.4.3 Microplastics 417\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.5 Challenges and Future Perspectives 418\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.6 Conclusions 419\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e17 Anaerobic Biological Treatment of Microconstituents 427\u003cbr\u003e \u003c\/b\u003e\u003ci\u003eThi-Manh Nguyen, Hung-Hsiang Chen, Ku-Fan Chen, Chih-Ming Kao, Rao Y. Surampalli, and Tian C. Zhang\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.1 Introduction 427\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.2 Types of AD Reactors and Current Status of AD Technology 428\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.2.1 Suspended Growth Process 428\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.2.1.1 Anaerobic Contact Reactor (ACR) 429\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.2.1.2 Upflow Anaerobic Sludge Blanket (UASB) Reactor 429\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.2.2 Attached Growth Process 430\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.2.3 AnMBRs 431\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.2.4 Current Status of AD Technology 432\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.3 Mechanisms of Pollutant Removal in AD Processes 433\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.3.1 The Hydrolysis Stage 433\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.3.2 The Acidogenesis Stage 434\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.3.3 The Acetogenesis Stage 434\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.3.4 The Methanogenesis Stage 435\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.4 AD Technology for Treatment of MCs 436\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.4.1 Key Characteristics of Selected AD Systems for MCs Removal 436\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.4.1.1 Reactor Configurations and Combinations of Different Methods 436\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.4.1.2 Removal of Different MCs and Associated Mechanisms 441\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.4.2 Biodegradation of Selected MCs in AD Processes 442\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.4.2.1 MPs 442\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.4.2.2 NMs\/NPs 444\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.5 Challenges and Future Perspectives 445\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.6 Conclusions 446\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e18 Bio-Electrochemical Systems for Micropollutant Removal 455\u003cbr\u003e \u003c\/b\u003e\u003ci\u003eRishabh Raj, Sovik Das, Manaswini Behera, and Makarand M. Ghangrekar\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e18.1 The Concept of Bio-Electrochemical Systems 455\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e18.2 Bio-Electrochemical Systems: Materials and Configurations 457\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e18.2.1 Electrodes 457\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e18.2.2 Separators 460\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e18.3 Different Types of Bio-Electrochemical Systems 461\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e18.3.1 Microbial Fuel Cell 462\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e18.3.2 Microbial Electrolysis Cell 463\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e18.3.3 Microbial Desalination Cell 464\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e18.4 Performance Assessment of Bio-Electrochemical Systems 466\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e18.5 Pollutant Removal in Bio-Electrochemical Systems 469\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e18.5.1 Treatment of Different Wastewaters in Bio-Electrochemical Systems 469\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e18.5.2 Micropollutant Remediation 473\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e18.6 Scale-Up of BES 474\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e18.7 Challenges and Future Outlook 476\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e18.8 Summary 478\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e19 Hybrid Treatment Solutions for Removal of Micropollutant From Wastewaters 491\u003cbr\u003e \u003c\/b\u003e\u003ci\u003eMonali Priyadarshini, S. M. Sathe, and Makarand M. Ghangrekar\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e19.1 Background of Hybrid Treatment Processes 491\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e19.2 Types of Hybrid Processes for Microconstituents Removal 492\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e19.2.1 Constructed Wetlands 493\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e19.2.1.1 Applications 494\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e19.2.1.2 Constructed Wetland Coupled With Microbial Fuel Cell 494\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e19.2.2 Combined Biological and Advanced Oxidation Processes 495\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e19.2.2.1 Activated Sludge Process Coupled With Advanced Oxidation Process 496\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e19.2.2.2 Moving Bed Biofilm Reactor Coupled With Advanced Oxidation Process 496\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e19.2.2.3 Bio-Electrochemical Systems and Advanced Oxidation Processes 497\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e19.2.2.4 Bio-Electro Fenton-Based Advanced Oxidation Processes 499\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e19.2.2.5 Photo-Electrocatalyst-Based Advanced Oxidation Process 500\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e19.2.3 Membrane Bioreactor 501\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e19.2.3.1 Granular Sludge Membrane Bioreactor 502\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e19.2.3.2 Advanced Oxidation Process Coupled Membrane Bioreactor 502\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e19.2.3.3 Membrane Bioreactor Coupled With Microbial Fuel Cell 503\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e19.2.4 Electrocoagulation 504\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e19.3 Comparative Performance Evaluation of Hybrid Systems for Microconstituents Removal 506\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e19.4 Conclusions and Future Directions 507\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003ePart V Aspects of Sustainability and Environmental Management 513\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e20 Regulatory Framework of Microconstituents 515\u003cbr\u003e \u003c\/b\u003e\u003ci\u003eWei-Han Lin, Jiun-Hau Ou, Ying-Liang Yu, Pu-Fong Liu, Rao Y. Surampalli, and Chih-Ming Kao\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e20.1 Introduction 515\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e20.2 Management and Regulatory Framework of Microconstituents 515\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e20.3 Regulations on Microconstituents 516\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e20.3.1 Pharmaceuticals and Personal Care Products (PPCPs) 516\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e20.3.2 Microplastics 517\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e20.3.3 Persistent Organic Pollutants (POPs) and Persistent Bioaccumulated Toxics (PBTs) 519\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e20.3.4 Endocrine-Disrupting Chemicals (EDCs) 520\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e20.4 Concluding Remarks 520\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e21 Laboratory to Field Application of Technologies for Effective Removal of Microconstituents From Wastewaters 525\u003cbr\u003e \u003c\/b\u003e\u003ci\u003eIndrajit Chakraborty, Manikanta M. Doki, and Makarand M. Ghangrekar 525\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e21.1 Introduction 525\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e21.1.1 Microconstituent Origin and Type 526\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e21.1.2 Refractory Nature and Corresponding Degradation Barriers of Microconstituents 527\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e21.2 Case Studies for Lab to Field Applications 530\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e21.2.1 Conventional Treatment Methods 530\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e21.2.2 Hybrid Treatment Methods 533\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e21.2.2.1 Hybrid Biochemical Processes 533\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e21.2.2.2 Hybrid Advanced Oxidation Processes 536\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e21.3 Future Outlook 540\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e21.4 Conclusions 540\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e22 Sustainability Outlook: Green Design, Consumption, and Innovative Business Model 545\u003cbr\u003e \u003c\/b\u003e\u003ci\u003eTsai Chi Kuo\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e22.1 Introduction 545\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e22.2 Sustainable\/Green Supply Chain 547\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e22.2.1 Collaboration 547\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e22.2.2 System Improvements 547\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e22.2.3 Supplier Evaluations 548\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e22.2.4 Performance and Uncertainty 548\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e22.3 Environmental Sustainability: Innovative Design and Manufacturing 549\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e22.3.1 Design Improvements 549\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e22.3.1.1 Disassembly and Recyclability 549\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e22.3.1.2 Modularity Design 549\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e22.3.1.3 Life-Cycle Design 550\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e22.3.2 Green Manufacturing 550\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e22.3.2.1 Green Manufacturing Process and System Development 550\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e22.3.2.2 Recycling Technology 551\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e22.3.2.3 Hazard Material Control 551\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e22.3.2.4 Remanufacturing and Inventory Model 551\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e22.3.3 Summary of Environmental Sustainability 551\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e22.4 Economical Sustainability: Innovation Business Model 552\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e22.4.1 Business Model and Performance 552\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e22.4.2 Summary of Economic Sustainability 553\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e22.5 Social Sustainability 553\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e22.5.1 Corporate Social Responsibility 553\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e22.5.2 Sustainable Consumption 554\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e22.5.3 Brief Summary of Social Sustainability 554\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e22.6 Conclusions and Future Research Development 554\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e22.6.1 Future Research Development 555\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e22.6.2 Industry 4.0 in Sustainable Life 555\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e22.6.3 Conclusions 555\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eList of Abbreviations 565\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIndex 577\u003c\/p\u003e","brand":"John Wiley \u0026 Sons Inc","offers":[{"title":"Default Title","offer_id":49407163990359,"sku":"9781119825258","price":157.5,"currency_code":"GBP","in_stock":true}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0817\/1739\/5799\/files\/9781119825258.jpg?v=1730498395","url":"https:\/\/bookcurl.com\/products\/microconstituents-in-the-environment-9781119825258","provider":"Book Curl","version":"1.0","type":"link"}