{"product_id":"methods-of-measuring-environmental-parameters-9781118686935","title":"Methods of Measuring Environmental Parameters","description":"\u003cb\u003eBook Synopsis\u003c\/b\u003e\u003cbr\u003eMethods of Measuring Environmental Parameters provides a systematic review of modern methods and instruments for measuring environmental parameters used in determining the state and quality of the atmosphere, indoor air, soil, and water.\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003cb\u003eTable of Contents\u003c\/b\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003cp\u003ePREFACE xxv\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eACKNOWLEDGMENTS xxix\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eABOUT THE BOOK xxxi\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eABOUT THE AUTHOR xxxiii\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eINTRODUCTION 1\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSome Principal Definitions, 1\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003ePART I CLIMATIC FACTORS\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e1 Pressure 5\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.1 Definition of Pressure, 5\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.2 Atmospheric Pressure, 6\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.3 Physiological Effects of Decreased Air Pressure on Human Organism, 9\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.4 Physiological Effects of Altitude on Animals, 9\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.5 Effects of Altitude on Plants, 9\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.6 Variation of Pressure with Depth, 10\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.7 Physiological Effects of Increased Pressure on Human Organism, 11\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.8 Physiological Effects of Pressure on Diving Animals, 12\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences, 13\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e2 Measurement of Pressure 14\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.1 Manometers, 14\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.2 Barometers, 17\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.3 Digital Barometric Pressure Sensor, 19\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.4 Vibrating Wire Sensor, 20\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.5 Capacitive Pressure Sensor, 20\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.6 Measurement of Pressure at Depth, 22\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eQuestions and Problems, 23\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eFurther Reading, 23\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eElectronic References, 23\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003ePractical Exercise 1. Analysis of Observed Data: Theory of Errors 25\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1 Approximation of Data, 25\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.1 Rules for Dealing with Significant Numbers, 25\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.2 The Precision of the Measurement During Multiplication or Division, 26\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.3 The Precision of the Measurement During Addition or Subtraction, 26\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.4 The Precision of the Measurement During Raising to a Power or Extracting a Root, 26\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e2 Theory of Errors, 26\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.1 Types of Errors, 26\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.2 Errors in Direct Measurements, 27\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.3 Errors in Indirect Measurements, 29\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences, 33\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eElectronic Reference, 33\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e3 Wind 34\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.1 Definition of Wind, 34\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.2 Forces That Create Wind, 34\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.3 Parameters of Wind, 35\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.4 Effect of Wind on Living Organisms, 37\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReference, 37\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e4 Measurement of Wind Parameters 38\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.1 Cup Anemometer, 38\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.2 Windmill Anemometer, 40\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.3 Hot-Wire Anemometer, 41\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.4 Sonic Anemometer, 42\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.5 Remote Wind Sensing, 43\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.6 Measurement of Wind Direction, 47\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.7 Cyclone Assessment, 49\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReference, 49\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003ePractical Exercise 2. Modeling the Variation inWind Speed 50\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1 Modeling Variation in Wind Speed Near the Ground, 50\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2 Modeling the Variation in Wind Speed Above a Plant Canopy, 52\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eQuestions and Problems, 55\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReference, 56\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eFurther Reading, 56\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eElectronic References, 56\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e5 Temperature 57\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.1 Definition of Temperature, 57\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.2 Temperature Scales, 57\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.3 Atmospheric Temperature, 59\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.4 Soil Temperature, 59\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.5 Temperature of Water Reservoirs, 60\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.6 Heat Flux, 60\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.7 Effect of Temperature on Living Organisms, 61\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e6 Measurement of Temperature 67\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.1 Liquid-in-Glass Thermometers, 67\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.2 Bimetallic Thermometer, 69\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.3 Resistance Thermometer, 70\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.4 Thermocouples, 71\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.5 Optical Pyrometry, 72\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.6 Infrared Thermometers, 73\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.7 Heat Flux Measurement, 74\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.8 Method of Scintillometry, 76\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences, 77\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003ePractical Exercise 3. Modeling Vertical Changes in Air Temperature 78\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1 Measurement of Temperature Above Uniform Surface, 78\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2 Measurement of Sensible Heat Flux, 82\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eQuestions and Problems, 83\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReference, 83\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eFurther Reading, 83\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eElectronic References, 84\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e7 Humidity 85\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.1 Definition of Humidity, 85\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.2 Parameters of Humidity, 85\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.3 Effect of Humidity on Living Organisms, 86\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e8 Measurement of Air Humidity 88\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.1 Hygrometers, 88\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.2 Assmann Psychrometer, 88\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.3 Hair Hygrometer, 91\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.4 Capacitive Hygrometer, 92\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.5 Condensation Hygrometer, 93\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.6 Electrolytic Hygrometer, 95\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.7 Radiation Absorption Hygrometer (Gas Analyzer), 95\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.8 An Open-Path System for Measuring Humidity, 96\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.9 Remote Sensing Humidity, 97\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003ePractical Exercise 4. Measuring Parameters of Humidity 99\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1 Objectives, 99\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2 Materials Supplied, 99\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3 Principle of Operation, 99\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4 Experimental Procedure, 100\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eQuestions and Problems, 101\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReference, 101\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eFurther Reading, 101\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eElectronic Reference, 102\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e9 Precipitation 103\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.1 Definitions, 103\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.2 Mechanisms of Precipitation, 103\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.3 Parameters of Precipitation, 104\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.4 Acid Rain, 104\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.5 Interception, 105\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.6 General Characteristics of Isotopes, 105\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.7 Stable Isotopes of Water, 105\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.8 Isotopic Fractionation, 106\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.9 Stable Isotopes in Precipitation Processes, 106\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.10 Application of Stable Isotopes, 107\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.11 Effect of Precipitation on Living Organisms, 107\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.12 Snow, 108\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.13 Fog, 109\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences, 111\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e10 Measurement of Precipitation 112\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.1 Measurement of Precipitation Parameters, 112\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.2 Measurement of Acid Rain Pollution, 119\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.3 Isotopes in Precipitation, 121\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.4 Remote Sensing of Precipitation, 126\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.5 Snow Measurement, 129\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.6 Fog-Water Measurement, 132\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences, 132\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003ePractical Exercise 5. Velocity of a Falling Raindrop 134\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1 Balance of Forces, 134\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2 The Size and Shape of Raindrops, 135\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3 The Drag Coefficient, 135\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4 The Reynolds Number, 135\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eQuestions and Problems, 138\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences, 138\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eFurther Reading, 138\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eElectronic References, 139\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e11 Solar Radiation 141\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.1 SI Radiometry and Photometry Units, 141\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.2 The Photosynthetic Photon Flux Density, 142\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.3 Parameters of Sun, 142\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.4 Intensity of the Sun, 142\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.5 Periodicity of Solar Activity, 144\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.6 Spectral Composition of Solar Radiation, 144\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.7 Atmospheric Radiation, 144\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.8 Terrestrial Radiation, 145\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.9 Effect of Solar Ultraviolet Radiation on Living Organisms, 145\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.10 Effect of Solar Visible Radiation on Living Organisms, 146\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences, 147\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e12 Measurement of Solar Radiation 148\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.1 Classification of Radiometers, 148\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.2 Measurement of Direct Solar Radiation—Pyrheliometer, 149\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.3 Measurement of Global Radiation—Pyranometer, 149\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.4 Measurement of Diffuse Radiation—Pyranometer with a Sun-Shading Ring, 150\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.5 Measurement of Long-Wave Radiation—Pyrgeometer, 150\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.6 Measurement of Albedo—Albedometer, 151\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.7 Measurement of Total Radiation—a 4-Component Net Radiometer, 152\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.8 Photometer, 153\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.9 Photon Meter, 154\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.10 Conversion of Light Environment Units, 155\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003ePractical Exercise 6. Parameters of Optical Radiation 156\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1 Parameters of Electromagnetic Radiation, 156\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2 The Inverse-Square Law, 157\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3 The Cosine Law, 158\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4 The Wien’s Displacement Law, 159\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5 The Stefan–Boltzmann Law, 160\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6 The Photosynthetic Photon Flux Density, 160\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7 The Laboratory Exercise “The Inverse-Square Law”, 160\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eQuestions and Problems, 162\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eFurther Reading, 162\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eElectronic Reference, 163\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e13 Eddy Covariance 164\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.1 Turbulence, 164\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.2 Boundary Layer, 164\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.3 Eddy Covariance, 165\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.4 Turbulent Velocity Fluctuations, 166\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.5 Vertical Momentum Flux, 167\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.6 Sensible Heat Flux, 167\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.7 Latent Heat Flux, 167\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.8 Carbon Dioxide Flux, 168\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences, 168\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e14 Measurement of Eddy Covariance 169\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.1 Meteorological Towers, 169\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.2 Gas Analyzers, 170\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.3 Quantum Cascade Laser Spectroscopy for Atmospheric Gases: Eddy Covariance Flux Measurements, 171\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.4 Stable Isotopes of Carbon Dioxide, 172\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.5 Quantum Cascade Laser Absorption Spectrometry, 173\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.6 Eddy Covariance Measurement of Carbon Dioxide Isotopologues, 173\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.7 Measurement of Eddy Accumulation, 174\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.8 Interaction of Climatic Factors, 174\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.9 Automatic Weather Stations, 175\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReference, 176\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003ePractical Exercise 7. Eddy Covariance Measurement 177\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eQuestions and Problems, 178\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eFurther Reading, 179\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eElectronic Reference, 180\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003ePART II ATMOSPHERIC FACTORS\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e15 Atmosphere 183\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.1 Composition of the Atmosphere, 183\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.2 Air Pollution, 183\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.3 Air Quality, 184\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReference, 184\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e16 Measurement of Ambient Air Quality 185\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.1 Measurement of NO2, 185\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.2 Effect of Nitrogen Dioxide on Human Health, 195\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.3 Measurement of SO2, 195\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.4 Effect of Sulfur Dioxide on Human Health, 198\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.5 Measurement of CO, 198\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.6 Particulate Matter Sampling, 202\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.7 Gravimetric Methods, 203\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.8 Continuous Methods, 206\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.9 Effect of Particulate Matter on Human Health, 208\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.10 Nanoparticles, 209\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.11 Effect of Nanoparticles on Human Health, 209\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.12 Bioaerosols, 209\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.13 Bioaerosol Sampling and Identification, 210\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.14 Measurement of Atmospheric Ozone, 212\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.15 Measurement of Ground-Level Ozone, 214\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.16 Effect of Ozone on Human Health, 214\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.17 Measurement of Lead, 214\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.18 Effect of Lead on Human Health, 216\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences, 216\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003ePractical Exercise 8. Fundamentals of Spectroscopy 218\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1 Beer–Lambert–Bouger Law, 218\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2 Photometry of Ozone in Gas Phase, 219\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3 Fourier Transform Spectrometry, 220\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eQuestions and Problems, 221\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eFurther Reading, 221\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eElectronic References, 221\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e17 Indoor Air Quality 223\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.1 Indoor Air, 223\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.2 Volatile Organic Compounds, 224\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.3 Sources of Volatile Organic Compounds, 224\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.4 Effect of External Factors on VOCs Emission in Indoor Air, 225\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.5 Health Effects and Toxicity of Volatile Organic Compounds, 226\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences, 227\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e18 Methods of Analysis of Volatile Organic Compounds 229\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e18.1 Principal Stages of Volatile Organic Compounds Analysis, 229\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e18.2 Gas Chromatography, 230\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e18.3 Detection Systems, 231\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e18.4 Mass Spectrometry, 233\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e18.5 Combination of Gas Chromatography and Mass Spectrometry, 235\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e18.6 Photoacoustic Spectroscopy, 236\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e18.7 Proton Transfer Reaction Mass Spectrometry, 238\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e18.8 Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy of Volatile Organic Compounds, 239\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eQuestions and Problems, 240\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences, 240\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eFurther Reading, 242\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eElectronic References, 242\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003ePART III HYDROGRAPHIC FACTORS\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e19 Water Quality 247\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e19.1 Water Resources, 247\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e19.2 Properties of Water, 247\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e19.3 Classification of Water, 249\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e19.4 Quality of Water, 249\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e19.5 Water Quality Parameters, 249\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e19.6 Effect of Water Quality on Human Health, 251\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences, 252\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e20 Measurement of Water Quality Parameters 253\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e20.1 In Situ Measurement of Water Quality Parameters, 253\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e20.2 Laboratory Measurement of Water Quality Parameters, 262\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences, 266\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003ePractical Exercise 9. Water Quality Parameters 267\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1 pH-Value, 267\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2 Oxidation–Reduction Potential. Nernst Equation, 267\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3 Conductivity, 268\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4 Water Quality Index, 269\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eQuestions and Problems, 269\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eFurther Reading, 270\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eElectronic References, 270\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003ePART IV EDAPHIC FACTORS\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e21 Soil Quality 275\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e21.1 Soil as a Natural Body, 275\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e21.2 Soil Structure and Composition, 276\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e21.3 Soil Quality, 276\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e21.4 Soil Quality Indicators, 277\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences, 277\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e22 Physical Indicators 278\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e22.1 Aggregate Stability, 278\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e22.2 Measurement of Aggregate Stability, 279\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e22.3 Available Water Capacity, 280\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e22.4 Measurement of Available Water Capacity, 280\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e22.5 Bulk Density, 282\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e22.6 Measurement of Bulk Density, 284\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e22.7 Infiltration, 285\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e22.8 Measurement of Infiltration, 286\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences, 289\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e23 Chemical Indicators 291\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e23.1 pH of Soil, 291\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e23.2 Electrical Conductivity of Soil, 292\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e23.3 Optical Emission Spectroscopy with Inductively Coupled Plasma, 292\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e23.4 Mass Spectrometry with Inductively Coupled Plasma, 293\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e23.5 Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy, 294\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences, 295\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e24 Biological Indicators 297\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e24.1 Earthworms as Soil Bioindicators, 297\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e24.2 Analysis of Earthworms, 298\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e24.3 A Biota-to-Soil Accumulation Factor, 299\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e24.4 Soil Respiration, 299\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e24.5 Measurement of Soil Respiration, 300\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences, 303\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003ePractical Exercise 10. Determination of the Sedimentation Velocity and the Density of Solid Particles 305\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1 Derivation of the Sedimentation Equation, 305\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2 Determination of the Sedimentation Velocity of Solid Particles, 306\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3 Determination of the Density of Solid Particles, 307\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eQuestions and Problems, 308\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eFurther Reading, 308\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eElectronic References, 309\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003ePART V VEGETATION FACTORS\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e25 Spectroscopic Analysis of Plants and Vegetation 315\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e25.1 Spectroscopic Approach, 315\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e25.2 Reflectance Spectroscopy, 317\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e25.3 Methods of Reflectance Spectroscopy, 317\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e25.4 Effect of External Factors on Single Leaf and Canopy Reflectance, 324\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e25.5 Fluorescence Spectroscopy, 325\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e25.6 Laboratory Methods of Fluorescence Spectroscopy, 327\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e25.7 Remote Sensing of Vegetation Fluorescence, 333\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e25.8 The Effect of Various Factors on the Chlorophyll Fluorescence, 335\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences, 335\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003ePractical Exercise 11. Determination of Perpendicular Vegetation Index 338\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eQuestions and Problems, 340\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eFurther Reading, 341\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eElectronic References, 341\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003ePART VI PHYSICAL TYPES OF POLLUTION\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e26 Mechanical Vibration 345\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e26.1 Parameters of Vibration, 345\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e26.2 Vibration Level, 346\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e26.3 Sources of Vibration, 346\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e26.4 Effect of Vibration on Human Health, 346\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e27 Measurement of Vibration 348\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e27.1 Resistive Transducers, 348\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e27.2 Electromagnetic Transducers, 349\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e27.3 Capacitive Transducers, 349\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e27.4 Piezoelectric Transducers, 349\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e27.5 Laser Doppler Vibrometer, 350\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e28 Noise 351\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e28.1 Main Defintions of Noise, 351\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e28.2 Sources of Noise, 351\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e28.3 Parameters of Noise, 352\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e28.4 Equivalent Sound Level, 352\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e28.5 Integrating Sound Level, 353\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e28.6 Spectral Density of Noise, 353\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e28.7 Effect of Noise on Human Health, 354\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e28.8 Mechanisms of Noise Action, 354\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e28.9 How to Protect Yourself from Noise, 355\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e28.10 Effect of Noise Pollution on Ecosystem, 355\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e29 Measurement of Noise 356\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e29.1 Sound Level Meters, 356\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e29.2 Types of Microphones, 357\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e29.3 Noise Frequency Analyzers, 357\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e29.4 Sound Intensity Measurement, 357\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003ePractical Exercise 12. Sound Insulation and Reverberation Time 358\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1 Sound Insulation, 358\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2 Reverberation Time, 359\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e30 Thermal Pollution 362\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e30.1 Sources of Thermal Pollution, 362\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e30.2 The Effect of Thermal Pollution on Living Organisms, 362\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e31 Measurement of Thermal Pollution 364\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e31.1 Thermal Discharge Index, 364\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e31.2 Indirect Measurement of Thermal Pollution, 364\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e32 Light Pollution 365\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e32.1 The Sources of Light Pollution, 365\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e32.2 Types of Light Pollution, 365\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e32.3 Effects of Light Pollution on Human Health, 366\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e32.4 Effects of Light Pollution on Wildlife, 367\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences, 367\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e33 Measurement of Light Pollution 368\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e33.1 Digital Photography, 368\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e33.2 Portable Spectrophotometers, 369\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e33.3 Sky Quality Meter, 369\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e33.4 The Bortle Scale, 370\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences, 370\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e34 Electromagnetic Pollution 371\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e34.1 Principal Terminology and Units, 371\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e34.2 Electromagnetic Pollution, 372\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e34.3 Effect of Elecromagnetic Pollution on Human Health, 373\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences, 376\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e35 Measurement of Electromagnetic Pollution 377\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e35.1 EMF Meter, 377\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e35.2 Types of EMF Meters, 377\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e36 Radioactive Pollution 380\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e36.1 Principal Definitions, 380\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e36.2 Units of Radioactivity, 381\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e36.3 Nuclear Explosions and Testing of Nuclear Weapons, 381\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e36.4 Accidents at Nuclear Power Plants, 382\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences, 384\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e37 Measurement of Ionizing Radiation 385\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e37.1 Doses of Ionizing Radiation, 385\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e37.2 Gas-Filled Detectors, 386\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e37.3 Scintillation Counter, 390\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e37.4 Semiconductor Diode Detector, 390\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e37.5 Thermoluminescent Dosimeter, 391\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003ePractical Exercise 13. Investigation of Radionuclide Activity and Determination of the Absorption Coefficient of Gamma Radiation 393\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1 Objectives, 393\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2 Theory, 393\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3 Experiment, 394\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eQuestions and Problems, 395\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences, 396\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eFurther Reading, 396\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eElectronic References, 397\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003ePART VII BIOTIC FACTORS\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e38 Bioindication 401\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e38.1 Lichens as Bioindicators, 401\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e38.2 Algae as Bioindicators, 402\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e38.3 Classification of Water Reservoirs, 402\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e38.4 Water Quality Indices, 402\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e38.5 Invertebrates as Bioindicators, 404\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences, 406\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eElectronic References, 406\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e39 Biomonitoring 407\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e39.1 Test-Organisms and Test-Functions, 407\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e39.2 Bacteria as Test-Objects, 408\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e39.3 Protozoa as Test-Objects, 408\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e39.4 Algae as Test-Objects, 408\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e39.5 Invertebrates as Test-Objects, 409\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e39.6 Fungi as Test-Objects, 410\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e39.7 Fish as Test-Objects, 410\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e39.8 Remote Water-Quality Monitoring, 411\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences, 411\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003ePractical Exercise 14. Photomovement Parameters as Test-Functions During Biomonitoring 412\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1 Simultaneous Use of Several Test-Functions During Biomonitoring, 412\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2 Vector Method of Biomonitoring, 413\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eQuestions and Problems, 414\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences, 415\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eFurther Reading, 415\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eElectronic References, 415\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAPPENDIX 417\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eINDEX 421\u003c\/p\u003e","brand":"John Wiley \u0026 Sons Inc","offers":[{"title":"Default Title","offer_id":49406905123159,"sku":"9781118686935","price":89.95,"currency_code":"GBP","in_stock":true}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0817\/1739\/5799\/files\/9781118686935.jpg?v=1730497509","url":"https:\/\/bookcurl.com\/products\/methods-of-measuring-environmental-parameters-9781118686935","provider":"Book Curl","version":"1.0","type":"link"}